新核心综合学术英语教程第二册 Uni ppt课件.ppt

Unit5ScientificDiscoveries 1 Inthisunit youwilllearnabouttheconcept serendipitousdiscovery andfamousexamples research LouisPasteur AlexanderFleming and EdwardJenner ontheInternetandfindreliableinformation learnwords expressions andsentencepatternsrelatedtothethemeandusetheminwritingandspeech learnstrategiessuchaslisteningforexamples listening guessingwordmeaningsfromcontextclues reading paraphrasing discussing andwritingconclusion writing etc giveanoralpresentationonanassignedtopictotheclass 2 BackgroundInformation ApproachingtheTopic ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercises 3 BackgroundInformation aboutSerendipitousDiscovery JosephLister AlexanderFleming HowardFlorey EdwardJenner 4 aboutSerendipitousDiscovery Ifamanwillbeginwithcertaintieshewillendwithdoubts butifhewillbecontenttobeginwithdoubtsheshallendincertainties FrancisBaconItischoice notchance thatdeterminesyourdestiny JohnDeweyItisimportantforhimwhowantstodiscovernottoconfinehimselftoonechapterofscience buttokeepintouchwithvariousothers JacquesHadamardInthefieldsofobservationchancefavorsonlythosemindswhichareprepared LouisPasteurChancefavorstheconnectedmind StevenJohnson 5 AlexanderFleming AlexanderFleming 6August1881 11March1955 wasaScottishbiologist pharmacologistandbotanist Hewrotemanyarticlesonbacteriology immunology andchemotherapy Hisbest knowndiscoveriesaretheenzymelysozymein1923andtheantibioticsubstancepenicillinfromthemouldPenicilliumnotatumin1928 forwhichhesharedtheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinein1945withHowardFloreyandErnstBorisChain 6 JosephLister JosephLister 5April1827 10February1912 knownasSirJosephLister Bt between1883and1897 wasaBritishsurgeonandapioneerofantisepticsurgery ByapplyingLouisPasteur sadvancesinmicrobiology hepromotedtheideaofsterilesurgerywhileworkingattheGlasgowRoyalInfirmary Listersuccessfullyintroducedcarbolicacid nowknownasphenol tosterilisesurgicalinstrumentsandtocleanwounds whichledtoareductioninpost operativeinfectionsandmadesurgerysaferforpatients 7 HowardFlorey HowardFlorey 24September1898 21February1968 wasanAustralianpharmacologistandpathologistwhosharedtheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinein1945withSirErnstBorisChainandSirAlexanderFlemingforhisroleinthemakingofpenicillin AlthoughFlemingreceivedmostofthecreditforthediscoveryofpenicillin itwasFloreywhocarriedoutthefirsteverclinicaltrialsin1941ofpenicillinattheRadcliffeInfirmaryinOxfordonthefirstpatient aPostmasterfromWolvercotenearOxford Florey sdiscoveriesareestimatedtohavesavedover82millionlives FloreyisregardedbytheAustralianscientificandmedicalcommunityasoneofitsgreatestscientists SirRobertMenzies Australia slongest servingPrimeMinister said Intermsofworldwell being FloreywasthemostimportantmaneverborninAustralia 8 EdwardJenner EdwardJennerwasanEnglishphysicianandscientistwhowasthepioneerofsmallpoxvaccine theworld sfirstvaccine Heisoftencalled thefatherofimmunology andhisworkissaidtohave savedmorelivesthantheworkofanyotherhuman 9 triggerv tocause something suchasanalarm tostartfunctioninge g Thetimerwassettotriggerthebombinexactlyonehour externaladj located seen orusedontheoutsideorsurfaceofsomethinge g Somesymptomsaretheexternalsignsofthediseasevolumen theamountofsoundthatisproducedbyatelevision radio stereo etc e g FromhisstudycamethesoundofMahler playingatfullvolume ApproachingtheTopicReading1 LanguagePoints ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 10 crownn adecorativeobjectthatisshapedlikeacircleandwornontheheadofakingorqueenforspecialceremoniese g Thewinnerofthebeautypageantwalkeddowntherunwaywearinghersparklingcrown slipv tomovewithasmoothslidingmotione g Helettheballslipthroughhisgraspandintothenet inspirationn somethingthatmakessomeonewanttodosomethingorthatgivessomeoneanideaaboutwhattodoorcreate aforceorinfluencethatinspiressomeonee g Hispaintingstaketheirinspirationfromnature v inspire Reading1 LanguagePoints ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 11 bumpintov tomeetsomeonethatyouknowwhenyouwerenotexpectingtoe g IbumpedintoJeanintownthismorning creditn recognitionbynameofapersoncontributingtoaperformance asafilmortelecast e g She sfinallygettingthecreditshedeserves ponderv tothinkaboutorconsider something carefullye g Heponderedthequestionbeforeheanswered stumblev tohityourfootonsomethingwhenyouarewalkingorrunningsothatyoufalloralmostfalle g Hestumbledovertothetable Reading1 LanguagePoints ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 12 1 WhathappenedtoArchimedeswhenherealizedthathecouldmeasurethevolumeofanirregularobject Heslippedintoapublicbath 2 Inwhichwaycanwemeasurethevolumeofanirregularobject Bymeasuringthevolumeofthewateritdisplaces 3 Whycouldscientistsmakesignificantdiscoveries Theywouldstopandponderaboutthepuzzlestheystumbleupon recognizetheirsignificances andmakeefforttopursuetheleadstosignificantdiscoveries 4 HowcanyouunderstandLouisPasteur sremark Chancefavorsthepreparedmind Mostaccidentsthatledtodiscoveriesoccurredinlaboratories whichwerethemselvesdesignedforexplorations ApproachingtheTopicTask1 ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 13 1 flash2 trigger3 displace4 encounter5 shatter6 intrigue7 ponder8 vacuum9 exploration10 microbiology ApproachingtheTopicTask2 c asuddenbrilliantunderstanding a putinmotionormovetoact h taketheplaceof d ameetingcausedbyluckorchance b breakintomanypieces e causetobeinterestedorcurious g reflectdeeplyonasubject f anemptyareaorspace j anexaminationordiscussionofsomethingtofindoutmoreaboutit i thebranchofbiologythatstudiesofmicroorganismsandtheireffectsonhumans ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 14 E O Wilson AdvicetoyoungscientistsScientificpursuitshouldbemotivatedbycuriosity aninterviewwithNobelLaureateSirHaroldKroto whoopenedanentirelynewbranchofchemistry Prof Kroto whatisyourgeneralphilosophyonscienceeducation Themostimportantthingforaneducatororaparentistoteachchildrenhowtheycandecidewhattheyarebeingtoldisactuallytrue Sciencedealswithfundamentaltruths Weshouldbeteachingchildrennottoacceptanyinformationwithoutassessingtheevidenceverycarefully Teachersmustfosterachild sabilitytodecidewhetherwhatisbeingtoldistrue encouragecuriosityabouteverything andencouragechildrentoworkthingsoutforthemselves ApproachingtheTopicTask4 1 2 3 4 ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 15 Howshouldchildrenorteachersgoaboutcheckingwhetherwhatistoldistrueornot Ireadscienceresearchpapersverycriticallyandlookattheevidencecarefully Itisimportantinascientifictextthatonedoesnotdisconnectfromkeyissuesorsimplifykeymatterswhichmightbesomewhatcomplex Ascientistisnotsomeonewhohasdonescienceatuniversityorschoolorhappenstolikescienceandstudiesit butsomeonewhoseprofessionisthediscoverynewknowledgeasaresearcher Thatis ascientistissomeonewholooksdeeplyintothewaythingsworkandsqueezesbloodoutofthestoneofknowledgeandgraduallyrevealsthewaytheuniverseworks Thatisa scientist andscienceishardwork ApproachingtheTopicTask4 5 6 ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 16 Whatadvicedoyouhaveforyoungpeople Theyshouldneverdoaprojecthalf heartedly Theindividualmustbepreparedtostayupto3or4a m todothebesttheycan Iftheyfollowthisadvice theywillprobablydoworkbetterthananybodyelse probablybetterthanpeoplewhocoulddoitbetternaturallybutdonotbecausetheyhavenottheirenthusiasm Youshoulddosomethingthatyoucannotstopworkingon orissoabsorbingthatyouhavecompletelyforgottentogoforlunch AbigdangerinyoungscientistsespeciallyinAsiaisthattheytendtoaskmehowtogettheNobelPrize Inevereventhoughtaboutit Don tdosciencebecauseyouwanttowinprizesordosomethingjustbecauseyouthinkitisimportant Doitbecauseitissomethingthatyouarecuriousaboutorfascinatesyoupersonally independentlyofwhatothermightthink ApproachingtheTopicTask4 7 8 9 10 ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 17 1 Whatthemedothepassageandthespeechshare Thephilosophyofscientificresearch 2 Forthewriterandthespeaker howdotheymakescientificdiscoveries Scientificdiscoveriesshouldbemotivatedbycuriosityandpersistentefforts 3 Accordingtotheauthorofthepassageandthespeech whatisthemostimportantsteptomakediscoveries Bepreparedtothinkhardandlongabouttheproblems andlookdeeplyintothewaythingswork 4 Haveyoueverhadyoureurekamomentinyourlife Isiteasyordifficulttofinditout 5 Doyouwanttobeascientist whyorwhynot ApproachingtheTopicTask6 ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 18 exploitv togetvalueorusefrom something e g Topathletesareabletoexploittheiropponents weaknesses mouldn asoftgreenorblacksubstancethatgrowsonfoodwhichhasbeenkepttoolong andonobjectsthatareinworm wetaire g Therewasmouldonthebathroomceiling bacterian verysmalllivingthingsrelatedtoplants someofwhichcausediseasee g Bacteriathatarenotkilledentirelybyanantibioticwillmutateandbecomeresistanttoit ReadingabouttheTopicReading2 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 19 contaminatev tomake something dangerous dirty orimpurebyaddingsomethingharmfulorundesirabletoite g Becarefulnottoallowbacteriatocontaminatethewound n contaminationincidencen thenumberoftimessomethinghappensordevelops therateatwhichsomethingoccurse g Itcanbeseenthattheincidenceofaccidentsdecreasesasthechildren sageincreases mereadj usedtosaythatsomethingorsomeoneissmall unimportant etc e g ThemereideaofyourtravelingalonetoEuropeisridiculous adv merely Reading2 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 20 differentiatev tomake someoneorsomething differentinsomewaye g Theonlythingthatdifferentiatesthetwinsisthecoloroftheireyes adj differentantisepticn asubstancethatpreventsinfectioninawoundbykillingbacteriae g Heappliedantiseptictothewound reagentn asubstanceused asindetectingormeasuringacomponent inpreparingaproduct orindevelopingphotographs becauseofitschemicalorbiologicalactivitye g Limeisacommonneutralizingreagentusedinacidwatertreatment Reading2 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 21 infectiousadj capableofbeingpassedtosomeoneelsebygermsthatenterthebodye g Shehasaninfectiousgrin n infectionpropertyn aspecialqualityorcharacteristicofsomethinge gThetwoplantshavesimilarphysicalproperties gratituden r t tud afeelingofappreciationorthankse g Letmeexpressmysinceregratitudeforallyourhelp sensationaladj causingverygreatexcitementorinterestwithshockingdetailse g Shelookedsensationalinhernewdress Reading2 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 22 gloryn publicpraise honor andfamee g Henowhasonlyafewtrophiestoremindhimofthegloryofhisathleticcareer adj gloriousinvainwithoutsuccessorresulte g Itbecameobviousthatallhercomplaintswereinvain historicaladj oforrelatingtohistorye g Hestroveforhistoricalaccuracyinthemovie adj historicreconcilev tofindawayofmaking twodifferentideas facts etc existorbetrueatthesametimee g Itcanbedifficulttoreconcileyouridealswithreality n reconciliation Reading2 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 23 biochemistn thechemistryoflivingthingse g Sheisabiochemistwhoworksonthefrontiersofbiology pathologistn adoctorwhospecializesinpathology especially adoctorwhoexaminesbodiestofindoutthecauseofdeathe g So thatpathologistisjustlikelookingatthisplasticbottle vitaladj extremelyimportante g Thesciencesareavitalpartoftheschoolcurriculum capabilityn theabilitytodosomethinge g Thedevicehasthecapabilityofrecordingtwotelevisionchannelsatonce adj capable Reading2 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 24 domainn thelandthataruleroragovernmentcontrolse g Mysisteristhemathexpertinthefamily butliteratureismydomain collaboratorn someonewhoworkswithanotherpersonorgroupinordertoachieveordosomethinge g Afarbetterapproachistouseanoutsiderasacollaborator v collaborate Reading2 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 25 Reading2 TextAnalysis ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 26 1 What sthemainideaofthearticle Thearticlemainlytellsusthatthediscoveryofpenicillinneedsapreparedandopenmind andalsorelevantknowledgeisessentialforscientificinvestigation 2 Whenisanantibacterialsubstanceeffective Onlywhenbacterialcoloniesarequiteyoung 3 Howmanyscientistsareassociatedwiththediscoveryofpenicillin Atleastfour ReadingabouttheTopicTask3 ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 27 4 Whenthe1945NobelPrizeforpenicillinwasawarded amongwhomwasitequallydivided AmongChain Fleming andFlorey 5 AccordingtoChain whydidnotFlemingperformthesimpleexperimentofinjectingpenicillinintoinfectedmicetotestitsmedicalproperty Becausehedidnotthinkitwasworthwhiletrying ReadingabouttheTopicTask3 ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 28 Set1 fromPara AtoF 1 exploit A 2 extract B 3 grace C 4 substance C 5 cultivate D 6 potential E 7 reign E 8 incite F ReadingabouttheTopicTask4 f tousesomethingfullyandeffectivelyinordertogainanadvantageorprofit d todraworpullout h togivehonorto tomakesomethingbright a tohelpthegrowthof e possibilityofbeingdevelopedorused g particulartypeofmatter c aperiodofruling b tocause ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 29 Set2 fromPara FtoH 1 wonder F 2 vain F 3 inject G 4 consume G 5 reconcile G 6 indifference G 7 consult H 8 expertise H ReadingabouttheTopicTask4 h miracle a withoutsuccessinspiteofyoureffort b toforceadrugintosomebody e feelsomethingverystronglyandcannotforgetit d toagreewith g havingnointerestin f toaskforinformationoradvicefromsomeone c knowledgeinaparticularfield ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 30 a ThoughListerwasthefirstpersontonoticetheeffectofPenicillin Flemingdiscoveredmore b InChain sview thefailuretofindpenicillin smedicalpropertywasbecauseFlemingdidn tperformexperimentwell c Flemingpaidlittleattentiontothesignificantprogressmadebyhistwoassistants d Flemingwasverylucky andatthesametimehehadapreparedmindtodiscoverthemould e DoubtarousethatwhyFlemingdidn tdiscoverthewonderdrug f Itisaluckycasetodiscoverpenicillinwithoutanypreparation g Flemingcultivatedthemouldandnameditpenicillin h Penicillin smedicalpropertywasdiscoveredbyHowardFlorey ErnestChain andtheirOxfordteamin1940 ReadingabouttheTopicTask5 Para APara BPara CPara DPara EPara FPara GPara H ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 31 noveltyn thequalityorstateofbeingnew different andinterestinge g Eatingsharkmeatisanoveltytomanypeople adj novelfactualadj limitedto involving orbasedonfactse g Thatstatementisnotfactual extractv toremove something bypullingitoutorcuttingitoute g Heextractedacreditcardfromhiswallet virulentadj fullofhateorangere g Thecountryseemedtobereturningtothevirulentnationalismofitspast Reading3 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 32 residev toliveinaparticularplacee g Hestillresidesathisparents house staleadj notinterestingornew boringorunoriginale g Viewerswereboredbythestalestorylinesofthenewcropofsitcoms inoculatev togive apersonoranimal aweakenedformofadiseaseinordertopreventinfectionbythediseasee g Theteacherinoculatedthemwiththeideathattheindividualcanalwaysmakeadifferenceinthisworld scabn ahardcoveringofdriedbloodthatformsoverawoundtocoverandprotectitasithealse g I llhaveascaboneverytoe Reading3 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 33 smallpoxn aseriousdiseasethatcausesfeverandarashandoftendeathe g Smallpoxisoneofthemostlethaldiseasesinhistory pustulen asmallbumpontheskinthatcontainsorproducespuse g Smallpox scharacteristicpustulestypicallyresultedinpermanentscarringforsurvivorsofthedreadeddisease immuneadj notcapableofbeingaffectedbyadiseasee g Inpeoplewithhealthyimmunesystems thesesymptomsdonotlastmorethanaboutaweek n immunity Reading3 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 34 germn averysmalllivingthingthatcausesdiseasee g Thisgermisfoundonthingsusedbythepatients manipulatev tomoveorcontrol something withyourhandsorbyusingamachinee g Theprogramwasdesignedtoorganizeandmanipulatelargeamountsofdata adj manipulativeassertv tostate something inastronganddefinitewaye g Sheassertedherindependencefromherparentsbygettingherownapartment anthraxn aseriousdiseasethataffectsanimals suchascattleandsheep andsometimespeoplee g Whatarethesymptomsofanthrax Reading3 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 35 Reading3 TextAnalysis ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 36 1 Howcanwemakeaninfluentialdiscovery Itrequiresmuchmoreknowledge insight andeffortthantheinitialdescriptionofevent 2 WhydidtherecycledchickenremainunaffectedinPasteur sexperiments Becausetherecycledchickenswereinjectedintoacultureandhadbeenvaccinated 3 What stheconnectionbetweencowpoxandsmallpoxobservedbyphysicianEdwardJenner Cowpoxvaccineandsmallpoxprevention ReadingabouttheTopicTask6 ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 37 4 WhatisthesignificanceofPasteur sdiscovery Hisdiscoveryturnedvaccinationfromapeculiarprocedureforaparticulardiseasetoatheoryconnectinggerms vaccines anddiseasepreventioningeneral 5 Whatdoestheauthorthinkofexperiments Experimentsarenotpassiveobservations theyareactivelyplannedaccordingtosomeconceptiontolookforsomething ReadingabouttheTopicTask6 ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 38 Set1 fromPara AtoB 1 stumbleon A 2 novelty A 3 exploit A 4 initial A 5 reveal A 6 infectious B 7 vaccination B 8 recycle B ReadingabouttheTopicTask7 d encounterbychance c originalitybyvirtueofbeingnewandsurprising a useormanipulatetoone sadvantage e occurringatthebeginning h makesomethingtobeknown b easilyspread f takingavaccineasaprecautionagainstcontractingadisease g reuse ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 39 Set2 fromPara CtoF 1 account C 2 dispute C 3 immune D 4 derive D 5 empirical D 6 inspire E 7 justifiably F 8 constitute F ReadingabouttheTopicTask7 g report description f argue debate h thatcan tbeharmedoraffectedbyadisease e b basedonobservationorexperiment a toencouragesomeonebymakingthem