College English Reading Course Book IV.ppt

CollegeEnglishReadingCourseBookIV UnitOne ReadingSkills IdentifyingTransitionsBetweenIdeas Fourbasiccategoriesofformaltransitionaldevices1 Usingtransitionalexpressions2 Repeatingkeywordsandphrases3 Usingpronounreferences4 Usingparallelforms 1 Usingtransitionalexpressions Theseexpression alsoknownassignalwords provideanaidforthereadertopredictthethreadofthoughtinthematerialtoberead Byusingsignalwordstopredictwhatmaycomenext thereadercandecidewhetherheshouldspeeduphisreading slowdownorpausetomakesurewhatisbeingreadisunderstood Fivegroupsofsignalwords 1 WordsthatsignalmoreofthesameWhenyouseeawordfromthisgroup youcancontinuereadingrapidlywithoutworryingaboutacompletelynewideaorthoughtcoming andfurthermoremorethanthatalsolikewisemoreoverinadditionwhatismoreforinstanceforexample 2 WordsthatchangethedirectionofthoughtWhenyouseeawordfromthisgroup youneedtoslowdown Theauthorissignalingthatachangeisabouttobemade althoughhoweveronthecontrarybutotherwiseinspiteofdespiteyetnevertheless 3 WordsthatsignalanorderThesewordshelpyoukeepideas pointsorstepsseparatedandordered firstsecondthirdandsoonthenafterbeforenextlastfinallyafterward 4 Wordsthatsignalasummary asaresultfinallythereforeaccordinglyinshortthusconsequentlyinconclusionsoinbriefinaword asresultforthusbecauseforthisreasonsothereforeconsequentlyassince 5 Wordsthatsignalcauseandeffect 2 Repeatingkeywordsandphrases 3 UsingpronounreferencesWritersmayusedifferentwordsorexpressionstorefertothesamethingseveraltimes Forinstance itiscommontousepronounstoreplacenouns Anothercommonpatternistheuseofonenountotaketheplaceofanothernoun Therefore itisimportantforyoutofindthecommonreferent 被替代的词 whereversuchwordchainsturnupinyourreading Thatistosay neverlosethethread Onlyinsodoingcanyoureadaccuratelyandefficiently Text1 StormChasersFacethePowerfulForcesofNature I InformationRelatedtotheText1 thetornadoAtornadoisavortexofairrisingintoacloud Intheirearlyandmaturestages allthunderstormsarecharacterizedbyrisingair calledupdrafts Theseupdraftssupplythewarm humidairthatfuelsthunderstorms But insomecases thecolumnofrisingairbecomesavortex afunnelcloudortornado Oneofthekeyquestionsthatscientistsaretryingtoanswerabouttornadoesiswhyupdraftsinsomethunderstormsbecometwistingwhirlwindswhilethoseinapparentlysimilarthunderstormsdon t Thetornadoisnature smostviolentwind Anaverageof1 000ofthesevorticesspinupbeneaththunderstormsyearroundintheUSAandcangeneratewindspeedsfasterthan250mph attimesdevastatingwholecommunities 2 supercellManytornadoes includingthestrongestones developfromaspecialtypeofthunderstormknownasasupercell Asupercellisalong lived rotatingthunderstorm10to16km 6to10mi indiameterthatmaylastseveralhours travelhundredsofmiles andproduceseveraltornadoes II GeneralComprehensionoftheText 1 Whydostormchasershavetogoalongwayinpursuitoftornadoes 2 WhydidtheresearchteamfailtoacquirescientificdatainNewMexico 3 Howdidtheauthorfeelabouttheirone daychaseofthetornadoinOklahoma 4 Accordingtotheauthor saccountoftheirexperienceinchasingtornadoes whatqualitiesareneededintornadoresearch 5 Theauthorremarksthat luck morethanskillandexperience isastormchaser sbestfriendondayswhentornadoesseemlikelytooccur Whatroledoyouthinkluckplaysinscientificdiscoveriesandinventions III Vocabulary Band4Vocabularylogwitnessshieldpeak Band6Vocabularymarginalprevalentrobustbatterriparrogantcontemplate 更高要求词汇tornadointerceptpoiseebbsiren UsefulPhrasestakechancesposeachallengetoallfornaughtjustacointosssettleforattheheelsofpickup force whiteoutsb sviewofinterferewith IV Difficultlanguagepointsinthetext 1 Thatiswhywefindourselvestakingchancesonroadtripsevenifthereisonlyaslightchanceatornadowilloccursomewhereintheregion L 5 Paraphrase That swhywesetoutinourtrucksinthehopethatwemightbeabletowitnessatornado evenwhenthereisonlyasmallchanceofoneoccurringsomewhereintheregion Translation 这就是我们决定上路碰碰运气的理由 即使在这个地区内遇到龙卷风的可能性微乎其微 2 Oureffortswererewardedwithonemarginallyinterestingstormandalongdrivehome L 12 Paraphrase Despiteallourefforts weonlymanagedtoseeoneslightlyinterestingstormandhadtosufferalongridehome Translation 我们努力的回报是一场勉强合格的风暴和一段长途归程 3 Butthehighterraininthenortheastcornerofthestatehasalltheingredientsforrotatingstorms knownas supercells whichdevelopintothemostpowerfultornadoes L 16 Paraphrase ButthenortheastpartofNewMexico whichismarkedbyhighterrain isanidealsitefortheformationofrotatingstorms knownas supercells whichcanbecomethestrongesttornadoes Translation 但是 这个州东北部地区地势较高 具有形成旋转式暴风雨的一切地理特征 这种暴风雨被称作 超级暴风雨 它有可能最终形成最强劲的龙卷风 4 Ascarcityofroadsandtheprevalenceofhillsthatblockedourradarscansposedachallengetoourabilitytointerceptstormsthatwerebuilding L 19 Paraphrase Therewerenotmanyroadsbuttoomanyhillsthatpreventedourradarfromscanningthestorms sothatwehadgreatdifficultyinterceptingthestormsthatweredeveloping Translation 能行驶的道路非常有限 地形以山为主 山脉阻挡了雷达的扫描 这给我们追踪正在形成的风暴带来了困难 5 Luck morethanskillandexperienceisastormchaser sbestfriendondayswhentornadoesseemlikelytooccur L 28 Paraphrase Whetherastormchasercansuccessfullywitnessandintercepttornadoesdependsmoreonhisluckthanhisskillandexperience Translation 在龙卷风可能形成的那些日子里 运气是追赶风暴者最好的朋友 而不是技能和经验 6 Itstornadosirenswereblaring L 93 Paraphrase InthetownofStiglerinOklahoma sirenswerestillontowarnitsresidentsofthetornado Translation 龙卷风警报器还在响 7 Anoldmetallawnchairsatuprightinthemiddleofaroad L 95 Paraphrase Anoldmetalgardenchairstoodinthemiddleofaroad blowntherebythetornadofromthelawn Translation 一把原来安置在草坪上的旧金属椅子横立在路的中间 V Keytoexercises I 1 D2 C3 A4 BII 1 但是新墨西哥州东北部地区地势较高 具有形成旋转式暴风雨的一切地理特征 这种暴风雨被称作 超级暴风雨 它有可能最终形成最强劲的龙卷风 2 能行驶的道路非常有限 地形以山为主 山脉阻挡了雷达的扫描 这给我们追踪正在形成的风暴带来了困难 3 但这一切已毫无意义 我们一直监视风暴不停地旋转 最终却没有形成龙卷风 因此 我们没有获得任何科学数据 看到的却是美丽壮观的风暴渐渐地消失在地平线上 4 在形成龙卷风的条件已经成熟的那几天里 可能会有多股强劲的风暴可以成为追逐的目标 最终决定追逐哪一股风暴有时纯属偶然 KeytotheReading SkillExercises Extract11 yet and but showingcontrast for indicatingareason inadditionto additive indeed restatinganassertion 2 Allofthemmaketheparagraphhighlycohesive Extract21 C2 B Text2 TheNatureofMan I InformationRelatedtotheText1 WoodyAllen 1935 WoodyAllenisanAmericanmotion picturedirector actor andwriter manyofwhosefilmsarehumorousdepictionsofneuroticcharacterspreoccupiedwithloveanddeath Allenfrequentlystarsinhisownmovies Allen sfirstmajorcriticalsuccesscamewithAnnieHall 1977 whichwonAcademyAwardsforbestpictureandbestscreenplayandAllenwontheAcademyAwardforbestdirector AllenreceivedAcademyAwardnominationsinvariouscategoriesformanyofhisfilms CrimesandMisdemeanorsisWoodyAllen smostmature mostprofoundfilm Itisamarvelofcomplexity withfascinating well writtencharacters deep complicatedrelationships andthought provokingexaminationsofreligion infidelity morality murder comedy andtragedy HannahandHerSistersisWoodyAllen s1986masterworkaboutthechangingrelationshipsamongthreesisterslivinginNewYorkCity ItisAllen smostfullyrealized optimisticadultcomedy Hewonawell deservedOscarforhismarvelousscreenplay filledwithhistrademarksharp wittydialogue hisundyingpassionforNewYork itsculture architecture music romance andsomeofhismostwelldevelopedcharacters TakingplaceoverthecourseofafewThanksgivings Allen sinsightful wonderfulfilmisathoroughlyenjoyablematurelookatthetrials tribulations andtriumphsoffamilylife 2 naturalismNaturalismisametaphysicaltheorywhichholdsthatallphenomenacanbeexplainedmechanisticallyintermsofnatural asopposedtosupernatural causesandlaws Naturalistsarguethattheuniverseisavastmachineororganism devoidofgeneralpurposeandindifferenttohumanneedsanddesires theismTheismreferstothebeliefintheexistenceofagodorgods InChristianity JesusChristisbelievedtobesenttohisfollowersbyGodtorevealHispurpose pantheismIncontrasttotheism pantheismistheviewthatGodisidenticalwiththeworldoriscompletelyimmanent pervadingeverythingthatexistsintheworld 3 SigmundFreudSigmundFreud 1856 1939 anAustriandoctorandfatherofpsychoanalysis isgenerallyrecognizedasoneofthemostinfluentialandauthoritativethinkersofthetwentiethcentury Heelaboratedthetheorythatthemindisacomplexenergysystem thestructuralinvestigationofwhichisproperprovinceofpsychology Hearticulatedandrefinedtheconceptsoftheunconscious ofinfantilesexuality ofrepression andproposedatri partiteaccountofthemind sstructure consciousness subconsciousnessandunconsciousness Further Freud sinnovativetreatmentofhumanactions dreams andindeedofculturalartifactsasinvariablypossessingimplicitsymbolicsignificancehashadmassiveimplicationsforawidevarietyoffields includinganthropology semiotics andartisticcreativityandappreciationinadditiontopsychology 4 B F SkinnerB F Skinner 1904 1990 wasanAmericanpsychologist Skinnerwastheleadingexponentoftheschoolofpsychologyknownasbehaviorism whichexplainsthebehaviorofhumansandotheranimalsintermsofthephysiologicalresponsesoftheorganismtoexternalstimuli Likeotherbehaviorists herejectedunobservablephenomenaofthesortthatotherformsofpsychology particularlypsychoanalysis hadstudied concerninghimselfonlywithpatternsofresponsestorewardsandstimuli 5 existentialismJean PaulSartre 1905 1980 Frenchphilosopher dramatist novelist andpoliticaljournalist wasaleadingexponentofexistentialism Inhisearlyphilosophicwork BeingandNothingness Sartreconceivedhumansasbeingswhocreatetheirownworldbyrebellingagainstauthorityandbyacceptingpersonalresponsibilityfortheiractions unaidedbysociety traditionalmorality orreligiousfaith Distinguishingbetweenhumanexistenceandthenonhumanworld hemaintainedthathumanexistenceischaracterizedbynothingness thatis bythecapacitytonegateandrebel Histheoryofexistentialpsychoanalysisassertedtheinescapableresponsibilityofallindividualsfortheirowndecisionsandmadetherecognitionofone sabsolutefreedomofchoicethenecessaryconditionforauthentichumanexistence II GeneralComprehensionoftheText 1 WhatimportantthemesareWoodyAllen sfilmsconcernedwith 2 HowdoChristiantheism naturalismandpantheismviewthenatureofthingsingeneralrespectively Whatdoyouthinkoftheirviews 3 Howdonaturalistsviewthenatureofman Doyouagreewiththem 4 Ismanreallyfreetoact accordingtonaturalists Howdoyouviewthisissue 5 Howdoyouunderstandtheassertion Humandestinyisanepisodebetweentwooblivions Doyouagreewiththisassertion III Vocabulary Band4Vocabularyinfluentialcomiccondition v mighttheme Band6Vocabularyaffirmdestinestimulusrecur 更高要求词汇preoccupydiversify UsefulPhrasesbedestinedtoatlargemutuallyexclusivechanceresultstrikeabalancebetweenduty bound IV Difficultlanguagepointsinthetext 1 Hiscontinuedpopularitymightbepartiallyexplainedbyhumanity sneedtodealwiththeseissuesastheyrelatetothemeaningoflife L 6 Paraphrase WoodyAllenhasstayedpopularpartlybecauseallhisfilmsdealwiththemeaningoflife andthisechoesman scuriosityaboutthesamesubject Translation 他还受人欢迎 也许部分原因是人类需要解决这些问题 因为这些问题关系到生活的意义 2 Allenhimselfadmitstoapreoccupationwiththenotionofdeath L 9 Paraphrase Allenhimselfsaysthathekeepsthinkingaboutthemeaningofdeath Translation 艾伦自己承认死亡问题一直困扰着他 3 Theseworldviewsholdtomutuallyexclusiveideasaboutthenatureofthingsingeneral andspecificallyaboutthenatureofman L 37 Paraphrase Theseoutlooksinvolvecompletelydifferentideasconcerningthenatureofthingsingeneral specificallyaboutthenatureofman Translation 这些世界观对一般事物的本质和人的具体本性有彼此不相容的看法 彼此互不相让 4 Thereisnoplaceinthenaturalist sviewforaspiritualreality L 42 Paraphrase Thenaturalistdoesnotbelieveatallthataspiritualrealityexistsalongsidephysicalreality Translation 对自然论者来说 根本就不存在任何精神实体 5 Theprocessofevolutionissufficienttoexplainallthatmanis evenifdifficultiesexistinitsapplication L 73 Paraphrase Despitesomedifficultiesinapplyingtheidea evolutionisallthatisneededtoaccountforwhatmanis Translation 进化过程足以解释人是什么 即使其应用过程仍然存在困难 6 Arecurringthemeofnaturalismisthatmanisnotduty boundtoadheretoasetofmoralrules L 103 Paraphrase Naturalistsconstantlyassertthatmanhasnoobligationtofollowasetofmoralrules Translation 自然论中一个永恒的主题是 人没有义务遵循一套道德规范 V Keytoexercises I 1 C2 D3 D4 AII 1 他回忆到 他很小的时候夜间常常躺在床上 想像生命会怎样终结 什么是虚无 为什么死亡是无法改变的 2 随着美国进一步走向多民族化 对人的本性产生了新的认识 进而影响到我们原有的个人观点 3 我们对涉及人类本性的问题的回答 在很大程度上影响我们对子女的教育方式 以及对犯罪 贫困等社会问题的处理方式 4 即使是弗洛伊德也相信 为了平衡其 动物 本能和文明社会的要求 人类能超越其纯动物性的存在 5 如果我们能够意识到 人类没有道德选择的自由 需要的是设计者来创造一个完美的环境规范人的行为 那么 我们就能创造一个完美的社会 在 沃尔等第二 一书中 斯金纳对此进行了描述 Text3 Dad I InformationRelatedtotheText1 Abouttheauthor AndrewH Malcolm aformerforeignandnationalcorrespondent editor governmentandcampaignspokesman isamemberoftheEditorialBoardoftheLosAngelesTimes AtTheNewYorkTimeshewasacorrespondent editorandcolumnist HewasalsoExecutiveAssistantandCommunicationsDirectorforGovernorMarcRacicotofMontanaandDeputyCommunicationsManageroftheBushpresidentialcampaign Hehaswritten10books includingFinalHarvestandTheCanadians 2 ClevelandIndians AprofessionalbaseballteamandoneoffiveteamsintheCentralDivisionoftheAmericanLeague AL ClevelandIndianscapreferstotheteamcapthebaseballplayerswear II GeneralComprehensionoftheText 1 Theauthorsays Therelationshipbetweenasonandhisfatherchangesovertime Canyouidentifythedifferentstagesofthefather sonrelationshipasillustratedbytheauthor sexperience Howdidtherelationshipbetweenyouandyourparentschangeasyougrewup 2 Isitstillimportanttodayforamantodisplayafirmhandshakeandasteadygazeintosomeone seyes 3 HowdoyoufeelaboutMalcolm sfathercryingwithhissonwhentheboy sdogwaskilled 4 Asyougrewup didyouevershiftfromtryingtopleaseaparenttotryingtoimpressthatparent Ifso when 5 Thelasttwoparagraphsdealwithhowthefatherendedhislife Howdoesthisimpressyou III Vocabulary Band4Vocabularyyawnsourshake Band6Vocabularymortalbattercontradictjerkscar 更高要求词汇incumbenterrandailmentcrave UsefulPhrasesswing achild uptoone sshouldersdefusetheangerofthrowupsoresandscarsatwo waystreet IV Difficultlanguagepointsinthetext 1 Itmaysourinresenteddependenceorindependence L 9 Paraphrase Thesonmaywanttobecomeindependentandthefathermaywantthesontobedependentuponhim Thisconflictmaymaketherelationshipbetweenthemlessagreeable Translation 父子关系可能在儿子反抗 对父亲的 依赖或走向独立的过程中变得不愉快 2 Noneofthosefishylittlefingergrips butagoodfirmsqueezeaccompaniedbyanequallystronggazeintotheother seye