2015.06 选择优质牧草科学饲养奶牛.docx

选择优质牧草科学饲养奶牛一、 优质饲料的特点 The features of high quality feed：1. 富含高浓度的营养物质。Full of high concentrated nutrition2. 有良好的储存状态。In good strore stage3. 富含有效纤维。Plenty of effectual fiber4. 具有合适的粒径。With proper grain size5. 具有高消化率和降解率。Have high digestibility rate and high degradation rate6. 具有高摄取量。Have high intaking rate优质饲料可以通过少量的投入提高奶牛的产奶量，降低奶牛的发病率，提高奶牛的繁殖率。High quality feed could reduce the incidence of disease of cows and improve their reproduction rate only with a few input. 二、紫花苜蓿草 Alfalfa紫花苜蓿属多年生豆科牧草，是世界上栽培历史最长、种植面积最大的牧草品种，具有草质优良、营养价值高的优点，粗蛋白含量可达20%以上，是养殖业重要的蛋白饲料的来源。另外，苜蓿中还含有丰富的维生素、矿物质、异黄酮及未知生长因子，能提高奶牛的繁殖性能。Alfalfa belongs to perennial legume, it is the forage grass with the longest planting history and the widest plant areas in the world. Alfalfa has the advantages of processing high quality and high nutritional value . As its crude protein content reaches more than 20%, it is the most important source of protein feed aquaculture. In addition, alfalfa is also rich in vitamins, minerals, isoflavones, and unknown growth factors. It can improve the reproductive performance of dairy cows.三、 紫花苜蓿草喂养奶牛的优势： The advantages of feeding cows with Alfalfa hay.1. 摄入纤维。Intaking fiber2. 是可消化纤维性碳水化合物的主要来源。Major source of digestible carbohydrate 3. 可促进瘤胃的蠕动。To simulate the motility of rumen4. 富含丰富的蛋白质。Rich in protein5. 含有大量能量。Full of energy四、 与牧草相比，紫花苜蓿草的优势 The advantages of Alfalfa compare with forage grass：中性洗涤纤维（NDF）酸性洗涤纤维 （ADF）消化率(Digestibility Rate)摄入率(Degradation Rate)饲料的相对值(RFV)普通牧草 General forage grass55%-60%30%-35%低 LOW低LOW低LOW紫花苜蓿草Alfalfa35%-40%25%-30%高HIGH高HIGH高HIGHl 纤维的分析测定分为中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）。The analysis and determination of fiber is divided into two parts: neutral detergent fiber NDF and acid detergent fiber (ADF)l 消化率是指一头奶牛能消化的饲料占采食饲料的比率。消化率的高低与饲料中可消化干物质(DDM 单位:DM%)的多少成正比,。酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）的含量越高，可消化干物质越低，即消化率越低。可消化干物质（%DM）=88.9-0.779 x 酸性洗涤纤维（%DM）Digestibility rate is the ratio of how many feed a cow digest to how much it eats. Digestibility rate is proportional to Digestible dry matter (DDM, unit :DM%) The higher the ADF is ,the lower the DDM is, i.e. the lower the digestibility rate is.DDM(%DM) = 88.9 - 0.779 x ACD(DM% ) l 摄入率是指一头奶牛采食和消耗的饲料数量。摄入率与粗饲料干物质随意采食量（DMI，单位：%BM）成正比。中性洗涤纤维（NDF）越低， DMI越高， 摄入率越高。粗饲料干物质随意采食量（%BM）= 120 / 中性洗涤纤维(%DM)Uptake rate refers to the quantity of feed a cow could eat and consume. Uptake rate is proportional to Dry matter intake (DMI, unit: %BM). The higher the NDF is, the lower the DMI is, i.e. the lower the uptake rate is.DMI(%BM)=120/NDF(%DM)l 饲料的相对值 Relative Feed Value(RFV) 它是综合了饲料的摄入率和消化率的一个指标。 Its an index integrate digestibility rate and uptake rate .RFV = (IMS x DMS) / 1.29 它是用于确定饲料质量的一个客观、准确的指标。饲料相对值越高，说明饲料的品质越好。Its a subjective and accurate index which is used to measure the quality of feed. The higher the RFV is , the better the Feeds quality is .五、 西班牙脱水紫苜蓿草 Spanish dehydrated alfalfa hay西班牙脱水苜蓿草，是西班牙牧草供应商采用独一无二的脱水技术，收割之后采用250的热气烘干5-10分钟使水分降至12%-13%左右，保证了营养的完整性，在适口性、色泽和营养价值方面都很稳定，且贮存时间可达一至两年而不会出现任何变质。Spanish dehydrated alfalfa , is the Alfalfa which is processed with the unique dehydration technology by the Spanish grass suppliers, with 250 hot air drying right after harvest, after 5-10 minutes , make moisture dropped about to 12% - 13%, ensure the integrity of the nutrition, Its palatability, color and luster, and nutrition value is very stable, and the storage time could be up to one to two years without any deterioration. 六、与普通牧草、美国苜蓿草相比，西班牙脱水苜蓿草的优势：脆性Brittle-ness硬度Hard-ness粒径Grain size营养成分浓度Nutrient concentra-tion易于保存和贮藏Easy to store消化率Digesti-bilityrate降解率Degra-dationrate纤维摄入率Uptake rate of fiber普通牧草General forage grass低Low高High大Big很低Very Low低Low低Low低Low低Low美国紫苜蓿草 USA Alfalfa中Middle中Middle中Middle低Low中Middle中Middle高High中Middle西班牙脱水紫苜蓿草 Spain Dehydrated Alfalfa高High低Low小Small高High高High高High中Middle高Highl 饲料的类型（硬度，脆性，粒径）是判断草料中有效纤维的重要指标。有效纤维是指对瘤胃和咀嚼活动产生物理效应的纤维。它是指草料刺激咀嚼和瘤胃活动的能力。切割时，紫苜蓿比牧草的硬度更低。经过加热过程后，脱水紫苜蓿比干草的脆性更强。由于紫苜蓿干草在切割时硬度较大，其粒径也较大；而脱水紫苜蓿在脱水过程中经过研磨，因此其粒径较小。Type of feed (hardness, brittleness, grain size) are important indicators of judging effective fiber in forage. Effective fiber is the fiber which generates physical effects on rumen and chewing activity. It is the ability of forages to stimulate chewing and ruminal activity. When cutting alfalfa , general forage grass is harder than alfalfa. After the high temperature process, dehydrated alfalfa is more brittle than forage grass. Because the general dry alfalfa is harder than dehydrated alfalfa, its grain size is bigger than dehydrated alfalfa; dehydrated alfalfa is processed by grinding, so its grain size is smaller. l 紫苜蓿在脱水时经过加热分解了茎杆的结构，并对叶片进行研磨。这一过程与紫苜蓿干草大不相同。 紫苜蓿干草保留了更多的有效纤维，但其均匀性低于脱水紫苜蓿。脱水紫苜蓿的混合度更为均匀，但应注意避免由于过度加工和过度混合而破坏其结构。When dehydrating, the heating break down the structure of the stem, and the blade is ground. This process is very different from processing general dry alfalfa. General dry alfalfa keeps more effective fiber, but has less uniformity than dehydrated alfalfa. The mix of dehydrated alfalfa is more even, but people should avoid breaking the alfalfa structure due to over-process and over-mix.l 紫苜蓿草蛋白质含量几乎是普通牧草的两倍。紫苜蓿叶中的蛋白质含量最高，因此，叶、茎的比例越大，蛋白质的含量越高。茎和叶（叶柄）之间的连接易在运输和挪动中破裂，破裂的多少取决于草的干燥的程度。脱水紫苜蓿在收集时比自然晒干的苜蓿草和干草的湿度更大，叶子丢失的较少，其中的蛋白质含量也比同等状态的植物更高，并富含丰富的钙和钾，含有奶牛必不可少的充足的脂溶性维生素（维生素A、D和E）。l Protein content of alfalfa grass is almost twice times that of general forage grass. The protein content is of alfalfa is highest , therefore the bigger of the proportion of leaves and stems，the higher the protein content is . The connection of leaves and stem is easy to break, it depends on how dry the alfalfa is. Dehydrated alfalfa has more moi