第二章冠词 英语语法.doc

第二章 冠词的用法一、冠词的定义 冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。 冠词可以说是名词的一种标志，它不能离开名词而独立存在。表示名词的数量或者特征 二、冠词的分类不定冠词“a，an”、定冠词“the”零冠词“(/)”：不用冠词的情况 三. 不定冠词的用法 1. 用在可数名词前表示 “一个” 相当于“one”(类指)。 There is a book on the desk. Ill return in a day or two.2. 用在专有名词前,表示“某一个” 相当于“a certain”. A Mr. White is waiting for you downstairs.3. 表示 “一类” 相当于“any”(泛指). A horse is a useful animal.4. 表示 “每一” 相当于“per”. The doctor asked me to take the medicine three times a day. The envelopes are one yuan and twenty fen a dozen5. 用在某些固定词组中. a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of, a pair of, have a good time, for a while, for a long time6. 用在抽象名词前，表具体的介绍:a + 抽象名 词，即抽象名词具体化。如： This little girl is a joy to her parents. It is a pleasure to talk with you. It is an honour to me to attend the meeting.7. 与物质名词连用，表示“一种，一阵、一份”。 What a heavy rain! A Sprite, please. What a good supper! He bought a Toyota. Please give me a black coffee!8. “a” 用在辅音开头前, “an” 用在元音开头前. a useful book, a European country, a one-year-old child, an hour, an honest boy, an 800-metre-long bridge, There is an “s” in the word “smile”. (f, h, l, m, n, r, s, x)四. 定冠词的用法 1. 表示文中再次提到的人或物. There is a book on the desk. The book is an English book.2. 表示特指的人或物(即:谈话时彼此都知道的人或物). Look at the blackboard. Open the door, please.3. 用在单数可数名词前表示泛指 The horse is a useful animal. Horses are useful animals.4. 表示世界上独一无二的东西 the sun, the earth, the capital, the sky, the universebut: in nature, in space, in society, in history5. 用在由普通名词构成的国家、党派等专有名词前以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛的名词前。 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the Yellow River, the Rocky Mountains, the Philippines, the Pacific Ocean, the China of 1840, the Paris of the east, the late Mr. Brown6. 用在序数词、形容词最高级前。 the second story, the largest room, the third longest river7. 用在方位名词前或某些表示时间的词组或习惯语中。 on the left, in the east / west, in the morning, on the other hand, in the end8. 用在形容词或分词前表示一类人。 the poor / rich / dying / young / living / wounded9. 在姓氏复数形式前，表示全家人或夫妇二人。 The Smiths are sitting at the breakfast table10. 弹奏乐器时，乐器名词前 Do you like to play the piano or the violin? 11. 在表示发明物的单数名词前加定冠词 The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago.12. 年代前 In the 1870s/1870s, when Marx was already in his fifties, 13. 在表示阶级、阶层的词前 the ruling class, the working people 14. 用在一些习惯用语中。如：in the morning (afternoon, evening), by the way, in the water /field/ light /shade/ distance/ middle /country/rain tell the truth/on the other hand/on the way home15. 定冠词使用特殊的场合。 He hit him in the face. beat sb. on the nose, take sb. by the arm, pat sb. on the head the elder of the two, The most beautiful of the three The sooner, the better. He got paid by the hour. by the yard/the dozen/the month/the piece 但：by weight按重量 另外:绰号的表达法如下Peter the Great, John the Lion-hearted, William the Conqueror 五不用冠词的情况(零冠词) 1. 专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前 China , America, John, Air is a matter. Failure is the mother of success.But: He is the Mr. Zheng you are looking for. He is a living Lei Feng. The Shanghai of today is quite different from what it was .Longjing is a famous tea. a heavy rain, a strong wind, a soup It is a pleasure to talk to him. He wanted to give me a pleasant surprise2. 可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格限制时 This book is mine.3. 季节、月份、星期、节日、一日三餐名称前 spring, summer, autumn / fall, winter, Sunday, October, National Day but: in the spring of that year, I met him on a Monday last month.4. 称呼语，表示头衔的名词作表语、宾语补足语及同位语时 Whats this, Mother? He was made monitor. George W. Bush is president of the USA.5. 学科名词，球类、棋类名词前 Do you study mathematics? He likes playing football / chess.6. 泛指复数名词前 Computers are widely used in our daily life. They are workers.7. 在与by连用的交通工具名称前 by car( bus, train, water, air, land)8. 某些固定词组中 (1). 名词词组 husband and wife, brother and sister, day and night, knife and fork (2). 介词词组 to / at / from school, in class, in prison, to / at / from work in front of / in the front of at table / at the table out of question / out of the question in charge of / in the charge of in possession of / in the possession of by sea / by the sea9. as引导的让步状语从句中，作表语的名词不带冠词。 Child as she is, she knows a lot of French. 10. 系动词turn（作“变成”解）后作表语的单数可数名词前习惯不用冠词。 The young girl has turned writer. = The young girl has become a writer.11. 在单数名词 + after + 同一单数名词（表示“一个接一个”）结构中，单数可数名词前不加冠词。 She did experiment after experiment. shop after shop, mistake after mistake12. 形容词的最高级前、序数词前也有不用定冠词的情况。“most + 形容词原级”作“十分、非常、极”解时，前面不用定冠词。 Oh, its most beautiful.(a most beautiful picture= a very beautiful picture)当形容词最高级作表语，不表示与其他人或物相比时，其前不用定冠词。The market in the country is busiest in winter.当两个形容词最高级并列修饰同一个名词时，第二个形容词前通常不用定冠词。 She is the tallest and fattest girl in our school.形容词最高级前有名词所有格或物主代词时，不能用定冠词。A wolf in a sheeps skin is our most dangerous enemy.序数词前面一般加定冠词表示“第”之意，但在second、third等词前加不定冠词表示“又一，再一”之意。 why you took a second arrow 注意：下句中“a first”表示“第一名、冠军”。 He is a top student in our class, for he often gets a first in maths. 13. no与such连用时应放在such之前，such后面的名词不用冠词。No such thing has ever happened in this village14.固定词组go to school (college, court, prison, work, church) be in school .比较： He went to college last year. He went to the college last Sunday六、冠词和三餐的搭配 三餐名词单独使用时，之前通常不加冠词 三餐名词之前若加形容词时则除外： We have (/) breakfast at eight He gave us a good breakfast I was invited to (/) dinner I was invited to a dinner given to welcome the new ambassador The Scots have (/) porridge for breakfast The wedding breakfast was held in her fathers house 七介词短语与冠词1.、当下列名词指其“主要目的”，即与其相关在行为时，要用零冠词。 at table 在进餐 at the table 在桌子旁边 at desk 在读书 at the desk 在课桌旁 at school 在上学 at the school 在学校里 in class 在上课 in the class 在班级里面in bed 卧床 in the bed 在床上 in prison 坐牢 in the prison （因事）在监狱in hospital 住院 in the hospital （因事）在医院 go to school / hospital 去上学/看病 go to the school / hospital （因事）去学校/ 医院go to bed 上床睡觉 go to the bed (因事)在床上2. take (/) place 发生 take the place 代替 in (/) place of 代替 in the place of 在.的地方 in (/) case of 万一 in the case of 就.来说 out of (/) question 毫无疑问（100%） out of the question 完全不可能 (0%) 八通常使用不定冠词的短语 after a while 过了一会儿 all of a sudden 突然 as a rule 通常 as a result 结果，因此 as a matter of fact 事实上 as a whole 大体上 at a loss 不知所措 in a hurry 急忙 in a way 在某种程度上 in a word 总而言之 Its a pity that 令人遗憾的是 put an end to 结束 come to an end 结束 come to a conclusion 得出结论 have a good time 玩得愉快 have a rest 休息一下 have a cold 感冒have a word with 和谈一谈 keep an eye for 对有鉴赏力 make a living 谋生 make a fire 生火 make a fool of 愚弄 take a walk 散步 冠词分为定冠、不定冠， 不定冠词a和an，“”的含义表泛指， 表示特指要用the，次序、方位、最高级， 世上物体独一个，人或事物再次提， 以下情况冠词免，学科球类三顿饭， 名词复数表泛指，季节星期月份前， 冠词免不是没冠词，停顿一下(/) 再读下面练习：1. George is _ English boy. His homeland “England” is _ European country. A. a; a B. an; an C. an; a D. a; an2. _ a faithful animal. A. Dog is B. Dogs are C.A dog is D. An dog is3. He had done the experiment seven times without success, so he tried _ eighth time. A. a B. an C. the D./4. Hang Zhou is _ most beautiful city. A. a B. an C. the D./5. _ animals sleep under the snow in winter. A. Great many B. Many a C.A great many D.A great deal6. I came across my first teacher _. A. on a Sunday B. on the Sunday C. on the Sunday D. on Sundays7. Longjing is _ wonderful Chinese tea. A. a B. an C. the D./8. _ who lacks one or both parents is called an orphan. A. A child B. An child C. The child D. Child 9. Where are _ ? A. a pair of slipper B. a pair of slippers C. slippers D. the slippers10. _ Park Hotel is no longer the highest building in Shanghai now. A.A B. An C. The D./11. The teacher patted the boys _ affectionately. A. on their head B. on their heads C. on the head D. on the heads12. We are now living in the room whose windows face _. A. in the south B. in south C. to the south D. to south13. Her hometown is _ . A. near Mississippi B. near the Mississippi C. in Mississippi D. in the Mississippi14. As we all know, _ sun rises in _ east. A. the; the B./; / C. the; / D./; the15. I like playing _ football, while my sister likes playing _ piano. A. /; / B. the; the C .the; / D. /; the16. Bats sleep in _ daytime and come out of hunt for food at _ night. A. the; the B./; / C. the; / D./; the17. We celebrate _ International Womens Day on _ 8th of March. A. the; the B. /; / C. the; / D./; the18. My husband usually does not have much for _ breakfast, but he had _ big breakfast today. A. the; the B. / ; / C. /; a D. a; the19. My uncle lives in _ Seventh Street in _ London. A. the; the B. /; / C. the; / D. /; the20. _ is making rapid progress in _ new China. A. The science ; the B. Science; / C. The science; / D. Science; the 21. Bill Clinton was elected _ president of the United States in 1992. A. a B. an C. the D./22. She was put to _ bed whenever she did something wrong. A. a B. an C. the D./23. Jumping out of _ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite _ exciting experience. A./; the B./; an C. an; an D. the; the24. - Have you seen _ pen? I left it here this morning. -Is it _ black one? I think I saw it somewhere. A. a; the B. the; the C. the; a D. a; a25. 25. Many people agree that _ knowledge of English is a must in _ international trade today. A. a; / B. the; an C. the; the D./; the26. 26. Alexander Graham Bell invented _ telephone in 1876. A./ B. a C. the D. one 英语语法强化训练(冠词)( ) 1._recent report stated that the number of Spanish speakers in the U.S .would be higher than the number of English speaker by_ year 2090.A. A, the B. A, / C. The ,/ D. The, a( ) 2.If you go by _train ,you can have quite a comfortable journey ,but make sure you get _fast one. A. /, / B./, a C. the, a D./,/ ( ) 3. It is often said that _teachers have _very easy life. A /,/ B. /,a C. the,/ D. the, a( ) 4.I cant remember when exactly the Robinsons left _city ,I only remember it was _ Monday.。A. the , the B. a ,the C. a, a D. the, a( ) 5.If you grow up in _large family ,youare more likely to develop _ability to get on well with _others .A. /,an the B. a, the ,/ C. the ,an ,the D. a, the ,the ( ) 6.Mrs, Taylor has _8-year-old daughter who has _gift for painting she has won two national prizes.A. a, a B. an ,the C. an ,a D. the( )7.Afetr dinner he gave Mr. Richardson _ride to _Capital Airport. A .the, a B. a the C. /, a D. /, the ( )8.On May 5,2005,at _World Table Tennis Championship ,Kong Ling hui and WangHao won the gold medal in mens with _score of 4:1. A. a ,a B. / the C. a ,/ D. the ,a ( )9.I knew _John Lennon ,but not _famous one. A. /,a B. a ,the C. /,the D. the, a ( )10.The book tells _life story of John Smith ,who left _school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16. A. the, the B. a , the C. the./ D. a,/ ( )11.When you come here for your holiday next time, dont go to _hotel ; I can find you _bed in my flat.A. the ,a B. the,/ C. a ,the D. a,/( )12.If you buy more than ten, they will knock20pence off_. A. a price B. price C. the price D. prices ( )13._on-going division between English speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is _major concern of the country.A. The ,/ B. The ,a C. An ,the D. An,/( )14.When he left _college ,he got a job as _reporter in a newspaper office . A. /, a B/, the C .a the D .the, the( )15The most important thing about cotton in history is _part that it played in _Industrial Revolution. A. /,/ B. the,/ C. the , the D. a ,the( )16.While he was investigating ways t improve the telescope Newton made _discovery which completely changed _ mans understanding of color.A. a ,/ B. a ,the C. /, the D. the ,a( )17.It is _world of wonders, _world where anything can happen. A. a. the B. a, a C. the, a D. /,/( )19.Tom owns _larger collection of _books than any other student in our class.A. the ,/ B. a,/ C. a ,the D. /, the( )20.For a long time they walked without saying _word .Jim was the first t break _silence. A. the, a B. a ,the C. a ,/ D. the,/( )21.There was _time _I hated t go to school.A. a ,that B. a ,when C. the ,that D. the ,when ( )22.When you finish reading the book ,you will have _better understanding of _life., A. a, the B. the .a C. /,the D. a,/( )23.I earn 10dollars _hours as _supermarket cashier on Saturday.A. a, an B. the ,a C. an ,a D . an ,the( )24The sign reads “in ease of_ fire ,break the glass and push _red button”A. /,a B. /,the C. the ,the D. a ,a ( )25.I dont like talking on _telephone ; I prefer writing _letter.A. a, the B. the./ C. the ,the D. A ,/( )26.Jumping out of _airplane at ten thousand feet is quite _exciting experience. A. /, the B. /, an C. an. an D. the, the ( )27.One way to understand thousands of new words in gain _good knowledge of basic word formation.A. / B the C. a D. one( )28.The cakes are delicious . Hed like have _third one because _second one is rather too small.A. a, a B. the .the C. a ,the D. the ,a ( )29.A bullet hit the solider and he was wounded in _leg. A. a B .one C. the D. his( )30.The warmth of _sweater will of course be determined by the sort of _wool used.A. the, the B. the ,/ C. /, the D. /,/参考答案1A report 可数名词， a recent report 一份近来的报告 ，是泛指；第二个空填the 表特指示2090年。2B. by train 乘火车，by 在接交通工具类的同时，一般不接冠词，如by bike , by ship ; 根据句意第二个空应该是泛指。3B teachers 此处用名词复数表泛指，指一切老师；have a life 相当于live /lead alife 过一种、样的生活4D. leave the city 离开这座城市。a Monday 一个星期一，表泛指。5.B. a large family 一个大家庭； the ability此处表泛指“与别人相处好的能力”； others其他人表泛指。6C. have a gift for