第四章 向现代过渡时期的英国Transition to the Modern Age (1455 – 1688).doc

Chapter 4 Transition to the Modern Age （1455 1688）I. 本章知识点1.重点： the nature and consequences of the Wars of the Roses Henry VIII and the English Reformation Elizabeth I and Parliament Elizabeths religious reform and her foreign policy Distinctive features of the English Renaissance The Civil Wars and their consequences The Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution2.难点、考点： the English Reformation Elizabeth I English Renaissance The Restoration the Glorious RevolutionII.课本内容一、 the nature and consequences of the Wars of the Roses （pp40-42）1. The nature: a revival of baronial activity; the Wars of the Roses was fought between two branches of the Plantagenet family, the House of Lancaster （symbolized by the red rose） and the House of York （the white rose） between 1455 and 1485. This time the instability was caused by the two branches of the Plantagenet family, the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485.2. The name was coined by 19th century novelist Sir Walter Scott. The name Wars of the Roses was, in fact, coined by the great 19th century novelist Sir Walter Scott, but it has become the accepted way of referring to these battles between the great House of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white.3. The interests of the majority of the common people were not deeply engaged.4. The last battle was fought between Richard III and Henry Tudor in 1485. Henry Tudor, after his victory, married Elizabeth of York, thus uniting the Houses of Lancaster and York and putting the country under the rule of the Tudors. On August 22, 1485 at Bosworth Field in Leicestershire the last battle of the Wars of the Roses was fought between Richard III and another claimant to the throne, Henry Tudor, part-Welsh grandson of Owen Tudor and descendant of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster.Soon after his victory, Henry Tudor married Elizabeth of York, thus uniting the Houses of Lancaster and York and putting the country under the rule of the Tudors.5. Consequences: feudalism received its death blow; the nobility was much weakened and discredited; the kings power now became supreme. Although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for thirty years, ordinary people were little affected and went about their business as usual. From these wars feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited. The kings power now became supreme. 6. Parliament in England was already a fairly important body which had to be consulted. Parliament in England was already a fairly important body which had to be consulted, if only to get grants of pounds agreed upon.二、Henry VIII and the English Reformation （pp.42-44）1. 6 wives, divorced 2 and executed 2Henry VIII, son of Henry VII, is usually remembered as the English king who had six wives one after another. He divorced twice and executed two of his wives for supposed adultery. Yet in spite of this rather frivolous image he is regarded as a great king. Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the Church.2. Three causes for the religious reform: a desire for change （Martin Luther）; privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented; Henry needed money.3. Purpose: to get rid of the English Churchs connection with the Pope, and to make an independent Church of England. 4. Two laws: the Act of Succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535The power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henrys position; Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of word before.Expect some movement away from Catholicism towards Protestant ideology.5. Real religious change came in his son Edwards time. People call this “the Reformation”the switch to Protestant theology.6. Mary Tudor, “Bloody Mary”: to reconvert England to Roman Catholicism. And many people were persecuted for their Protestant religious views. She also lost the French port of Calais. 7. Elizabeth I, a Protestant QueenThe reign of Elizabeth I, a Protestant Queen, was greeted with relief and a high tide of nationalism. England has been Protestant ever since.三、Elizabeth I and Parliament （p.45）1. reigned for 45 years; remained single.Elizabeths reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.2. able to work with the Parliament which was mainly ProtestantGenerally speaking, Elizabeth was able to work with Parliament. This was because the Puritans in the House of Commons were still loyal to the Queen although they demanded further religious reform.3. avoided troubling Parliament too often for pounds by making strict economies at Court （在皇宫中厉行节约）.Besides, Elizabeth avoided troubling Parliament too often for pounds by making strict economies at Court.4. but often turbulent. （动荡不安）Elizabeth treated 5 questions as personal and private. These were her religion, her marriage, her foreign policy, the succession to the throne, and her finance.四、Elizabeths religious reform and her foreign policy （pp.45-47）1. a compromise of views: broke Marys ties with Rome and restored her fathers independent Church of England, keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control; “outward conformity to the Established religion, but opinion should be left free.” Her religious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics.2. played off France and Spain against each other, and prevented England from getting involved in European conflict.For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played off against each other the two great Catholic powers, France and Spain, and prevented England from getting involved in and major European conflict.3. the destruction of Spanish Armanda, in 1588, showed Englands superiority as a naval power, and enabled England to become a great trading and colonizing country. 五、Distinctive features of the English Renaissance 1. Renaissancethe revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history; the transitional period between the Middle Ages and modern times, 13501650: It saw the challenge of the supremacy of the Roman Catholic Church by the Reformation, the rise of Humanism, the growth of large nation-states, the far-ranging voyages of exploration, and a new emphasis on the importance of the individual.2. in England, beginning with the accession of the House of Tudor in 1485.In England, the Renaissance was usually thought of as beginning with the accession of the House of Tudor to the throne in 1485. 3. 5 characteristics: English culture was revitalized mainly by contemporary Europeans; insular country; native literature （14th century poet Chaucer）; English Renaissance literature is primarily artistic; coincided with the Reformation.4. The English Renaissance was largely literaryElizabethan drama5. William Shakespeare is the greatest writer in the English language.注：（Gunpowder Plot of 1605Guy Fawkes Day （p.51）; 1620, Pilgrim Fathers, Mayflower, New Plymouth in America （p.52）Charles I, “the Divine Right of Kings” （君权神授） （p.52）Puritanism: simple dress, high moral standards and very egalitarian attitude. （p.53）1628, Petition of Right （民权请愿书）, the 2nd Magna Carta. （p.53） ）六、The Civil Wars and their consequences （pp.55-57）1. First Civil War （1642-1646）: Charles gained the support of the north and west of the country and Wales, and the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge; the Parliament from south-east England and London. Many nobles and gentry gathered around the king, while the Parliamentary army was made up of yeoman farmers, middle-class townspeople, and artisans. The Kings men were called Cavaliers （骑士派）, and the supporters of Parliament were called Roundheads （圆颅派）because of their short haircuts. 2. Oliver Cromwell, “Ironsides” cavalry （铁骑军）, New Model Army.Prince Rupert, the Kings young nephew, lost to Oliver Cromwells “Ironsides” cavalry regiment at Marston Moor.Oliver Cromwell became lieutenant general of the New Model Army.3. Second Civil War, 1648Charles was tried by a High Court of Justice, found guilty of having levied war against his kingdom and the Parliament, condemned to death, and executed on a scaffold outside the windows of the Banqueting House at Whitehall on January30, 1649.4. Charles was executed （beheaded） on a scaffold outside the Whitehall（白厅，昔日皇宫） on Jan 30, 1649.5. also called the Puritan RevolutionThe English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution, because the Kings opponents were mainly Puritan, and his supporters chiefly Episcopalian and Catholic. 6. as a conflict between the Parliament and the King, but also as a conflict between the economic interests of the urban middle classes and the traditional economic interests of the Crown. 7. It not only overthrew feudal system in England, but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe.8. as the beginning of modern world history.七、The Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell1. Oliver Cromwell and the “Rump”（残余国会） declared England a Commonwealth （共和国）. Meanwhile, Oliver Cromwell and the “Rump”-members of the Long Parliament who had voted for Charless execution-declared England a Commonwealth.2. crushed without mercy a rebellion in Ireland; suppression of the Levellers （平均派）One of Cromwells first acts was to crush without mercy a rebellion in Ireland, killing all the inhabitants of the towns of Drogheda and Wexford. Another was the suppression of the Levellers.3. 1653， Lord Protector（护国公）of the Commonwealth of England. He became Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England.4. direct military ruletyrant; tough control of the nations morals 八、The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution1. the Restoration: The