论经济全球化.doc

48论经济全球化全球化的过程就是跨文化交流的过程，对于跨文化交流的深入研究，有利于促进不同文化之间的交流与沟通；研究跨文化交流与维护休克，有助于促进跨文化人际交流、为不同文化之间的交流提供理论指导；使人们在世纪实践中减少不同文化之间的冲突，促进文化的融合。因为“人的生产方式是文化方式：文化是唯独人具有的生活方式”。因为文化深刻地影响着人们的行为，正如跨文化交流学的创始人之一的霍尔（E.T.Hall）所言：“文化是人类生活的环境。人类生活的各个方面无不受着文化的影响，并随着文化的变化而变化。或者说，文化决定人们的存在，包括自我表达的方式以及情感流露的方式，思维方式、行为方式、解决问题的方式等等。正是在这些一般情况下十分明显、习以为常，然而又很少加以研究的文化方面，以最深刻和最微妙的方式影响着人们的行为。”（E.T.Hall the Silent Language. Green Wish Conn 1959）随着人类社会不断进步与科学技术的加速发展，人们之间的交往超越了民族与科学技术的界限，形成了在全球范围内的经济、贸易、思想、文化的交流与融合，随着全球化不断加深，地球开始被称为“地球村”，跨文化交流的深度和广度日渐扩展。跨文化交流形式多种多样，国内学者从文化人类学的角度把它分为种族之间的交流、民族之间的交流和国际交流三种形式。种族之间和民族之间的交流常常是指发生在一国之内跨种族和跨民族的文化交流，而国际间的交流则常常是指主权国国家间政府之间的交流，包括外交和宣传领域，以及经贸、文化科技等的交流，它也是跨民族、跨种族的交流。无论是何种形式的跨文化交流，都可以归纳为三个不同的交流层次，即跨文化人际交流、跨文化组织建立和国家之间的跨文化交流。跨文化人际交流主要指不同文化背景的个人之间的交流，相互交往的人可以是不同种族、不同民族、不同国家的人;跨文化组织交流是指不同文化背景的两个组织之间的交流；国家之间的跨文化交流主要是指不同国家之间的利用各种大众传媒进行的信息传播和交流。事物的形式是其本质的外在表现，透过其外在的形式我们可以发现其内在的本质规定性;以此分析跨文化交流我们可以看到,无论是何种形式的跨文化交流,亦无论是在何种层次上的跨文化交流,其核心都在于人的参与,都是通过人的具体行为完成的。所以,我们研究全球化背景下的跨文化交流,着眼点是要通过对跨文化交流的研究,加强不同文化之间的交流、沟通与融合,减少文化差异所引起的冲突。但是,研究的着力点应该放在跨文化人际交流。 人既是文化的产物,也是文化的承载者。德国著名的文化哲学家恩斯特卡西尔(Ernst Cassirer)认为:“人的突出特征,人的与众不同的标志,既不是她的形而上学本性,也不是她的无理本性,而是人的劳作(work)。正是这种劳作,正是这种人类活动的体系,规定和缓定了人性的圆周。语言、神话、宗教、艺术、科学、历史,都是这个圆的组成部分和各个扇面。”某种意义上文化就是人的本质,它是人类在创造自我的过程中形成的,随着人类社会的发展而不断演进并改变自身的形态、丰富其内容;不同文化背景的人与人之间的交流,即充分体现了跨文化人际交流。 在跨文化人际交流过程中,人的行为本质决定了跨文化交流的特点。首先,交流双方不同的文化背景导致了文化共享性差。不同文化背景的人在交流中所涉及到的语言、风俗习惯、行为方式及其背后的价值观念系统,具有极大的差异性;而且表面相同的语言文字、符号系统所表达出的实际内涵常常具有极大的差异性、甚至是截然相反的含义。其次,跨文化交流中存在着个体无意识的先入为主和偏见。由于不同的文化具有不同的价值判断标准,这种标准又是一种文化在长期的发展过程中形成的、有利于维护该文化群体的繁衍、稳定和发展的,所以,出生在这种文化背景中的人在个体社会化的过程中受到这种价值体系的潜移默化的影响,形成一种固定的思维模式和道德价值标准,在与人交往的过程中,他会无意识地以此作为评判标准。正是由于这些原因,在跨文化交流过程中往往会出现各种误解、矛盾,甚至是冲突。在国家之间的文化交流中会出现文化的冲突、进而会引起政治和军事的冲突,像20世纪中叶以来,原教旨主义者广泛兴起,而导致的不同民族、国家之间的矛盾、冲突;在个人交往的层次上,交往者的心理往往会出现“文化休克。” 文化休克是跨文化交流中出现的一种心理现象、心理过程。美国人类学家奥伯格(KalveroOberg)认为,文化休克是指一个人初次进入不同于母语文化的全新文化环境后产生的心理上不适应,是“由于失去了熟悉的社会交往信号或符号,对于对方社会符号不熟悉而产生的深度焦虑症”5(P340)。实际是指人们置身于异域文化中,即在学习或工作、生活遇到另外一种完全陌生的文化时出现的一种心理反应,从感到别扭到不适应,从轻度的易怒、烦躁、到心理上的深刻惊恐和危机的现象。按照奥伯格的理论,文化休克大致经历四个阶段:即兴奋阶段、休克阶段、适应阶段和稳定阶段。在文化休克的不同阶段,其表现形式是不同的。在兴奋阶段人的心理表现是兴奋和乐观,主要是到新的环境后对新的环境、文化、乃至风景、食物等感到新鲜、满意。但是,人在进入新的文化环境之后的一段时间,便会进入到休克阶段,此时,对新的文化、环境、食品、人民新鲜感消失,兴奋和乐观的感觉很快被失望、失落、烦恼和焦虑所取代;由于文化不同、价值观念差异、环境陌生等,逐渐感到孤立无援,进一步的交流受到挫折和阻碍,这时会产生失落、沮丧、压抑、抱怨,甚至是敌视的心理。有的人无法忍受文化休克,采取逃避和回避的态度,无法度过文化休克阶段;多数人在经历了一段时间的沮丧和迷惑之后,开始逐渐适应新的文化环境,逐渐了解新的文化环境中的人、语言、习惯、食物等;不仅仅只看到异文化的缺点,而且开始理解不同文化之间的差异,逐渐增加了在新文化环境中的交流与活动,开始融入新的环境之中。经历过适应阶段的人,逐渐融入到新的环境当中,能够自如地使用异文化的语言自由地与人们交往,能够深入了解异文化的优缺点,客观地看待不同文化之间的差异,游刃有余地生活在新的文化环境中。文化休克是跨文化交流过程中的一种客观存在,每个置身于新的文化环境中的人都会遇到,能否很好应付这个问题,是跨文化交流能否获得成功的重要因素。文化休克直接影响着跨文化交流,从个体的层面上看,它直接影响着个人能否适应新的环境,能否顺利完成跨文化交流;从组织交流或国家交流的层面看,因为个人的原因可能直接影响组织交流和国家交流的成败。所以,全球化背景下的文化交流,无论从个人层面、还是组织和国家交流的层面,都无法回避文化休克的问题。只有解决这个问题,才能更好地实现全球背景下的跨文化交流。The process of globalization is the process of cross-cultural communication, which can promote the communication between different cultures through thorough research; Research cross-cultural communication and maintain the shock not only promotes intercultural communication and interpersonal communication between different cultures but also provide theoretical guidance; in the practice of the conflict between different cultures reduction, it promotes cultural fusion. Because of the means of production culture is only one way: culture is with the way of life. Because the culture profoundly affects peoples behavior, the cross-cultural communication, as one of the founders of the study of E.T.H hall (all) said, Culture is a human living environment. All aspects of human life are influenced by culture, changing with the cultural changes. Or, culture decides existence of people, including peoples way of expressing themselves, and emotional outpouring, mode of thinking and behavior, and how to solve the problem, etc. In these general conditions, however, obviously and rarely used in culture research, culture is with the most profound and the most subtle way affecting the behavior of people. ( E.T.Hall the Silent Language. Green Wish Conn 1959) with human society progress and science and technology development, the communication between people is beyond the boundaries of national science and technology, and it formed an integration of global economy, trade, thoughts and culture. As the globalization deepened itself, the earth began to be called global village, and cross-cultural communication is expanding in width and depth. There are various forms of intercultural communication, from the perspective of cultural and domestic anthropology, scholars put it into three forms: the communication between races, the communication between nations and international communication. Racial and ethnic exchanges often refers to cross-racial and cross-ethic cultural exchange occurring in one country, while communication between sovereign state often refers to the communication between the government, including diplomatic and economic, trade and cultural fields, such as science and technology, it is also the exchange across nation, the exchange across race. Whatever the form of intercultural communication is, all can be divided into three levels, namely the cross-cultural communication, interpersonal communication and cross-cultural organization of cross-cultural communication between countries. Cross-cultural interpersonal communication mainly refers to communication between individuals from different cultural backgrounds, namely, different races, ethnicities or countries; cross-cultural communication refers to communication between two organizations of different cultural backgrounds; cross-cultural communication between countries mainly refers to the use of mass media dissemination and communicating information between different countries. Things are the essence of the external form, through its external form, we can find the essence stipulation; through this analysis, we can see the core of cross-cultural communication is the peoples participation, is the specific actions by people, whatever form of intercultural communication, whether in what level of intercultural communication. Therefore, we study the globalization of intercultural communication, mainly through the study of intercultural communication, to strengthen the communication between different cultures, communication and integration and to reduce the cultural differences caused by the conflict. However, the research focus should be placed on interpersonal cross-cultural communication.Man is the product of culture, also the cultural carrier. Germanys famous cultural philosopher Ernst Cassirer silvia Ernst (,) thought, Peoples outstanding characteristic, peoples unique mark is, neither her metaphysics nor her nature, but peoples work. It is this work, this system of human activities that mastered the circle of nature. Language mythology, religion, art, science and history are all parts of the circle diagram. To some extent, culture is the essence of human. It is formed in the process of human self creating, changing its form and enriching its content along with the development of human society and continuous evolution. Different cultural background of communication between human beings fully embodies the cross-cultural interpersonal communications.In the process of cross-cultural communication, interpersonal nature of human behavior decides characteristics of cross-cultural communication. Firstly, the communication between different cultures leads to the cultural sharing. People from different cultures involved in the communication of language, customs, behavior and the values system, has great difference; the surface of the same language, symbol system of actual connotation is often expressed great difference, even opposite meanings. Secondly, there exists individual unconscious first impression and prejudice in cross-cultural communication. Different cultures have different value judgment standards which were formed in the long-term development process and helped maintain the cultural groups flourish, stabilize and develop. Therefore, people born in this cultural background were influenced by this value system and formed a fixed thinking mode and value and moral standards with which he will unconsciously as criteria when communicating with others. For these reasons, in the process of cross-cultural communication there will often appear all sorts of misunderstandings and contradictions, even conflict. In the cultural exchange between the countries, the cultural conflict can cause political and military conflict, just like the wide awake of fundamentalists since the middle of 20th century, which leads to the different nationalities, the contradiction and conflicts between countries. In personal contacts, the psychology of people will often appear cultural shock.Culture shock is a psychological phenomenon, mental processes in intercultural communication. American anthropologist Mr. KalveroOberg thought that, cultural shock refers to a persons psychological adaptation while first entering a new cultural environment different from his native culture. Because he lost the familiarity with social interaction symbols or signals and was unfamiliar with the new cultures symbols, thus having a deep sense of anxiety. 5 (P340). It actually refers that people involving in foreign culture, namely in the study or work and life meet another completely alien culture of a kind of psychological reaction from uncomfortable to not adaptive, from mild irritability, irritable to the profound psychological terror and crisis. According to Mr. Obergs theory, the culture shock roughly experienced four stages: namely, shock stage, excitement stage, adaptation stage and stable stage. At different stages of culture shock, its form is different. In the stage of excitement, psychological performance of people is excited and optimistic, mainly because of feeling fresh and satisfaction with surroundings, culture, even scenery and food of the new environment. However, after entering the new cultural environment a period of time, people will enter into shock stage, at which peoples sense of fresh towards culture, environment, food and new people will disappear, excitement and optimism quickly replaced by depression, anxiety and worry. Due to different cultures, different values, different environment etc. people gradually felt strange isolated, further communication obstacles, then setbacks and it can produce loss, depression, oppression and complaint, even hostility. Some people cant stand cultural shock and want to escape; however, it still cannot spend culture shock stage. After a period of depression and confusion, most people gradually begin to adapt to the new cultural environment, and gradually learn new cultural environment of people, language, customs, food and so on They not only see different cultural shortcomings, but also begin to understand the differences between different cultures, and gradually increase communication and activities in the new environment. Experienced adapting period, people gradually get into the new environment and can freely use different cultural languages, freely communicate with people, understand the advantages and disadvantages of different cultures, objectively treat the differences between different cultures and easily live in the new cultural environment. Culture shock is in the process of cross-cultural communication, a kind of objective existence, everyone involved in the new cultural environment will meet the problem, whether to tackle the problem is an important factor of intercultural communication success. Culture shock directly affects intercultural communication, from individual level; it directly influences whether the individual can adapt to the new environment and whether he can successfully complete cross-cultural communication. From the organizational or national level, the exchange of personal reasons may directly influence national and organizational exchange. Therefore, no matter from a personal level or the organizational level, under the background of globalization, it can not avoid cultural shock. Only by solving this problem, we can achieve better cross-cultural under global background. 本科毕业论文题目：The Impact of the Culture Shock on Communication between Native and Non-native Speakers院、 系： 学科专业： 学 生： 学 号： 指导教师： The Impact of Culture Shock on Communication between Native and Non-native SpeakersAbstract With the quickening steps of economic globalization and the development of transportation, communication and medium technology, the exchange between native and non-native cultures becomes more and more frequent. But where there is intercultural communication, there is culture shock for the individuality of culture. First introduced by the anthropologist Kalvero Oberg in 1958, the term culture shock refers to the anxiety and tension of people who come into contact with a new culture that presents very few similar symbols and behaviors. In order to reveal the causes and characteristics of the culture shock and find out effective ways to overcome its negative impacts, many scholars study the issue and put forward a variety of theories from different perspectives. However, the researches remain unsystematic because of the complexity of the issue. The thesis aims at probing the phenomenon of culture on cross-cultural communication, analyzing its conception and research necessity, investigating its causes, impacts, process and stages it experienced. The thesis gets conclusion also by analyzing several cases, reminding cross-cultural speakers to take proper attitude toward culture shock. Moreover, the thesis proposes some countermeasures to lighten the negative impacts of culture shock, which can help people who work and live in different cultures.Key Words: culture shock, intercultural communication, cross-cultural adaptation, cross-cultural training, intercultural competence摘要 随着不断加快的经济一体化进程和交通、通讯、媒体技术的飞速发展，跨文化间的交流日益频繁。但由于文化的差异性，哪里有跨文化交际，哪里就有文化休克现象。“文化休克”这一概念是美国人类学家奥博格于1958年首先提出，它指人在异文化交际中由于失去熟悉的符号和行为而表现出的紧张焦虑。为揭示文化休克的原因与特征，找出克服其负面影响的有效途径，许多学者研究文化休克这一问题，从不同角度提出了不同的理论，但由于这一问题的复杂性，这些理论都不系统。本文旨在研究跨文化交际中的文化休克现象，剖析其概念及其研究必要性，探讨其成因、影响、经历的过程及阶段。并通过一些实例分析得出结论，提醒人们对文化休克现象采取正确的态度，同时提出一些克服文化休克的具体对策，从而对工作生活在异文化中的人们有所帮助。关键词：文化休克、跨文化交际、跨文化适应、跨文化培训 ContentsAbstract (English).Abstract (Chinese).Lists of Tables and Figures.Chapter One INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Significance and Objectives of the Thesis. 1.2 Organization of the thesis.Chapter Two LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Relevant Concepts of the Thesis 2.1.1 The concept of Culture. 2.1.2 Intercultural Communication. 2.1.3 Ethnocentrism. 2.1.4 Cultural Relativism 2.2 A Preview of Researches on Culture Shock. 2.2.1 Different Interpretations of Culture Shock. 2.2.2 The Symptoms of Culture Shock. 2.2.3 The Stages of Culture ShockChapter Three THE CAUSES OF CULTURE SHOCK 3.1 The Psychological Reason 3.2 The Cultural Reason. 3.3 The Sociological ReasonChapter Four THE IMPACT OF CULTURE SHOCK. 4.1 Analysis Cases 4.2 The Impact of Culture Shock.Chapter Five DEALING WITH CULTURE SHOCK 5.1 Cultural Knowledge 5.2 Cross-cultural Training 5.3 Cross-cultural Adaptation.Chapter Six INSPIRATIONS AND CONCLUSION 6.1 Inspirations. 6.2 ConclusionReferencesChapter One INTRODUCTION1.1 The Significance and Objectives of the ThesisThe process of economic integration, as well as transportation, communications and media technologies for the rapid development of contemporary cross-cultural exchanges are increasing their scale, scope, speed and impact of the era which can not be compared in any depth. Intercultural contacts become more frequent than ever before. We have entered the era of global village. In this case, the cross-domain, cross-ethnic, cross-cultural economic and social contacts will be increasing, and the native and non-native speakers have to just and readjust themselves in order to adapt to the new environment. However, thousands of years culture and precipitation can change overnight with its strong cultural traditions and continuity. Generally speaking, different regions, different ethnic cultural identities are still very obvious. Due to different cultures, where there is inter-cultural exchange, there exists the phenomenon of culture shock. When people are in different cultural environment, they will feel depression, anxiety, frustration, lost. And even different cultures will give rise to hostility, the worst case, but also gives them a variety of psychological and physical diseases, such negative phenomenon is the culture shock.By parsing the definition of hazards and causes, analyzing the culture shock in cross-cultural communication influence, a solution is proposed for various types of cross-cultural activities to be carried out smoothly. Cross-cultural communication can help those who face cultural differences to overcome the anxiety and fear, so that they do cross-cultural communicative competence to make it more responsive to the needs of international master and better cross-cultural communication skills. Therefore, in cross-cultural communication in the research culture of the impact of its importance, is also where the practical significance of this study lies.This thesis has three objectives. First, this thesis is to put forward the causes and characteristics of the culture