大学英语自考英语二考试讲义.doc

自考“英语（二）”完整讲义讲义八Text A Jet Lag： Prevention and Cure课文简介：我们许多人在国际旅行时都有过时差反应。科学家们发现，时差综合症是我们体内的生理调节机制在不同的环境中发生变化所引起的。实际上，有两套时间调节系统在相互作用，它们在新时区内需要一段时间才能重新设定。值得庆幸的是，我们可以通过调节环境定时和改变饮食睡眠来减少时差带来的不便。Para.1 If you understand what Jet Lag is， your flights will be less stressful.Paras.2 - 9 Various causes of Jet LagParas.10 - 14 Ways to deal with the bad effects of Jet LagNew Words1 jetn. 喷射，喷气式飞机2 lagvi./n. 走得慢，落后3 flightn. 飞行，飞翔4 physiologicala. 生理的，生理学的5 regulatorya. 规章的，调节的6 mechanismn. 机构，机制7 hormonala. 荷尔蒙的，激素的8 secretaryn. 秘书，书记，部长9 negotiationn. 谈判，协商10 proceedingn. 程序，进程11 instantaneouslyad. 瞬间地，即刻地12 transportvt./n. 运输13 overcomevt. 战胜；克服14 regulatevt./n. 管理，调节15 timing n. 时间的选择；计时16 periodicityn. 周期性，间发性17 internala. 内部的，内在的18 suprachiasmatica. 超（染色体）交叉的19 rhythmn. 韵律，格律，节奏20 timern. 计时员，定时器21 externala. 外在的，在外的22 alarmn./vt. 警报，惊恐，向报警，使警觉23 resetvt./n. 重新安排，重调24 palmn. 手掌25 sweatn./vi./vt. 汗，出汗，使出汗26 discrepancyn. 差异，不一致27 bodilya. 身体的，肉体的28 cortisoln. 皮质醇29 excretionn. 排泄；分泌30 destinationn.目的地，终点31 feasiblea. 可行的，可能的32 pharmacologicala. 药物学的，药理学的33 assumptionn. 假定，设想；承担34 mid-afternoona. 下午三点左右的35 neutrala.中立的；中性的36 wakefulnessn. 觉醒，不眠37 promotevt. 促进，发扬；提升，升级，发起，创办38 synchronizevi./vt.同时发生，同步，使在时间上一致词组：phrases and Expressions1 effect on 对 的作用2 to blame on 把 归咎于3 to advantage有利地，有效地4 as fresh as paint精神饱满5 now that （连词）既然，由于6 to leave alone不管，不理7 out of step 步伐不一致，不协调8 in time 及时，终于to come across遇到，碰到to tie to 使有联系，约束to rely on / upon依赖，依靠词汇精讲：lag： v/n.走得慢，落后After I get over jet-lag， Ill call you. 我倒过时差后给你打电话。Hes lagging behind a bit， and I think wed better wait for him to catch us up.他有点落后了，我想我们最好等他赶上来吧。There is often a lag between becoming affected by this illness and its first signs.受这种疾病的感染和出现最初症状之间经常会间隔一段时间。His actions lagged behind his thinking. 在他的思想和行动之间存在很大差异。overcome： v. 战胜，克服Support from his family and his own survivor instincts have helped him overcome obstacles.家人的支持和求生的本能帮助他克服了障碍The learner of a second language has many obstacles to overcome.学第二语言的人有许多障碍要克服。First of all， we should overcome ourselves in order to overcome difficulties.要战胜困难，首先要战胜自己。feasible： a. 可行的，可能的Your plan sounds quite feasible. 你的计划听起来是可行的。Now that we have the extra resources， the scheme seems feasible.既然我们有了额外的财力，这一方案就可行了。The plan seems to be feasible. 这个计划似乎是可行的。assumption： n. 假定，设想，承担，采取派生词：assume v. 假定，设想His assumption proved to be wrong. 他的设想被证明是错的。You will assume your new duties tomorrow. 你们明天开始执行新任务。promote： vt. 促进，发扬，提升派生词：promotion n. 促进，发扬He certainly ought to be promoted. 他的确应该被提升。The company is promoting their new sort of soap on television.公司正在电视上为这种新香皂促销。We should promote the mutual understanding between the two countries.我们要增进两国之间的相互了解。词组：1 effect on： 对 的作用，影响It had an almost immediate effect on his thinking. 这事几乎立刻对他的想法有了影响。Violent TV programs have a bad effect on children. 暴力电视节目对孩子有不好的影响。相似词组： influence on： 对有影响。to blame on： 把 归咎于He blamed his failure on his teacher. 他把他的失败怪在老师的头上。They blamed the failure of the action on George.他们把此次行动失败归咎于乔治。相关词语： to blame forThe accountant was blamed for his error. 这个会计由于出错而受到谴责。to advantage： 有利地，有效地More practice will be to your advantage. 多练习对你有利。It is to your advantage to invest wisely. 明智地投资对你很有利。The model is seeking a chance to display herself to advantage.那位模特正在寻找一个机会来有利地显示自己。4 now that： 既然，由于Now that you have come you may as well stay. 既然你来了还是待着吧。Now that oil is scarce， the fate of the motorcar is uncertain.由于石油短缺，汽车将来的命运如何就难以预料了。to leave alone： 不管，不理；听其自然Leave me alone - take your hand off my arm. 别动我 - 松开我的胳膊。I should leave that question alone if I were you. 如果我是你的话，我不会去碰这个问题。out of step： 步伐不一致，不协调That boy was out of step during most of the parade.在游行检阅的大部分时间里，那个男孩的步伐都与别人的不合拍。Im not good at dancing - I always get hopelessly out of step.我不善长跳舞-总是踩不上点，已经无可救药了。He is out of step with modern life. 他同现代生活不合拍。课文精讲：Jet Lag： Prevention and CureThe problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time. But do you have to suffer？ Understand what it is， and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects， and your flights will be less stressful. 1.此句中 “one” 代替前面出现过的 “problem” ， every international traveler comes across at some time 是定语从句修饰one， 省略了关系词that 或which. to come across 意思是 “遇到，碰到”全句意思：喷气飞机时差综合症是每个乘坐国际航班旅行的人在某个时候会碰到的问题。2.Understand what it is这是个祈使句，相当于一个条件状语从句：If you understand what it is例句：Work hard and youll succeed. 相当于 If you work hard， youll succeed.The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize.Jet Lag is not a psychological consequence of having to readjust to a different time zone. It is due to changes in the bodys physiological regulatory mechanisms， specifically the hormonal systems， in a different environment.3.此句是个比较结构。disturbing 是分词式的形容词，比较级是more disturbing，far 用来修饰比较级。此句意思：乘飞机旅行对身体的影响实际上远比我们意识到的更令人焦灼不安。Confused？ So was John Foster Dulles， the American Secretary of State， when he flew to Egypt to conduct negotiations on the Aswan Dam He later blamed his poor judgment on Jet Lag.4.此句中confused 的完整表达是 “Are you confused？” 后一句用了倒装语序，so 位于句首，表示前面所说的情况也适合于本句。Blameon把过失归咎于此句意思：是不是被弄糊涂啦？美国国务卿约翰福斯特杜勒斯从美国飞往埃及谈判阿斯旺水坝问题时就被弄糊涂了。他后来把自己在谈判中判断失误归咎于时差综合症。The effects can be used to advantage， too. President Johnson once conducted an important meeting in Guam and kept the entire proceedings at Washington DC time. The White House working personnel were as fresh as paint， while the locals， in this case， were jet-lagged.Essentially， they had been instantaneously transported to America.5.该句是由 while 连接的两个并列句，表示前后对比。in this case 作状语，译为“在这种情况下，” the locals 是指关岛的本地人，作主语。Now that we understand what Jet Lag is， we can go some way to overcoming it. A great number of the bodys events are scheduled to occur at a certain time of day. Naturally these have to be regulated， and there are two regulatory systems which interact.6.now that we understand what Jet Lag is， 原因状语从句中有一个what引导的宾语从句，意为“既然我们了解了时差综合症是什么”。One timing system comes from the evidence of our senses and stomachs， and the periodicity we experience when living in a particular time zone. The other belongs in our internal clocks （the major one of which may be physically located in a part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus） which， left alone， would tie the body to a 25 hour - yes， 25 - rhythm. Normally the two timers are in step， and the external cues tend to regularise the internal clocks to the more convenient 24 hour period.7.该句主干结构是“one timing system comes from。”； from 有两个宾语，由and 连接。此句意思：一个定时系统来自我们的感官和胃肠饥饿感以及我们在某个特定时区所经受的周期性变化8.该句的主干结构“The other belongs in our internal clocks ”，which 引导定语从句修饰our internal clocks.在定语从句中，left alone 是过去分词词组作条件状语，相当于条件状语从句If it is left alone.括号中的定语从句也修饰our internal clocks.此句意思：另一个定时系统在我们的体内时钟内（其中一个主要时钟可能位于我们大脑的称为超交叉核的那部分中）这些体内时钟在不受干扰时，会使人体有一个25小时是的，25小时的生理节奏。If， however， you move the whole body to a time zone which is four hours different， the two clocks will be out of step， like two alarm clocks which are normally set together， but which have been reset a few hours apart. Whereas the two clocks would normally sound their alarms together， now they ring at different times. （10）Similarly， the body can be set for evening while the sun is rising.9.“which is four hours different”是定语从句修饰zone. “ which are normally set together” 和 “ which have been reset a few hour apart” 是两个定语从句修饰 clocks.此句意思：然而如果你把整个身体移到一个时差4个小时的时区，两个时钟就不再同步，正像两个闹钟通常被一起定时，但现在定时相差几个小时。10.whereas连接让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然”全句的大意是：尽管两个闹钟通常同时报时，但现在则在不同时间报时。In time the physiological system will reset itself， but it does take time. One easily monitored rhythm is palm sweating. A man flown to a time zone different by 10 hours will take eight days to readjust his palm sweat. Blood pressure， which is also rhythmical， takes four days to readjust.（12）11.In time the physiological system will reset itself， but it does take time.it does take time 是强调谓语动词。经过一段时间后，生理系统将会自我调整过来，但这需要时间。12.which 引导非限制性定语从句， 修饰blood pressure.此句意思：血压也是有节奏性的，需要4天才能调整过来。One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors. （13） The hormone cortisol， which controls salt and water excretion， is made in the morning， wherever the body is. But the growth hormone is released during sleep， whenever in the day that sleep occurs. （14 ） Normally these two hormones are separated by seven or eight hours， but if the body arrives at a destination in the early morning （local） and goes to sleep as soon as possible， the two hormones will be released simultaneously.13.此句是一个表语从句，that 引导一个从句作表语。此句意思：出现这种差异的一个原因是人体的不同活动受到不同因素的支配。14.whenever 引导时间状语从句。Whenever in the day 意为“不管在一天中的什么时候”；that sleep 是从句的主语，that 是指示代词修饰sleep.全句意思：但生长激素在睡眠时才分泌，而不论一天中什么时候睡觉。What can we do about it？ It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone. Fortunately there is a short cut. It relies on two things - the power of the stomach to regulate the timing of other events， and the pharmacological actions of coffee.The basic assumptions are：Coffee delays the body clock in the morning， and advances it at night. Coffee at mid-afternoon is neutral. （15）15.该句中neutral 意为“中性的”，在这里是与上文的delay 和advance 相对，表示“既不推迟，也不提前” 译为：下午三点左右喝咖啡对人体时钟不起作用。Protein in meals stimulates wakefulness， while carbohydrates promote sleep.Putting food into an empty stomach helps synchronize the body clock.Text B Controlling your concentrationNew Words1.span n. 1.指距，一拃宽；2.跨距；3.一段时间2.fluctuate vi. 1.波动，起伏；2.动摇，不定；vt. 使波动，使起伏3.fluctuation n. 波动，起伏4.tick n.（钟表的）滴答声；vi.（钟表的）滴答响5.fade vi. 1.凋谢，枯萎；2.（颜色）褪去；3.（声音等）衰弱下去；vt.使褪色6.illusion n. 错觉；幻觉7.duration n. 持续；持续时间8.infrequent a. 很少发生的9.illustration n.1.说明；2.例证，插图10.moderate a.1.中等的，适度的；2.温和的，有节制的11.distraction n.1.精神涣散，精神不集中；2.消遣，娱乐12.distractor n. 分散注意力的东西13.focal a.焦点的14.remedy n. 1.治疗；2.补救（法）；vt. 1.治疗；2.补救，纠正15.fearful a. 1.可怕的，吓人的；2.害怕的，胆怯的16.productivity n. 1.生产率；2.丰饶，多产17.finance n. 1.财政，金融；2.经费，资金18.retention n. 保持；保留19.distract vt. 分散（注意，心思等）；使人分心20.adversely ad. 1.相反地；2.不利地，有害地21.appreciate vt. 1.欣赏，鉴赏；2.正确评价，鉴别；3.感激，感谢22.contrary a. 相反的，相对的，与相反（to）23mislead vt. 把带错路，使错或做错24.motivation n. 动机；动力25.inefficient a. 无效的；效率低的26.exceptional a. 1.例外的；2.异常的，特殊的27.hinder vt. 阻止；防碍（from）28.typical a. 典型的，代表性的Phrases and Expressions1.to date 到目前为止2.to attend to 专心；注意；照顾3.to make the grade 取得成功，达到理想标准4.to fall apart 四分五裂；崩溃5.be true of 符合于，对适用重点词汇：span n. 跨度，一段时间例：She has a wide span of responsibility in her new job.她在新工作中要负责很多事情。Childrens attention span is poor.儿童的注意力集中时间很短。fluctuate v. 波动，起伏例：Vegetable prices fluctuate according to the season.蔬菜的价格随季节而波动。fade v. 凋谢，枯萎，褪色，（声音等）变弱例：The voice on the radio faded out. 收音机里面的声音逐渐小了。illusion n. 幻觉，错觉例：I have no illusions about his ability. 我对他的能力不存幻想。5.moderate ： a. 中等的，适度的，温和的Im a moderate drinker .我是一个饮酒适量的人。He is well-known as a moderate in the party. 他作为该党中一个温和派人士而著称。6.finance ： n. 财政，金融；资金，经费派生词：financial a . 财政的，金融的Weve had some difficulty raising finance for the project. 我们在为这个项目筹集资金的过程中遇到过一些困难。If you do have financial difficulty，you can apply for a student loan. 如果你确实经济上有困难，可以申请学生贷款。7.appreciate ： vt 欣赏，鉴赏，感激，感谢派生词：appreciation n. 欣赏，鉴赏用法：appreciate 后接动名词作宾语。We shall appreciate hearing from you again. 我们将乐于再收到你的信。You cant appreciate English poetry unless you understand its rhythm.你不懂英文诗的韵律，就不能欣赏英文诗。课文精讲Controlling your concentrationCONCENTARATION IS CENTERING YOUR ATTENTIONPsychologically defined， concentration is the process of centering one s attention over a period of time. In practical application， however， concentration is not as simple to deal successfully with as the definition may imply. For this reason， it is helpful to keep the following points in mind.1.For this reason， it is helpful to keep the following points in mind.be helpful to 。 对 很有益；keep 。 in mind 把 记在心里；译文：因此，记住下列几点是很有帮助的。Your attention span variesEven with the greatest effort， our span of attention fluctuates. You can demonstrate for yourself this fluctuation of attention. In a quiet room， place a watch so that it can just scarcely be heard. Listen carefully and notice how the ticking increases in apparent intensity， fades to a point where it cannot be heard， and then increases again. This phenomenon reveals how our span of attention fluctuates， for the intensity of the ticking is actually constant.2.In a quiet room， place a watch so that it can just scarcely be heard.该句主句是祈使句 place a watchso that 引导目的状语从句译文：在一个安静的房间里，放一块表，表的声音几乎刚刚能听见。3.Listen carefully and notice how the ticking increases in apparent intensity， fades to a point where itcannot be heard， and then increases again.where it cannot be heard 是定语从句修饰 point译文：注意听表的走动声，并且注意表的嘀嗒声怎样明显增大，然后小到听不见，然后又变大。You pay attention to one thing at a timeEvidence to date indicates that you attend to one idea at a time. It is possible for your attention to shift so rapidly that it seems that you attend to several concepts at once. But apparently this is only an illusion. In high concentration the shift from the focus of attention is of short duration and relatively infrequent.4.It is possible for your attention to shift so rapidly that it seems that you attend to several concepts at once.so that结果状语从句全句意为：你的注意有可能转移得十分迅速，以至于好像你同时能够专心于几个想法。An illustration of periods of high， moderate， and low attentionHigh attention has long periods of attending and short distraction periods. In low attention the periods of attending are short and the distraction periods long. In moderate attention there is a mixture of the extremes. Thus it is easy to see that it is highly unlikely that the student who has most of his attention centered on fancying at large will be able to recall even the major points of a lecture.Thus it is easy to see that it is highly unlikely that the student who has most of his attention centered onfancying at large will be able to recall even the major points of a lecture.see 之后是一个由that引导的宾语从句，在 that 引导的宾语从句中， 含有一个who引导的定语从句修饰the student译文：这样我们可以很容易地看到，如果一个学生的大部分注意力用于自由幻想，即使是讲课要点，他也不可能回想起来。Lack of concentration is a symptom， not the cause， of difficulty. When a student says “I cant concentrate”， what he is really saying is， “I cant attend to the task at hand because my distractors are too strong.”DISTARCTORS ARE OF TWO SORTS -PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICALA distractor is anything which causes attention to vary from a central focal point. In the study situation distractors may be thought of as either psychological or physical in nature. Both types of distractors must be understood before the student can attempt to remedy his lack of concentration.In the study situation distractors may be thought of as either psychological or physical in nature.thought of as 把看作，认为译文：在学习的情况下，干扰物实际上可以被认为是心理的或者是物质的。Emotions are the most powerful distractorsThe angry man forgets the pain of injury， the fearful man finds it difficult to enjoy pleasure and the tense or anxious person may react violently to the smallest of matters. In the students life there are many psychological pressures and tensions which block effective productivity. The fears about making the grade， the doubts of the friendliness of a friends behaviour and the pressures of limited friendliness of a friends behaviour and the pressures of limited finances - these are only a few of the emotional forces which affect the student.7.The angry man forgets the pain of injury， the fearful man finds it difficult to enjoy pleasure and the tense of anxious person may react violently to the smallest of matters.react to 对有反应全句大意：愤怒的人会忘记伤痛，人害怕的时候很难享受快乐，人在紧张或焦虑的时候可能对非常小的事情做出强烈的反应。Emotional reaction varies greatly from person to person. Some person gain goal and direction from their tensions and actually do better because of them . Others fall apart under pressure ，while a few people do well despite the pressure.8.Emotional reaction varies greatly from person to person.vary from 。 to 全句大意：人与人的情绪反应差异很大。Physical distractors are always present and rarely understoodOur environment is much more important to how we feel and react than we often think. Particularly is this true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks. One research report has shown that comprehension and retention of reading were decreased when students listened to lively music. However， rate of reading was not affected ， so that many students were not aware that they were affected by the background distractor. Another study found that the ability to recall accurately was affected by distracting conditions. Most of the evidence indicates that noise affects adversely higher mental task output. Still， the effect of distractors is seldom fully appreciated by students.9.Our environment is much more important to how we feel and react than we often think.本句中much more than 结构表示“远比要得多”，。how we feel and react 是介词to 的宾语从句全句大意：环境对于我们如何感觉和反