医学英语教程Chapter 6.doc

Chapter 6 Additional Suffixes and Digestive System TerminologyI. IntroductionThis chapter gives you practice in word building, while not introducing a large number of new terms. It uses many familiar terms from Chapter 5, which should give you a breather after your hard work.Study the new suffixes in Section II first and complete the meanings of the terms in Section II and III. Checking the meanings of the terms with a dictionary may prove helpful and add additional understanding.The information include in Section IV relates to the gastrointestinal system and will be useful for work in clinical or laboratory medical settings.Section V gives you examples of medical language in context. Congratulate yourself as you decipher medical sentences, operation reports, case studies, and other material.II. SuffixesWrite the meaning of the medical term in the space providedSuffix meaning Terminology Meaning-ectasis, -ectasia stretching, dilation, bronchiectasis_ dilatation Bronchi/o means bronchial tubes lymphangiectasia_-emesis vomiting hematemesis_ Bright red blood is vomitted, often associated with esophageal varices or peptic ulcer.-lysis destruction, breakdown, hemolysis_ separation Red blood cells are destroyed-pepsia digestion dyspepsia_-phagia eating, swallowing polyphagia_ Excessive appetite and uncontrolled eating dysphagia _ Difficult swallowing odynophagia_ Pain caused by swallowing-plasty surgical repair rhinoplasty_ The structure of the nose is changed blepharoplasty_-ptosis prolapse, fall, sag proptosis_ Pro- means before, forward. This term refers to the forward protrusion of the eye.-ptysis spitting hemoptysis_ From the respiratory tract and lungs-rrhage, rrhagia bursting forth hemorrhage_ Loss of a large amount of blood in a short period menorrhagia_ Excessive bleeding at the time of menstruation. Men/o means menstrual flow or menstruation-rrhaphy sutrue herniorrhaphy_ Repair of a hernia. Herni/o means hernia-rrhea flow, discharge dysmenorrhea_-spasm sudden, involuntory pylorospasm_ contraction of muscles bronchospasm_ A chief characteristic of bronchitis and asthma-stasis to stop; control cholestasis_ Flow of bile from the liver to the duodenum is interrupted hemostasis_ Bleeding is stopped by mechanical or chemical means, or by the coagulation process of the body.-stenosis tightening, stricture, narrowing pyloric stenosis_ This is a congenital defect in newborns blocking the flow of food into the small intestine. Pyloromyotomy can correct the condition.-tresia opening atresia_ The closure of a normal body structure that should be openFigure 6-1Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula. esophageal atresia_ A congenital anomaly in which the esophagus does not connect with the stomach. A tracheoesophageal fistula often accompanies this abnormality. biliary atresia_ Congenital hypoplasia or nonformation of bile ducts causes neonatal cholestasis and jaundiceMany of the suffixes listen on pages 186-187 are also used alone as separate terms. Here are examples of how each term is used in a sentenceectasia Mammary duct ectasia may cause mastitislysis The disease caused lysis of liver cellsemesis If a child swallows poison, physicians prescribe a drug to induce emesis. An example of an emetic is a strong solution of salt or ipecac syrup.ptosis Mr. Smiths weakened eyelid muscles caused ptosis of his lids.spasm Eating spicy foods can lead to spasm of gastric sphinctersstasis Overgrowth of bacteria within the small intestine causes stasis of the intestinal contentsstenosis Projectile vomiting in an infant during feeding is symptom of pyloric stenosis.III. Combining Forms and TerminologyWrite the meaning of the combining form and then the meaning of the term that includes that combining form in the spaces providedCombiningForm Meaning Terminology Mesningbucc/o _ buccal _cec/o _ cecal volvulus_celi/o _ celiac artery_ Carries blood from the aorta to the abdomencheil/o _ cheilosis_ Characterized by scales and fissures on the lips and resulting from a deficiency of vitamin B2 in the dietchol/e _ cholelithiasis_cholangi/o _ cholangiectasis_cholecyst/o _ cholecystectomy_choledoch/o _ choledochal_col/o _ colectomy_ Surgeons perform laparoscopic-assisted colectomy as an alternative to open colectomy to remove nonmetastatic colorectal carcinomascolon/o _ colonoscopy_dent/i _ dentalgia_duoden/o _ gastroduodenal anastomosis_enter/o _ gastroenteritis_esophag/o _ esophageal atresia_ This congenital anomaly must be correted surgicallygastr/o _ gastrojejunostomy_giniv/o _ gingivectomy_gloss/o _ glossopharyngeal_glyc/o _ glycolysis_hepat/o _ hepatomegaly_herni/o _ heniorrhaphy_ile/o _ ileostomy_jejun/o _ cholecystojejunostomy_labi/o _ labioglossopharyngeal_lingu/o _ sublingual_lip/o _ lipase_lith/o _ cholecystolithiasis_odont/o _ periodontal membrane_or/o _ oropharynx_ The tonsils are located in the oropharynxpalat/o _ palatoplasty_ Also called palatorrhaphy, this procedure corrects cleft palate, a congenital anomalypancreat/o _ pancreatic_proct/o _ proctosigmoidoscopy_pylor/o _ pyloric stenosis_rect/o _ rectosigmoidoscopy_sialaden/o _ sialadenectomy _splen/o _ splenic flexure_ The bend in the transverse colon downward near the spleen.steat/o _ steatorrhea_stomat/o _ aphthous stomatitis_IV. Laboratory Tests, Clinical Procedures, and AbbreviationsLaboratory Testsliver function tests Tests for the presence of enzymes and bilirubin in serum Examples are ALT or SGPT and AST or SGOT. ALT and AST are transaminases present in many tissues and elevated in the serum of patients with liver disease. High ALT and AST levels indicate damage to liver cells. Alkaline phosphatase is another enzyme that may be elevated in patients with liver, bone, and other diseases. Serum bilirubin levels are elevated in patients with liver disease and jaundice. A direct bilirubin test measures conjugated bilirubin. High levels indicate liver disease or biliary obstruction. An indirect bilirubin test measures unconjugated bilirubin. Increased levels mean excessive hemolysis, as may occur in a newborn.stool culture Test for microorganisms present in stool Feces are placed in a growth medium and examined microscopicallystool guaiac or Hemoccult test Detection of blood in feces This is an important screening test for colon cancer. Guaiac is a chemical from the wood of trees. when added to a stool sample, it reacts with occult blood.Clinical ProceduresX-ray Testslower gastrointestinal series X-ray images of the colon and rectum after injecting barium into the rectum. Radiologists inject barium, acontrast medium, by enema into the rectum. Figure 6-2A shows a barium enema of a colon with diverticulosisupper gastrointestinal series X-ray images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine after administering barium by mouth Often performed immediately after an upper gastrointestinal series, a small-bowel follow-through shows sequential x-ray pictures of the small intestine as barium passes through. A barium swallow is a study of the esophagus.Figure 6-2(A) Barium enema. This x-ray record of a barium enema with air contrast demonstrates diverticulosis. The arrowheads point to the diverticula throughout the colon. The majority of patients with diverticula are asymptomatic, but complications may occur. (B) An x-ray record of a small-bowel follow-through demonsting the normal appearance of the jejunum in the upper left abdomen and of the ileum in the right lower abdomen. Notice the contrast material within the stomach and cecum.cholangiography X-ray examination of the biliary system after injecting contract into the bile ducts. In percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, the contrast medium enters via a needle through the abdominal wall into the liver. In endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, or ERCP, contrast medium is injected via catheter through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and then into bile ducts.Figure 6-3(A) Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography demonstrating normal bile ducts. Note the small stone in the gallbladder. The arrow shows the cystic duct. ERCP showing choledocholithiasis in a patient with biliary colic. Multiple stones are visible in the gallbladder and common bile duct. The stones are seen as filling defects in the contrast-opacified gallbladder and puted tomography; X-ray series showing corss-sectional images of internalalso called CT, CT scan, organs allows visualization.or CAT scan A circular array of x-ray beams produces the cross-sectional image based on differences in tissue densities. Contrast material allows visualization of the GI tract, blood vessels, and organs. Tomography produces a series of x-ray pictures showing multiple views of an organ.Ultrasoundabdominal ultrasonography Sound waves beamed into the abdomen, produce an image of abdominal viscera Ultrasonography is especially useful for examination of fluid-filled structures such as the gallbladderFigure 6-4Computed tomographic images of normal and diseased liver. (A) Normal liver. Contrast material has been injected intravenously, making blood vessels appear bright. The liver and spleen are the same density. (B) Fatty liver. The radiodensity of the liver tissue is reduced becaused of the large volume of fat contained in the tissue, making it appear darker than normal. Compare to the spleen. (C) CT-guided needle aspiration biopsy of the a liver lesion. The lesion has a lower density than the surrounding liver. A needle has been placed into the liver tissue and its tip can be seen in the center of the lesion. Microscopic examination of material aspirated from the lesion revealed it to be a hepatocellular carcinoma. CT-guided needle placement can also be used to inset a catheter for drainage of a liver abscess.magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic and radio waves produce images of organs and tissues in all three planes of the body This technique does not use x-rays and shows subtle differences in tissue composition.Radioactiveliver scan Image of the liver after injecting radioactive material into the blood stream. Radioactive material is injected intravenously and taken up by the liver cells. An image of the liver is made using a special scanner that records the radioistipe uptake by the liver cells.Other Proceduresgastric bypass Reducing the size of the stomach and diverting food to the jejunum This is bariatric surgery for severe obesity. The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure reduces the sizr of the stomach to volume of 2 table-spoons and bypasses a large section of the small intestine.gastrointestinal endoscopy Viaual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using an endoscopy. A physician places a flexible fiberoptic tube through the mouth or the anus to view parts of the gastrointstinal tract. Examples are esophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, protoscopy, and anoscopy.Figure 6-5Colonoscopy and polypectomy. Prior to this procedure, a patient ingests agents to clean the bowel of feces. The patient is sedated and the gastroenterologist advances the instrument retrograde, guided by images from a video camera on the tip of the colonoscope. When a polyp is located, a wire snare is passed through the endoscope and looped around the stalk. After the loop is gently tightened, an electric current is applied to cut through the stalk. The polyp is removed for microscopic examinationliver biopsy Removal liver tissue followed by microscopic visualization A physician inserts a needle through the skin to remove a small piece of tissue for microscopic examination. The average sample is les than 1 inch long. The procedure helps doctors diagnose cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, and tumors of the liver.masogastric intubation Insertion of a tube through the nose into the stomach Physicians use a nasogastric tube to remove fluid postoperatively and to obtain gastric or intestinal contents for analysisparacentesis Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen This procedure is necessary to drain fluid from the peritoneal cavity.Abbreviationsalk phos alkaline phosphatase MRI magnetic resonance imagingALT, AST alanine transaminase, aspartate NG tube nasogastric tubeBE barium enema NPO nothing by mouthBRBPR hright read blood per rectum; PEG tube percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy hematochezia tubeBM bowel movement PEJ tube percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tubeCT scan computed tomo