2017心一考研长难句语法精讲班配套讲义.docx

长难句一、名词性从句（一）主语从句1 That as much as one-fourth of all timber harvested is not used proved to be false.2 Whether the remarkable growth of organized camping means the eventual death of the more independent kind is hard to say.3 It is one of the most unpleasant discoveries which we all make that we must decline in this way, that if we escape wars, accidents and diseases we shall eventually die of old age, and that this happens at a rate which differs little from person to person, so that there are heavy odds in favor of our dying between the ages of sixty-five and eighty.4 It is recounted of Carlyle that when he heard of the illness of his friend, Henry, he went off immediately to visit him, carrying with him in his pocket what remained of a bottle of medicine formerly prescribed for an indisposition of Mrs. Carlyles.（二）宾语从句宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句.1 Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as a part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.2 It was necessary to recognize that these institutions which are based on the same premises, let us say the supernatural, must be considered together, our own among the rest.3 More generally, the escape clauses could undermine the reforms by encouraging the suspicion that the new package will not deliver the changes that its supporters claim, but close analysis of what is inevitable a very complicated package might confirm the skeptics fears.4 A leader should show that he or she values the input of subordinates - for example, by involving them in decisions about matters in which they have a direct stake.（三）表语从句表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么样。1 The irony of the historians craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.2 What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.3 Galileos greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth.4 One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.（四）同位语从句1 Influenced by the view of some twentieth-century feminists that womens position within the family is one of the central factors determining womens social position, some historians have underestimated the significance of the woman suffrage movement.2It is difficult for any of us in moments of intense aesthetic experience to resist the suggestion that we are catching a glimpse of a light that shines down to us from a different realm of existence, different and, because the experience is intensely moving, in some way higher.3 This modern faith in medicines is proved by the fact that the annual drug bill of the Health Services is mounting to astronomical figures and shows no signs at present of ceasing to rise.4 If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.二、定语从句1 Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.2 New ways of organizing the workplace-all that re-engineering and downsizing-are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.3 We live in a society in which the medicinal and social substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.4 This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.5 The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations.6 Carters devotion to her ancestor is about more than personal pride: it is about family honor, for Henson has lived on through the character in American fiction that he helped inspire.7 Silicon Valley is a magnet to which numerous talented engineers, scientists and entrepreneurs from overseas flock in search of fame, fast money and to participate in a technological revolution whose impact on mankind will surely surpass the epoch-making European Renaissance and Industrial Revolution of the bygone age.8 The principle of making the best use of all we have requires that we stop the waste of human life in industry and prevent the waste of human welfare which flows from the unfair use of concentrated power and wealth in the hands of men whose eagerness for profit blinds them to the cost of what they do.9 Im usually fairly skeptical about any research that concludes that people are either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago.10 There are newsletters, such as Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling cling-film to making their own soap.三、状语从句1时间状语从句常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when2地点状语从句常用引导词：where特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere3原因状语从句常用引导词：because, since, as, for特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that.4目的状语从句常用引导词：so that, in order that特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that5结果状语从句常用引导词：so that, so that, such that,特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,6条件状语从句常用引导词：if, unless,特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that7让步状语从句常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter ， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever8比较状语从句常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)特殊引导词：the more the more ; just as ， so; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no more than; not A so much as B9方式状语从句常用引导词：as, as if, how特殊引导词：the way1 The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.2 The greater interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.3 Although perhaps only 1 percent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets, that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.4 Although many women who have received higher education do not spend the whole of theirlives following career for which their education has prepared them, it is accepted that the benefits of a university career are useful.5 Economy is one powerful motive for camping, since after the initial outlay upon equipment, or through hiring it, the total expense can be far less than the cost of hotels.6 As the boat slid across the river, Parker watched carelessly as the pursuers closed in around the men he was forced to leave behind.7 Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible.8 That concept implies educational opportunity for all children-the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.9 Parents often fell inadequate when confronted on the one hand with the eager, sensitive mind of a child and on the other with a world of complex physical nature.10 But particularly when viewed against Americas turbulent past, todays social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.四、并列结构英语常用并列连词，如：and/but/so/yet/for/nor/or/not only/but also/eitheror或neithernor等连接两个或几个同等成分，这种结构称为并列结构。连接的同等成分可以是动词的宾语、介词短语或名词的定语等。1 Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.2 Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.3 The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only as little more than a hundred years age, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.4 Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.5 Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.6 The test of any democratic society lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.7 The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.8 You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.9 Very few people, no matter how intelligent or experienced, can take inventory of the many branching possibilities, possible outcomes, side effects, and undesired consequences of a policy or a course of action in a matter of seconds.10 But the significant thing is not the behavior of the players but the attitude of the spectators; and, behind the spectators, of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests.五、非谓语结构1 This temptation to cover the distance between himself and the reader, to study his image in the sight of those who do not know him, can be his undoing: he has begun to write to please.2 Twenty or thirty pages of information handed to any of the major world powers around the year 1925 would have been sufficient to change the course of world history.3 An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law.4 In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.5 In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.”6 Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.7 His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied reengineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.8 The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits as new idea.9 The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the worlds rain forest does not seem surprising, considering the huge number of insects that comprise the bulk of the species.10 Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.六、强调结构强调结构是指有时为了突出句子的某些成分以加强语气，增强情感色彩或加强对比，需要改变句子结构，这种结构叫做强调结构。It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，去掉it is that这个结构句子仍然成立，被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. It is you that come from the star.1 Perhaps it is humankinds long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.2 Thus, in the American economic system it is the demands of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.3 Nor is it only the ignorant and ill-educated person who has such faith in the bottle of medicine, especially if it be wrapped in white paper by a clever chemist.4 The implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming.5 It is only in the study of man himself that the major social sciences have substituted the study of one local variation, that of Western civilization, for the study of the whole human civilization.6 It is when the control over immediate environment is threatened, or violated in some way by other road users that anger and rage result.7 When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one expects, it seems to me that there are two causes.8 It is animals and plants which lived in or near water whose remains are most likely to be preserved, for one of the necessary conditions of preservation is quick burial, and it is only in the seas and rivers, and sometimes lakes, where mud and silt have been continuously deposited, that bodies and the like can be rapidly covered over and preserved.9 It was after reading Adam Smiths The Wealth of Nations that Jim Green became fascinated by the economic theory.10 It was not until she had arrived home that she remembered her appointment with the doctor.七、比较结构英语中，比较结构的句型复杂，表现形式多样。在翻译的时候，需要仔细分析，在准确理解的基础上，才能进行贴切的表达。所以，从理解与表达的角度来看，比较的形式是次要的，真正重要的是意义上的比较。只要意义上表示比较，就属于比较句式。常见的比较结构的意义很容易理解，所以也比较容易翻译，如：I am taller than he.（我比他高）。因此，这里不再叙述基本比较结构的翻译方法，而主要介绍在意义上容易混淆的比较结构的翻译。（一）asas句型1、asas句型asas句型是同级比较，表示两者比较程度一样。所以在翻译的时候，通常翻译为“和.一样”。2、not as (or so)as句型跟asas句型相反的结构not as (or so)as表示两者的程度不一样，前者不如后者，所以，通常翻译为“不如”。3、not so much as句型not so much as这个结构表示的基本意义和not as (or so)as一样，但是通常翻译为“与其说不如说”。4、not so much as句型not so much as这个结构相当于“not even”，所以通常翻译为“甚至不，甚至没有”。请注意与not so much as这个结构的区别。He cannot so much as spell a word.他甚至连一个词也不会写。（二）比较级+ than to do句型由比较级与than to do sth.结合在一起的句型，通常翻译为“不至于做某事”。I had a better command of English than to make such foolish mistakes.我的英语学得很好，不至于犯这样愚蠢的错误。（三）morethan句型1、more A than B句型more A than B通常用于同一个人或者事物在两个不同性质或者特征上面的比较。翻译为“与其说B，不如说A”。类似的结构还有less A than B，翻译为“与其说A，不如说B”，请注意这两个结构中“与其实说”与“不如说”的对象，即A与B两者的在翻译中的位置。2、more than句型在英语中，如果more than句型后面所跟的词性不相同，意义也不尽相同，所以应该用不同的汉语词来翻译。（1）More than后面接数词，表示“多于，.以上”的意思。（2）More than后面接名词或者动词，表示“不只是”的意思。（3）More than后面接形容词、副词或者分词，表示“极其，非常”的意思。（4）More than can则表示“难以，完全不能”的意思。3、no more than句型no more than句型在意义上与not any more than.一样，表示对两者都否定，所以可以翻译为“和.一样不，不正如，既不也不，和两者都不”。跟no more than句型相近，但是意义相反的句型是no lessthan，可以翻译为“既是，也是，两者都是”。1 Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments.2 Yet their present development is wholly different, not so much because of different people even, but because of the different thoughts that exist in the minds of their inhabitants.3 If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.4 But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more