运动生理学专有名词与符号解释.doc

運動生理學專有名詞與符號解釋名詞名詞解釋ATP-PC系統磷酸肌素分解產生ATP的無氧能量系統。此系統代表可被肌肉利用的最快的ATP來源。為期10秒或少於10秒最激烈的活動中的能量(ATP)由此系統來供給。乙醯膽鹼(ACh)具有諸如自一神經纖維經過突觸傳送衝動至另一神經纖維等數種生理功能的化學物質。大腦皮質腦的一部分，負責心智功能，動作，內臟功能，感覺和行為反應，並將這些功能聯合和綜合者。心肺耐力肺和心臟攝入和輸送足夠量氧到活動肌的能力，使大肌肉的活動（如跑、游泳和騎車）能持續一段相當長時間的能力。肌耐力一肌肉或肌群，抵抗一輕負荷，維持相當時間的反覆收縮能力。血紅素(Hb)紅血球中的複雜分子，含鐵（heme）和蛋白（globin），可以攜氧。血壓將血液送往循環系統的力量。血液擠向動脈時的壓力稱為心縮壓，血液從動脈流初的力量稱為心舒壓。再生氣(second wind)在長而持續的運動之初，從困擾或疲勞的感覺，突然地轉變成較為舒適，較少干擾的現象。克勞伯環(Krebs cycle)在粒線體內發生的一系列化學反應，產生CO2，而氫離子和電子由碳原子移去（氧化）。也叫tricarboxcylic acid cycle（三氯乙酸環，TCA）或citric acid cycle。自主神經系統一種自己控制的神經系統，控制內臟器官的活動和分泌，排尿、體溫、心跳率，副腎分泌和血壓等。乳酸系統一種無氧的能量系統，葡萄糖分解成乳酸製造ATP。13分鐘高強度的運動所使用的能量（ATP）主要來自此一系統。乳酸性氧債運動後的恢復期裡，用來將血中堆積的乳酸清除所使用的氧債部分。非乳酸性氧債運動後，使用於再合成以及儲存ATP-PC肌肉中所使用的恢復期的成分。抑制性突觸後膜電位(IPSP)後突觸神經元動作電位，瞬時的減少（低於安靜膜電位）。柔軟度一關節的活動範圍（靜性柔軟度），或一關節對動作的抵抗或阻力（動性柔軟度）。活體檢查(Biospy)從生體中取出阻織，並加以檢查。粒線體所有帶氧細胞內，進行克勞伯環和電子傳送系統的地方。等力收縮(isokinetic)肌肉收縮時，產生張力，但在整個運動範圍內產生的力量都是該角度所能發揮的最大力量。等長收縮(isometric)肌肉收縮時產生張力，但長度不發生變化者。等張收縮(isotonic)肌肉收縮舉起某一定負荷時，產生不同的張力，也叫動的或向心收縮。過度換氣(hyperventilation)肺內呼吸深度和次數增加，而造成的過度換氣，通常使二氧化碳大量減少。動作電位(Action Potential)在活動或去（毀）極時，由肌細胞或神經細胞產生出的電氣活動。動靜脈血含氧差(a-v O2diff)動脈和混合靜脈血中含氧量的差。最大耗氧量每分鐘氧所能消耗掉的最大量；代表有氧或氧系統的動力或能量。腺瞟呤核甘三磷酸(ATP)一種儲藏於細胞，尤其存在肌肉中，由食物所釋放能量所形成的複雜化學成分。細胞藉此成分分解產生的能量才能收縮。道格拉斯袋(Douglas bag)一種用來採集呼氣的橡膠袋。電子傳送系統(electron transport system)在粒線體發生的一系列化學反應，電子和氫離子結合氧形成水，同時ATP再合成。也叫呼吸鍊（respiratory chain）。解剖學的死腔(DS)滯留在呼吸管道中（鼻、口、喉、咽、氣管、支氣管、小支氣管）不進行氣體交換的新鮮空氣。興奮性突觸後膜電位(EPSP)後突觸神經元由靜止膜電位而增加電位（毀極）。離心收縮收縮時（產生張力）肌肉增長。體能訓練(conditioning)透過運動訓練提高肌肉的能量（energy capacity）。體能訓練不像技術訓練般地著重在技術上。醣分解(glycolysis)肝醣不完全的化學分解。有氧的醣分解時，終產物為丙酮酸；無氧的醣分解時（乳酸系統），終產物為乳酸。穩定狀態(steady-state)運動中生理功能（如Vo2）保持一定值（穩定）的一段時間。1 repetition maximum(1RM)the maximum strength from one contraction. Typically, the 1RM is obtained during dynamic contractions. When the contraction is isometric, this strength measure is termed the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)3-methylhistidinemethylated amino acid that is used as a urine marker for muscle protein catabolismaccumulated oxygen deficitthe amount of energy able to be generated by contracting skeletal muscle that did not involve mitochondrial respirationAcetyl-CoAmolecule produced from carbohydrate and FFA catabolism that enters into the TCA cycleadaptationa modification in structure or function that benefits life in a new or altered environmentadaptationchange in function or structure in response to changing conditionsaerobic metabolismreactions that are involved in the use of oxygen. However, this term loosely refers to mitochondrial respiartion and in particular the combined reactions of pyruvate oxidation, the TCA cycle, and electron transport chainagingthe process of growing old, involving the inability to reverse the gradual deterioration of cells important to the life process.alanine cyclethe release of alanine from muscle into the circulation for uptake by the liver and conversion to glucoseamino acid oxidationthe catabolism of amino acids involving the removal of the amine group and subswquent oxidation of the remaining carbon chain in the TCA cycleamino acidamine (NH2) containing molecules that are the primary components of proteinsammoniaa bi-product of the AMP deaminase reaction, forming IMPanabolismthe reactions of the body that involve the synthesis of moleculesanaerobic capacitythe capacity of skeletal muscle to regenerate ATP from nonmitochondrial respiration pathwaysanaerobic capacitythe maximal amount of ATP able to be regenerated from creatine phosphate hydrolysis and glycolysis during intense exerciseanaerobic metabloismreactions of metabolism that do not require the presence of oxygen. However, this term is also used to loosely refer to the reactions of creatine kinase, adenylate kinase, and glycolysisanaerobic thresholdthe term used to denote the intensity of exercise when there is an abrupt increase in creatine phosphate hydrolysis and glycolysis, resulting in increased latate production and the decrease in muscle creatine phosphateanatomic dead spacethe conducting zone of the lyng; typically 150 ml in the average-sized individualandroid obesitythe storage of fat on the upper part of the body around the abdominal areaanemiaabnormally low erythrocyte content, hemoglobin concentration, or hematocrit of the bloodanthropometerythe srudy of body and body part dimensionsanti-oxidantssubstance that provides electrons to reduce free radicals, thus preserving other, more important moleculesantibodiesimmune protein that binds to an antigen to invoke and immune responseantigensubstance that induces an immune responsearrhythmiaabnormal cardiac rhythm; many different cardiac arrhythmias existBeta-oxidationthe reactions of the oxidation of FFA molecules to acetyl-CoAbioelectrical impedance(BIA)the method of determining body fat, fat free body mass, and total body water by measuring the resistance to current passed through the bodybiologic agethe functional age of an individual, based on physiologic conditioningblood dopingthe term used for the removal of blood from the body, and its eventual reinfusion at a later date for the purpose of increasing hematocrit and blood oxygen carrying capacitybody compositionthe science of determining the absolute and relative contributions of specific components of the bodybody mass indexbody weight expressed relative to stature (BMI=weightkg/height2m)bradycardiaa heart rate below 60 bpmcyclic AMPthe second messenger produced by the activation of adenylate cyclase in response to the binding of certain hormones to their cell receptorcardiac rhythmthe electrical patterm of the electrocardiograph. The rhythm can be normal or abnormal. When normal, it si usually described as normal sinus rhythmcentral fatiguefatigue caused by alterations in the central nervous system processing and execution of motor patternschronologic agethe age of a person expressed relative to time (usually years)clinical exercise physiologystudy of how exercise alters the structure and functuon of the human bodycontraction cyclingthe repeated cycling of actin and myosin binding, movement, and release during contractionCori cyclethe release of lactate from muscle into the circulation for uptake by the liver and conversion to glucosedetrainingthe absence of training, usually occurring after the attainment of training adaptationselectrocardiograph(ECG)the equipment used to detect and record the electrical activity of the heartelectron transport chainthe series of electron receivers located along the inner mitochondrial membrane that sequentially receive and transfer electrons to the final electron reciver - molecular oxygenEPOCthe abbreviation for excess post exercise oxyeng consumptionEPSPexcitatory postsynapstic membrane potentialergogenic aida physical, mechanical, nutritional, phychologic, or pharmacologic substance or treatment that either directly improves physiologic variables associated with exercise performance or removes subjective restraints which may limit physiologic capcaityergometera device used to measure workessential fatfat and lipid component of the body that comprises cell membranes, bone marow, intramuscular fat, etc.exercise induced hypoxemiathe hypoxemia that occurs in highly endurance-trained individuals during intense exercise, even at sea level barometric pressuresexercise physiologythe study of how exercise alters the structure and function of the human bodyexternal respirationgas exchange that occurs in the lung between the respiratory zone and bloodfat free body massthe component of the body that is not storage and essential fatfatiguewhen concerned with exercise fatigue can be generally defined as the inability to continue to exercise at a given intensityfiber typea categorization of muscle fibers based on their enzymatic and metabolic characteristicsfitnessa state of well being that provides optimal performancehealth-related fitnessfitness that provides benefit to health and well beinghypoxic ventilatory response(HVR)the increase inventilation for for given changes in oxyhemoglobin saturation. The HVR is expressed as the slope of this linear relationship, and by convention is reported as a positive valueIPSPinhibitory postsynapstic membrane potentialinternal respirationgas exchange that occurs by tissues for the purpose of energy metabolismisokineticin reference to skeletal muscle contraction; a contraction involving a constant velocityisometricin reference to skeletal muscle contraction; a contraction involving no change in the length of musclelactate thresholdthe term used to denote the intensity of exercise when there is an abrupt increase in lactate accumulation in blood or musclelean body massthe component of the body that is not storage fatleft ventricular hypertrophythe increased mass of the myocardium of the left ventriclemass action effectlactate production caused by an increased rate of glycolytic metabolismmass action ratiothe product of product concentrations divided by the product of substrate concentrations for a reaction under physiologic conditionsmaximal oxygen consumption(VO2max)the maximal rate of oxygen consumption by the bodymitochondrial respirationreactions of the mitochondria that ultimately lead to the consumption of oxygenmotor unitan alpha motor nerve and the muscle fibers that it innervatesmuscle biopsythe procedure of removing a sample of skeletal muscle from an individualmuscle fatiguefatigue resulting from altered function of skeletal musclemuscle powerthe mechanical power during dynamic by muscle contractionsmuscle pumpthe action of contracting muscles that forces venous blood flow against gravity towards the heartmuscle spindlethe sensory receptor within skeletal muscle that is sensitive to static and dynamic changes in muscle lengthmuscular endurancethe ability of muscle to contract repeatedly over timemuscular strengththe maximal force generated by contracting skeletal muscle for a given contractile velocitynatural killer cellsa leukocyte that assists in the destruction of foreign substances in the bodyneural adaptationthe decrease in discharge frequency of action potentials that leave a sensory receptorobesityhaving excess fat relative to body weight. Body fat percentages greater than 20% for men or 30% for women are considered an indication of obesityorthostatic tolerancethe ability to withstand gravitational force in opposing blood flow back to the heartoverfata condition of excess body fat, as determined from body composition analysisoverloadexposure of the body to unaccustomed stressovertrainingtraining that causes excess overload that the body is unable to adapt to, resulting in decreased exercise performanceoverweighta condition of excess weight based on either a height-weight relationship, or computed from body composition analysisoxygen deficitthe difference between oxygen consumption and the oxygen demand of exercise during non-steady state exercise conditionsoxygen driftthe increase in oxygen consumption during presumably steady state exercise when it is performed for extended periods of timeproprioceptive neuromuscularfacilitation(PNF)a type of stretching routine where a muscle is contracted for 4 to 6 secends, followed by an immediate 8 to 12 second static stretchQ10 valuethe relative increase in enzyme acitvity with a 10 C increase in temperaturerating of perceived exertion(RPE)a reting based on an individuals perception of exercise intensityresidual volumethe volume remaining in the lungs after a forced maximal exhalationresistance exercisemuscle contractions performed against a resistance, typically in the form of external loads like that used in weight liftingrespiratory exchange ratio(RER)the ratio of carbon dioxide production to oxygen consumption, as measured from expired gas analysis indirect calorimetryrespiratory quotient(RQ)the ratio of carbon dioxide production to oxygen consumption during metabolismrespiratory zonethe regions of the lung, comprising the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli, that are involved in gas exchangeset point theorythe theory that explains in individuals body fat content to be based on a genetically predetermined regulation of food intake to several physiologic stimulii such as blood glucose, fatty acids, and adipocyte number and sizestatic stretchingwhen a muscle, or group of muscles are slowly stretched and held for a short period of time (usually 8 to 12 seconds)storage fatfat and lipid stored in adipose tissuestroke volumethe volume of blood ejected from the ventricle each beattidal volume(TV)the volume of air inhaled and exhaled each breath; typically 500 ml at rest in the average-sized individualVEventilationventilatory thresholdthe increase in ventilation corresponding to the development of metabolic acidosis; usually detected during an incremental exercise testVmaxthe maximal rate of catalysis of an enzymeVO2peakthe largest VO2 during an incremental exercise testwaist-to-hip ratiowaist circumference divided by hip circumference運動生理學專有名詞Acceleration Sprint（加速跑）：速度由慢跑、滑步跑而後全速跑的跑步。Acclimatization（適應）：由於不斷地滯留在不同的天氣下，例如高度和溫度的變化，而獲得某種生理上的調整（adjustment）。Acetycholine（乙醯膽鹼，ACh）：具有諸如自一神經纖維經過突觸傳送衝動至另一神經纖維等數種生理功能的化學物質。Acid（酸）：某一化學物質在水中放出氫離子（H+）者。Actin（肌動蛋白）：肌肉收縮有關的蛋白質。Action Potential（動作電位）：在活動或去（毀）極時，由肌細胞或神經細胞產生出的電氣活動。Active Transport（主動運輸）：分子或物質違反它們的濃度梯度，藉代謝的能量消耗而進行的運動。Adenosine Triphosphate（腺瞟呤核甘三磷酸，ATP）：一種儲藏於細胞，尤其存在肌肉中，由食物所釋放能量所形成的複雜化學成分。細胞藉此成分分解產生的能量才能收縮。Adipocyte（脂肪細胞）：一種儲藏脂肪的脂肪細胞。Adipose Tissue（脂肪組織）：脂肪組織。Aerobic（有氧的）：氧存在的。Aerotitis（航空性耳炎）：耳的發炎或疾病。Afferent Nerse（向心神經）：由受納器傳導感覺神經衝動到中樞神經系統的神經原。Alactacid Oxygen Dedt（非乳酸性氧債）：運動後，使用於再合成以及儲存ATP+PC肌肉中所使用的恢復期的成分。Alkaline（鹼性傾向）：傾向於鹼性。Alkali Reserve（預備鹼）：可以在體內用做緩衝劑的重碳酸鹽（鹼）的量。Alkalosis(鹼中毒)：細胞外液中過量的鹼離子（重碳酸鹽離子）。Alpha Motor Neuron(運動神經)：興奮束內肌纖維的一種離心神經細胞。Alveolar-Capillary Membrane (肺泡微血管膜)：介於肺泡和微血管中薄層組織，在此膜上進行氣體交換。Alveolar Ventilation (肺泡換氣)：吸氣中能夠到達肺泡的部分。Alveoli(複數)；Alveolus（單數）（肺泡）：肺的末端小囊，在此與微血管中的血液進行氣體交換。Ambient(周圍環境的)：周圍環境的。Amphetamine(安非他命)：類似於副腎髓質荷爾蒙的人工製造藥品，具有刺激中樞神經的功能。Anabolic(同化的)：製造蛋白質的。Anaerobic(無氧的)：氧不存在的。Anatomical Dead Space(解剖學的死腔，DS)：滯留在呼吸管道中（鼻、口、喉、咽、氣管、支氣管、小支氣管）不進行氣體交換的新鮮空氣。Androgen(雄性素)：任何賦予男性活動的物質。Anemia(貧血)：缺乏足夠的紅血球或血色素。Anthropometry(人類測量)：人體大小和部分的測量。Apnea(Apneic，息)：呼吸停止。Aqueous(水的)：水的。Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference(動靜脈血含氧差，a-vOdiff.)：動脈和混合靜脈血中含氧量的差。Artery(動脈)：攜帶血液離開心臟的血管。ATPase(ATP?)：協助ATP分解的酵素。ATP-PC System(ATP-PC系統)：磷酸肌素分解產生ATP的無氧能量系統。此系統代表可被肌肉利用的最快的ATP來源。為期10秒或少於10秒最激烈的活動中的能量(ATP)由此系統來供給。ATPS(環境狀態)：環境溫度壓力、飽和的蒸氣壓軸(參閱附錄B，P521)。Autonomic Nervous System (自主神經系統)：一種自己控制的神經系統，控制內臟器官的活動和分泌，排尿、體溫、心跳率，副腎分泌和血壓等。Barometeric(Atmospheric)Pressure(PB)(大氣壓力)：地面上大氣所產生單位面積的壓力。在海平面為每平方吋147磅或760毫米汞柱（mm.Hg）。Bends (Decompwession Sickness，屈痛症)：因為過快的減壓引起氮氣氣泡的氣體栓塞，可能引起循環阻塞和阻織傷害。Bioenergetics (熱力學)：有機物（生物）能量轉化有關的趼究。Biospy（活體檢查）：從生體中取出阻織，並加以檢查。Black Bulb Thermometer(黑球溫度計)：普通溫度計置於一黑球中。黑球測量幅射能，是使用於計算WBGT指數所需三種溫度中的一種。Blood Pressure(血壓)：將血液送往循環系統的力量。血液擠向動脈時的壓力稱為心縮壓，血液從動脈流初的力量稱為心舒壓。Bradycardia(徐脈)：心跳率的減少或變慢。BTPS(體內狀態)：體溫、壓力、飽和蒸氣壓(參閱附錄B，P 520)。Buffer(緩衝劑)：在液體中加入酸或鹼而能夠減少氫離子濃度變化的物質。Calorie(卡路里，卡cal)：能或功的單為位，等於一克的水升高攝氏1度所需的熱量。Capillary(微血管)：介於動靜脈間的微細血管網，在此，組織和血意液進行氣體交換。Carbmino Compounds (碳醯 化合物)：血漿蛋白和(或)血紅素和二氧化碳化學結合所產生的最後產物。 Carbohydrate (醣類，碳水化合物)：一種化學成分，包括醣、澱粉、纖維素，祇含碳、氫、氧者，是食物養料(foodstuffs)中的一種。Carbonic Anhydrase (碳酸脫水酵素)：一種能夠加速CO2與H2O反應的酵素。Cardiac Cycle（心週期）：心臟的一次收縮和舒張。Cardiac Output（心輸出量）：每分鐘心臟送出的血量。Cardiorespiratory Endurance（心肺耐力）：肺和心臟攝入和輸送足夠量氧到活動肌的能力，使大肌肉的活動（如跑、游泳和騎車）能持續一段相當長時間的能力。Central Nervous System（中樞神經系統，CNS）：脊髓和腦。Cerebellum（小腦）：與動作的協調有關的腦的區分或部分。Cerebral Cortex（大腦皮質）：腦的一部分，負責心智功能，動作，內臟功能，感覺和行為反應，並將這些功能聯合和綜合者。Cholines terase（膽素酯?）：一種抑制或分解乙醯膽鹼的化學物。Conditioning（體能訓練）：透過運動訓練提高肌肉的能量（energy capacity）。體能訓練不像技術訓練般地著重在技術上。Conduction（傳導）：相接觸的兩個不等溫物體熱的傳遞。Continuous Work（連續活動或作業）：運動中自始至終，中間無休息期者。Convection（對流）：藉著熱分子的運動，由一處至另一處熱的傳遞。Coupled Reactions（聯鎖反應）：兩系列的化學反應，其中之一釋放能（熱）供另一系列使用。Cross-Bridges（橫橋）：球蛋白的伸展物。Cryogenic（低溫的）：低溫度的。Dehydration（脫水）：因身體過度失水而產生的情況。Density（密度）：某物體單位容量（volume）的質量（mass）大小。Diastole（舒張期）：心週期內的休息期。Diastolic Volume（舒張期容量）：舒張期裡心室的血液容量。Diffusion（擴散）：由於本身的動能，氣體分子的盲動。Double Blind Study（雙盲研究）：某種實驗設計，調查者和受試者皆不知那一組使用了偽藥，那一組使用了真藥。Douglas Bag（道格拉斯袋）：一種用來採集呼氣的橡膠袋。Drug（藥物）：某種用來預防或治療疾病或改善人類身心的化學物。Dry Bulb Thermometer（乾球溫度計）：用來測量空氣溫度的普通溫度計。Dysmenorrhea（經痛）：作痛的月經。Dyspnea（呼吸困難）：困難痛苦的呼吸。Eccentric Contraction（離心收縮）：收縮時（產生張力）肌肉增長。Ectomorphy（外胚型）：體型的一種，身體瘦長纖細之型。Efferent Nerve（離心神經）：一傳導運動衝動離間中樞神經系統至諸如骨骼肌等反應器官的神經元。Efficiency（效率）：輸出功與輸入功的比。Electrical Potential（電位）：兩端間（譬如細胞的內外），可以產生電氣效果（如電流）的能量。Electrolyte（電解質）：一物質在溶液中離子化，譬如鹽（NaCl），而能傳導電流者。Electron（電子）：帶負價的粒子。Electron Transport System（電子傳送系統）：在粒線體發生的一系列化學反應，電子和氫離子結合氧形成水，同時ATP再合成。也叫呼吸鍊（respiratory chain）。Embolus（單數）；Emboli（複數）（氣栓）：一凝塊或其他阻塞物，由血液輸送到較小血管，而阻礙了循環。Endocrine Gland（內分泌腺）：一種產生內分泌物（荷爾蒙）的器官或腺體。Endomorphy（內胚型）：體型的一種，身體肥滿而柔軟者。Endomysium（肌纖維衣）：圍繞一肌纖維或細胞的結締組織。Energy（能）：做功能量或能力。Energy System（能量系統）：三種代謝系統的一種，包括一系列的化學反應，形成ATP並產生廢物。Engram（輸入計劃）：在大腦中的一種記憶的運動型式；在腦部原生質中留下一道永久的痕跡。Enzyme（?、酵素）：一種加速化學反應的蛋白質成分。Epimysium（肌外衣）：圍繞整塊肌肉的結締組織。Epinephrine（腎上腺素）：一種具有數種生理功能的化學物，譬如：在末梢的交感神經末端的化學傳遞物。Ergogenic Aid（強化劑）：任何增加工作量的因素。Ergometer（測力計）：一種裝備或設計，譬如原地跑步機或固定腳踏車，用來測量運動的生理效果者。Evaporation（蒸發）：由液體變成氣體而消失熱。Excitation（興奮）：對於刺激的反應。Excitatory Postsynptic Potential（興奮性突觸後膜電位，EPSP）：後突觸神經元由靜止膜電位而增加電位（毀極）。Expiratory Reserve Volume（呼氣儲備量，ERV