HKAS 2 – 存货 (INVENTORIES).doc

HKALE Principles of Accounts Inventories ValuationPrepared by: Wan Cheuk YinHKAS 2 存貨 (INVENTORIES)目錄1. 詞彙釋義2. 存貨之量度3. 存貨數量的測定4. 存貨的估值方法1. 詞彙釋義存貨 (Inventories)存貨即是：- 完成品- 半製成品- 原料HKAS 2Inventories are assets:(a) Held for sale in the ordinary course of business: or(b) In the process of production for such sale; or(c) In the form of materials or supplies to be consumed in the production process or in the rendering of services.例：報販賣報紙中午後報紙售價降低至成本以下淨變現值 (Net Realisable Value)HKAS 2Net Realisable Value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.淨變現值是估計售價減去到完工所需加添的成本及市場推廣、銷售和分銷將要的一切直接成本2. 存貨之量度成本與淨變現值孰低 (Lower of Cost and Net Realisable Value)成本或淨變現值兩者中的較低值HKAS 2 stated that inventories should be measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value.存貨成本存貨成本即：- 採購成本*- 加工成本*- 其他成本 (Cost of Inventories)The cost of inventories should comprise all costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.*加工成本包括：- 直接歸屬產品之成本，如直接人工- 生產經常費用*採購成本包括：- 購買價值- 入口稅- 輸入運費，裝卸費及任何其他直接費用- 減貿易折扣，回佣和補貼3. 存貨數量的測定定期性存貨記錄每一時期紀錄一次 (Periodic Inventory)The totals of purchases and issues (sales) are recorded at the end of each financial period and the balance of the inventories will only be calculated at the end of each period.永續性存貨記錄永遠連續，必須配合電子化紀錄 (Perpetual Inventory)A running balance is maintained to record the movements of the inventories after every purchase and issue (sale) of the inventories.4. 存貨的估值方法成本程式(Cost Formula)HKAS stated that the cost of inventories of items that are not ordinarily interchangeable and goods or services produced and segregated for specific projects should be assigned by using specific identification of their individual costs. (ex. Antiques, paintings, etc.)HKAS also stated that the cost of inventories, other than above-mentioned should be assigned by using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) or weighted average cost formulas. An entity shall use the same cost formula for all inventories having a similar nature and use to the entity. For inventories with a different nature or use, different cost formulas may be justified.香港會計師公會闡明存貨成本內的項目，如不能正常地互相取締交換，則可安排專門認定的估值方法。除上述方法外，公會只接受先進先出 (FIFO) 和平均成本 (WACO) 兩種估值方法。1. 專門認定 (Specific Identification)HKAS 2Specific identification of cost means that specific costs are attributed to identified items of inventory. This is the appropriate treatment for items that are segregated for a specific project, regardless of whether they have been bought or produced. However, specific identification of costs is inappropriate when there are large numbers of items of inventory that are ordinarily interchangeable. In such circumstances, the method of selecting those items that remain in inventories could be used to obtain predetermined effects on profit or loss.專門認定：指計算每一獨立存貨的實際成本，適合計算高價值的貨品優點- 容易應用，因為結算存貨估值是以實際的歷史成本計算- 存貨紀錄之流量與實際存貨盤點一致- 提供每一獨立存貨之成本與收入的真實配對缺點- 只適用於銷售數量少，高價值貨品的公司2. 先進先出 (First in, First out (FIFO)HKAS 2先進先出法：指假定現存貨量代表最後購入或生產的貨品來計算存貨和在製品成本的方法The FIFO formula assumes that the items of inventory that were purchased or produced first are sold first, and consequently the items remaining in inventory at the end of the period are those most recently purchased or produced.ExampleDuring the year, the following were the purchases and sales of inventory:PurchasesJanMarAug6 units $ 126 units $ 1510 units $ 16SalesJulNov4 units $2214 units $25MonthDescriptionsPurchasedSalesBalanceUnitUnit Cost $Amount $UnitUnit Cost $Amount $UnitUnit Cost $Amount $JanPurchases 6 units $ 12612726-72MarPurchases 6 units $ 156159012-162JulSales 4 units412488-114AugPurchases 10 units $ 16101616018-274NovSales 14 unit2661215162490964-64Total22-32218-2584-64優點- 容易應用- 在資產負責表的結算存貨中，對比先進後出 (LIFO) 和平均成本 (AVCO) 下，包括最多現行成本- 存貨流量之紀錄比較接近實際存貨流量。所以，結算存貨之價值能反映現行重置成本缺點- 銷售成本只反映存貨最舊的價格。先進先出 (FIFO) 符合歷史成本的原則，但不及後進先出 (LIFO) 法，把最近的存貨價格和現行收入配合- 通脹週期間，較先進後出 (LIFO) 和平均成本 (AVCO) 高估除稅後收入- 不能對固定銷售價模式有幫助，因為有機會反映不真實的價格結構3. 後進先出 (Last in, First out (LIFO)後進先出法：指假定現存貨量代表最先購入或生產的貨品來計算存貨和在製品成本的方法ExampleDuring the year, the following were the purchases and sales of inventory:PurchasesJanMarAug6 units $ 126 units $ 1510 units $ 16SalesJulNov4 units $2214 units $25MonthDescriptionsPurchasedSalesBalanceUnitUnit Cost $Amount $UnitUnit Cost $Amount $UnitUnit Cost $Amount $JanPurchases 6 units $ 12612726-72MarPurchases 6 units $ 156159012-162JulSales 4 units415608-102AugPurchases 10 units $ 16101616018-262NovSales 14 unit102216151216030244-48Total22-32216-2744-48優點- 能用最近期的存貨成本配對現行收入，這能更準確反映盈利- 通脹週期間，較先進先出 (FIFO) 和平均成本 (AVCO) 低估除稅後收入- 能提供更真實的情況來厘定價格缺點- 存貨只反映最早期購買貨物之金額。通脹週期間，結算存貨便低於現行重置成本，形成在資產負責表中不真實的情況- 如公司銷售多種貨品，會變得不便應用和複雜- 盈利顯示因缺貨補貨而變得不穩定4. 平均成本 (Weighted Average Cost (AVCO)HKAS 2Under the weighted average cost formula, the cost of each item is determined from the weighted average of the cost of similar items at the beginning of a period and the cost of similar items purchased or produced during the period. The average may be calculated on a periodic basis, or as each additional shipment is received, depending upon the circumstances of the entity.平均成本法：指將總單位成本除以單位總數量所得到的一個平均價格，然後將之應用於手頭上之存貨單位以計算出存貨和在製品的成本ExampleDuring the year, the following were the purchases and sales of inventory:PurchasesJanMarAug6 units $ 126 units $ 1510 units $ 16SalesJulNov4 units $2214 units $25MonthDescriptionsPurchasedSalesBalanceUnitUnit Cost $Amount $UnitUnit Cost $Amount $UnitUnit Cost $Amount $JanPurchases 6 units $ 126127261272MarPurchases 6 units $5162JulSales 4 units413.554813.5108AugPurchases 10 units $ 1610161601814.9268NovSales 14 unit1414.9208414.959.6Total22-32216-262414.959.6優點- 每一單位的存貨都是用相同的價格紀錄- 減少盈餘或虧損的波幅- 結算存貨的價值較接近重置成本缺點- 不及後進先出 (LIFO) 法把最近的成本和現行收入配對先進先出 (FIFO) - 結算存貨不及先進後出 (LIFO) 法反映出現行重置成本- 應用時比先進後出 (LIFO) 法和後進先出