unit 1 非谓语.doc

一、 非谓语 （分词、不定式、动名词）.分词分词的分类：现在分词 ing ;过去分词 eda. ing表主动;-ed表被动(eg. burning forest ; burnt skin)b. ing表进行、-ed表完成(eg. developing country ; developed country)用法：分词的作用相当于形容词或副词，在句子中可以充当定语、表语、状语、补语（包括主语补足语和宾语补足语）。.定语：分词作定语时，单个的词通常放在所修饰的词之前，而分词短语通常放在所修饰词之后，例外不多 eg. : He often helps his working wife at home. Who is the woman standing by the door? We can only see part of the moon lighted by the sunlight.例外：Theres nothing left. / Something interesting.We decided to change the material used.表语：作表语时，现在分词可以表示一种特征（较持久），而过去分词表示一种状态（较短暂）。eg.: The news is exciting. Dont get excited, please. The door remained locked.状语：分词经常用作状语，表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、条件、让步、伴随等状语，常位于句首或句尾，有时放在主谓之间。分词作状语时，其逻辑主语应该与主句主语保持一致。eg. Depending on our efforts, we overcame all the difficulties. The teacher walked about the classroom, using his hands to help his explanation. Given better attention, the trees could grow well.The method, tried in our village, resulted in a rise in total production.补充：有时为了表示明确的时间或条件，在在分词前面可以加一些连词：when/ while/ifeg. When leaving the airport, he waved again and again to us.If translated word by word, the sentence will be meaningless.Be careful when crossing the street. 独立主格结构 独立主格 句子 主+分词 主+谓语独立主格也可以表示时间、原因、条件、或伴随的动作和情况。eg. Weather permitting,the football match will be played on Wednesday.Standing at the top of the mountain, we can see a lot of flowers. 补足语：作宾语补足语和主语补足语，分词短语可以放在感官动词或使役动词之后，与一个名词或代词构成复合宾语，这使得分词充当宾语补足语。eg. We heard children singing a song in the classroom. I have my hair cut. doing 主动感官动词/使役动词+sb./sth. do 主动 done 被动分词的时态和语态 having done 完成时 being done 被动式 否定式在前面加上not having been done 完成被动式 doing 一般式.完成式：现在分词的完成式主要用作状语，表示这个动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。 eg. Having finished his homework, the boy began to watch TV. Having watered the vegetable, the famers took a short rest. 现在分词的完成式与过去分词的区别与联系相似点：两者都可以表示动作的完成区别：现在分词的完成式表示主动，过去分词表示被动。.被动式：现在分词的被动式经常作定语、状语、宾语补足语，现在分词的被动式不仅表示被动，还表示动作正在发生，或者表示这个动作与谓语所表示的动作几乎同时发生。 eg.The bridge being built will be one of the largest bridge in China.(定语) Being surrounded， the enemy were forced to put down theirgun.(作状语) He found the topic being discussed everywhere. (作宾补) 现在分词的被动式和过去分词的区别相似：两者都可以表示被动区别：现在分词的被动式表示动作正在发生，而过去分词表示动作已经完成。eg. The bridge being built will be one of the largest bridges in China. The bridge built is one of the largest bridges in China. . 完成被动式：完成被动式经常用作状语，不仅表示被动，而且表示这个动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。 eg. Having been given such a good chance, how could I give it up? Having been told that some guests were coming, she kept shopping all the morning in that supermarket. 现在分词的完成被动式与过去分词的区别相似：两者都可以表示动作的被动和完成。区别：现在分词的完成被动式更强调动作发生的先后性。. 一般式：现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作先后顺序不明显。 . 不定式、 不定式的构成：1、 to + v. to write2、 to + vt.+宾 to write a letter3、 to +vt. +状 to write a letter slowly4、 not to do(否定式)5、 不定式可以放在某些疑问代词（what、which、who）或疑问副词（how、when、why、where）之后，构成一种特殊的不定式短语 I dont know what to do next./ I dont know where to go.6、 不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语，常用作：for +n./proun.+ to do eg. Its important for us to study hard.、不定式的用法：不定式可以用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。eg.作主语： To make a plan for our future is important. 不定式作主语时通常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在谓语之后，如 It is important for us to make a plan for our future. 作表语：Her wish is to marry an honest young man. 作宾语：I want to work hard. 作定语：不定式作定语，一定要放在所修饰词之后，如Perhaps this would be a good chance to go to Hangzhou./ She is the only one to look after the child. 作状语：不定式可以作目的、结果、原因、程度状语。 He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. Im happy/glad to receive your letter. Mary wouldnt be so careless as to forget her key. 作补语：a. 作宾补：I asked you to finish your homework. 有些及物动词的复合宾语中，作宾补的不定式不带to，这些及物动词主要包括感官动词和使役动词（但get例外，get sb. to do sth.） b. 作主补：I made you cry. You were made to cry.(不定式作主语补足语时，即使是放在感官动词和使役动词之后，不定式的符号“to”不能省略。). 不定式的时态和语态to do 一般式to have done 完成式 to be doing 进行式 否定式前加notto have been done 完成被动式to be done 被动式.完成式：不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动词之前eg. Im sorry to have kept you waiting. He is said to have written a new book about business English.进行式：不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生。eg. He pretended to be listening attentively. Theyre said to be building another bridge across the river.被动式：当不定时的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动式。 eg. Its an honor for me to be asked to speak here. I want the letter to be mailed at once.完成被动式：是完成式和被动式的结合 eg. Im angry to have been kept waiting for 3 hours.一般式：一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作几乎同时发生，或在其后发生。 eg. I have some good news to tell you. You can count on us to give you full support. 在有些句子中，不定式与离它最近的名词或代词有动宾关系，但与句子中的另外一个名词或代词有主动关系，这时不定式要用主动式，不用被动式。 He has no one to take care of./ I have nothing to do. 动名词、 基本形式1、doing 2、vt+ v-ing+宾语 3、vt+ v-ing+状动名词也可以由自己的逻辑主语，它常用物主代词或名词所有格形式，在非正式用法中这里还可用宾语。eg. Do you mind my (me/Toms/Tom) opening the window?、 用法.作主语：eg. Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language. Talking mends no holes.空谈无济于事 在某些结构中，可用it作形式主语放在句首而把真正的主语（动名词）放在句尾。 eg. Its no good/use/sense doing sth. Its a waste of time doing sth.作定语：现在分词和动名词都可以作定语，区别在于动名词和它所修饰的名词没有逻辑上的主谓关系，反之现在分词和它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系。 eg. 动名词 分词sleeping car sleeping childworking method working woman.作表语：The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers. 不定式和动名词都可以作主语和表语，在表示比较抽象 的一般行为时要用动名词，在表示某次具体的动作或将来要发生的动作时要用不定式。eg. Their job is building bridge.Their job is to build another bridge across the river.做宾语: enjoy/mind/postpone(推迟)/suggest+ doing start/begin/cease+ to do/doing区别在于如果有表示意识的开始或停止某个动作，经常用动名词，如果表示自动开始或停止某个动作，常用不定式。 eg. He began talking about his plan for summer holiday. It began to rain sudden