高中非谓语完整版教师版.doc

非谓语动词 动词不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词、过去分词）统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v+ing形式。这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用，因而没有语法主语。但可以有逻辑主语。由于没有语法主语，也就不受人称和数的限定，因为不是谓语，也就没有时态和语态，但这些词仍能表示动作和状态，所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系，因此也有表示主、被动的形式，同时也有自己的宾语和状语，一起构成非谓语动词的短语（动词不定式短语、分词短语、动名词短语）。非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置。动词不定式、v-ing及过去分词形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非谓语动词。一、动词不定式： 动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，如：tostudy,toplay，动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用，但仍留着动词的特征，它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语，如：tostudyhard,toplaytabletennis。1、动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。语态式一般式完成式进行式完成进行式主动tobuildtohavebuilttobebuildingtohavebeenbuilding被动tobebuilttohavebeenbuilt2、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如：（1） 作主语：Tohelpeachotherisgood.（动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：Itisgoodtohelpeachother.（2） 作表语：Myjobistodrivethemtothepowerstationeveryday.动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语，与表示将来时的be+动词不定式结构有所区别，如：Ourplanistosetupanothermiddleschoolforthepeasantschildren.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的谓语动词为is，动词不定式tosetup为表语，主语为plan，但plan并不是动词不定式的逻辑主语，即动词不定式tosetup所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。）Wearetosetupanothermiddleschoolforthepeasantschildren.我们将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的aretosetup整个结构为句中谓语，主语为we，同时也是动词不定式tosetup所表示的动作的逻辑主语，即动词不定式tosetup所表示的动作是由we产生的）。（3） 作宾语： 一些动词后只能用不定式作宾语，常见的这类词是表示命令、打算或希望的，这类动词常用的有would like, want, decide, learn, need, agree, plan, wish, expect, hope, refuse。口诀1：想要决定学习，需要同意计划，希望不要拒绝。例：I hope to see her soon.She wants to go to university someday. 常见的一些省略to的动词不定式的句式：why not do=why dont you do., had better (not) do,would rather do,could/would/will you please (not) do 例：I would rather stay at home. it作形式宾语：在find, think后跟不定式作宾语时，常用it代替，而将真正的宾语放在句末。句式结构为：I find/think it + adj. + to do sth.例：We found it impossible to cross the river.作某些形容词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad,sorry,afraid,pleased,determined,willing,eager,anxious,ready,sure等，如：Iamdeterminedtogiveupsmoking.（4） 作宾语补足语 在大多数双宾及物动词后，要用带to 的不定式，这类及物动词常用的有：allow, ask, help, invite, like, tell, want, warn, expect, wish, would like, encourage等。结构为：ask/ tell sb. (not) to do sth. 例：They asked him to sing a pop song at the party.She wants her brother to go to university. 在一些感官动词和使役动词后，要用不带to 的不定式。help 有时也可用不带to 的不定式。口诀：一感（feel）二听(hear, listen to)三让(make, let, have)四看(look at, see, watch, notice)半帮助(help)例: The boy saw two men enter the house.The young man made the old machine start working.The teachers helped the students (to) learn English well.本类动词在变成被动语态时，原句中作宾补的不定式前要加上to，同时原来的宾补就变成了主语补足语。例：Two men were seen to enter the house.（5） 动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，须先用it作形式宾语，而将该动词不定式后置，如：Idontthinkitrighttodoitthatway.（6） 作定语： 动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Isthisthebestwaytohelphim?定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：Heisthemantodependon.如果被不定式修饰的名词为place,time,way，不定式后面的介词，习惯上可以省去，如：eg1:I have no time to play (at). She has enough time to look after the children (with).eg2. The animals have to find a place to sleep (in) in winter.This is a good place for us to study (in).eg3. I dont like the way he speaks (in).I dont like the way he smiles (in).I dont like the way he cries (in).（7） 作状语：动词不定式可以作下列状语：目的状语：EverymorninghegetsupveryearlytoreadEnglish.为了强调不定式表示目的的作用，可在不定式前加inorderto或soasto（以便或为了），但应注意inorderto位于句首或句中均可，而so asto不能位于句首，如：ShereadsChinaDailyeverydayinorderto（soasto）improveherEnglish.将表示目的的不定式置于句首，也可强调目的的作用，如：Tomasteraforeignlanguage,onemustworkhardatit.结果状语：Theylivedtoseetheliberationoftheirhometown.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。enough+形容词或副词+动词不定式，表示“足能”的结果，如：Youareoldenoughtotakecareofyourselfnow.too+形容词或副词+动词不定式，表示“太而不能”的结果如：Im too tired to stay up longer.我太累了而不能再熬夜了。注意：下列句子中的too.to.结构不表示结果，也无否定含义： Im only too glad to go. (= Im very glad to go.) I shall be only too pleased to get home. (= I shall be very pleased to get home.) only too (adv.) 极; 非常; 太;很 在“主语+系动词+表语（形容词）+ to do”结构中，句子的主语与动词不定式有逻辑上的被动关系，且形容词表示主语的特征或性质，这时，需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意思。该结构中常用的形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, important, impossible, interesting, pleasant, nice, comfortable, safe, dangerous等。如：This question is easy to answer.这个问题容易回答。This book is difficult to understand.这本书很难理解。注：这种表示结果的不定式结构具有下列几个特点： 不定式所表示的动作是随后发生的，如： He arrived late to find the others had gone home. He arrived late and found the others had gone home. 不定式根据是否需要停顿而决定与主句是否用逗号隔开。 He left his native country (,) never to return. He returned home (,) to find his father lying sick in bed. 不定式所表示的结果往往含有“令人意想不到”的意味，其中以“使人不愉快的结果”较为常见。（有时也可以表示令人愉快、惊喜的结果），如： He went home to find his old friend George waiting for him. 不定式之前有时可以加上（but）only，以加强语气，此处也常为“使人不愉快的结果”，如： He got to the station only to be told the train had gone. They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.注：不定式结构表示结果或表示目的，往往形式相似，这时，须根据词汇意义认真加以区别，试比较： He arrived late to find the others had gone home. ( = He arrived late and found the others had gone home.) He arrived late to avoid meeting Robert. ( = He arrived late in order to avoid meeting Robert.)3、 复合结构不定式： 由for+名词（或代词宾格）+动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语，这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语，如：Itisveryimportantforustogeteverythingreadyfortheharvest. 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good,nice,kind,wise,silly,stupid,foolish,right,wrong,careless,impolite等，如：Itisverykindofyoutohelphimeveryday.4、疑问词+动词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如： Howtopreventthemfromswimminginthis riverisaproblem.（作主语） The teacher is telling the students what to do.（作宾语） 注意：what to do 与how to do it5、 动词不定式的否定式：动词不定式的否定式是由not+动词不定式构成，如：Itswrongofyounottoattendthemeeting.6、 动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：（1） 一般式：动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，但在多数情况下，是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，如：Wedecidedtoplantmoretreesthisspring.（其后），Theyoftenwatchusplaytabletennis.（同时）；（2）完成式：动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，如：Iamsorry tohavekeptyouwaiting.（3） 进行式：动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中，而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，如：She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in. 7、 动词不定式的被动语态用法：如果动词不定式的逻辑主语为这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般就用被动语态形式，如：What is to be done next hasnt been decided yet. 二、动名词（一）动名词的形式主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done（2） 功能及用法1动名词（短语）做主语，如： Writing the book has taken up all his spare time. Seeing is believing.注：动名词（短语）做主语还常用于下列结构：a.Its no use sending him over. Its too late already. Its no good talking a lot without doing anything. Its a waste of time arguing about it.b. Theres no joking about such matters. Theres no saying what hell be doing next. Theres no telling what hes going to do.注：动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别： 动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或泛指的动作，一般不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；不定式作主语通常表示具体的动作或行为，往往与特定的动作执行者联系在一起，如： Its no use crying over spilt milk. (抽象) He realized that to go on like this was no use. (具体) 在实际运用中，一般可以互换，差异不大。但在下列几种情况中不能互换： a. 当表语是动名词时，主语也要用动名词；当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式，如： Seeing is believing.To see is to believe.b. 动名词和不定式作主语，一般都可以使用形式主语it，而将动名词或不定式放在句尾。但是在下列句型中，一般宜用动名词，不宜用不定式来代替： Its no use doing Its no good doing Its a waste of time doing 例如： Its no use going there today; he wont be at home. Its a waste of time arguing about it. Its no good waiting here. Lets walk home. 而在Its important / Its necessary / Its advisable / Its essential / Its fitting 这类句型中，只能用不定式，如： Its important to learn foreign languages.Its quite necessary to read it many times.2动名词（短语）作表语，如： Their job is building houses. His job is raising pigs.注：动名词作表语与不定式作表语的区别： 动名词作表语时表示比较抽象的一般行为、习惯；不定式作表语时表示具体的某一次动作，特别是将来的动作，试比较： My favourite sport is swimming.The first thing for us to do is to improve our pronunciation.注：动名词作表语与现在分词作表语的区别： 动名词作表语时相当于名词，说明主语的含义及内容，它与主语是同等关系，主语与表语互换位置不影响句子的基本含义，但不可用副词来修饰。 现在分词作表语时相当于形容词，说明主语的特征、性质、状态等，主语与表语不可互换位置，但可用very, quite等副词来修饰，如： My job is looking after the children. Our duty is serving the people heart and soul. The situation is encouraging. This cake is very inviting. The volleyball match we watched was very exciting. 3动名词（短语）用作宾语的情况很多，如：Hearing the words, she couldnt help thinking of her past bitterness.We all avoided mentioning that matter. 能用动名词作宾语的动词有两类： 一类是只能用动名词作宾语的动词，常见的有：enjoy, finish, mind, miss, be worth, practice, have fun, have trouble/problem (in), spend, feel like, keep, stop, suggest, be used to等。口诀2：完成练习值得忙（finish, practice, be worth, be busy）继续习惯别放弃（keep on, be used to, give up）考虑建议不禁想（consider, suggest, cant help, feel like）喜欢思念要介意（enjoy, miss, mind）例：She enjoys going to the cinema.He keeps making the same mistakes.I suggest leaving now. (= that we leave now) 另一类是既可以用动名词，又可以用不定式作宾语的动词，其中有：begin, cannot bear, continue, forget, hate, intend, like, love, plan, prefer, propose, regret, remember, start, try, want, need, cant afford等。 上述动词尽管可以带两种结构作宾语，但用法不尽相同，需要注意下列几个情况： A. 在begin, start, cease, continue, cannot bear, hate, like, love, prefer, propose 等动词后，两种结构意义无大的出入，如： She cant bear being laughed at / to be laughed at. 但是在下列情况下，通常用不定式：a. 在would like / love / prefer / hate 后表示一个特定的新动作时： Id like to buy a suit. Id hate to disappoint them. b. 当谓语动词已用进行时态时： The water is beginning / starting to boil. Im starting to work on my essay next week.c. 在begin 等后，非限定动词由某些状态动词构成时（即：指心理状态或精神活动时）： She began to believe his story. He began to realize that he was wrong.d. 当主语是物，不是人时： The water started / began to boil. The ice started / began to melt.B. 在need, want, deserve等后，可用动名词的主动式表示被动含义，或用不定式的被动式，意义上无差别。但用动名词较为普遍，（这时主语一般是物），如： The door needs oiling / to be oiled.C. 有的动词尽管可以用两种结构，但意义明显不同，须认真加以区别：*在forget, remember , regret 后，用动名词作宾语表示已做过的事情，用不定式表示要去做的事情。例：I remember posting the letter.（已经做过）Remember to post the letter. （没有做）I will never forget seeing him for the first time. He forgot to do his homework.*stop doing sth“（停止）做同一件事”Stop to do sth.（停下来）做另一件事”。例：They stopped talking.They stopped to talk.*allow, mean, tryallow doing sth. 允许做某事allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事例：We dont allow smoking here. We dont allow students to go out on school days. mean to do 打算， 想mean doing 意味着例：I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. Doing that means wasting time. try to do sth. 努力去做某事 try doing sth. 试着去做某事例：Please try to do better next time. He tried speaking English to me. 比较 try to do sth.:努力做某事，不一定成功。 manage to do sth.努力做某事，且成功了。*使役动词或感官动词后接现在分词（doing）和不定式(to do)的区别口诀：一感（feel）二听(hear, listen to)三让(make, let, have)四看(look at, see, watch, notice)半帮助(help)比较：I saw the old man crossing the street. 我看见那个老人在过街。（表示动作正在进行） I saw the old man cross the street. 我看见那个老人过街的。（表示动作已发生过）*have sb do sth.让某人做某事=let sb do sth have sb doing sth让某人一直做某事=keep sb doing sth have sth done让某事被别人做例：I have to have my hair cut. 动名词（短语）还常常跟在短语动词之后，作介词的宾语。常见的有：insist on / think of / dream of / object to / hear of / prevent from / keep from / stop from / feel like / be engaged in / look forward to / depend on / thank for / excuse for / devote to / set about / spend in / get (be) used to / be fond of / be afraid of / be tired of / succeed in / be interested in / be proud of / burst out / give up 等，如： He insisted on seeing us home. They all objected to putting the meeting off. Are you interested in going to the show? Im thinking of going to town this afternoon. I dont feel like eating anything. She is afraid of falling behind the others. He finally got tired of doing office work. She devotes hours to helping Mother with housework on Sunday. 4动名词（短语）可以和about, against, at, before, after, by, for, besides, from, in, on, upon, without等介词构成短语，在句中作状语，如： They broke in loud cheers on hearing the news. He warned me against swimming there. She left without saying good-bye to us. Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of the children. He felt uncomfortable about accepting the gift. They were surprised at your doing that.5动名词（短语）可以和介词构成短语作定语，如： He hasnt much experience in running factories. Whats their reason for cancelling the English evening? Have you any objection to going there on foot? He has little hope of passing his examinations. They dont approve of his way of looking at things. Im glad to have this opportunity of coming to visit your country.6动名词还可以作定语，如： singing competition swimming pool dining car opening speech drinking cup living room typing paper waiting room writing desk washing machine frying-pan sleeping-pill walking stick teaching method注：动名词作定语表示被修饰名词的用途，它和名词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系；而现在分词作定语，表示被修饰名词本身的动作、行为，它和名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。 （三）、动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构就是前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构。 有时为了明确动名词所表示的动作的执行者，可以在动名词之前加上一个物主代词或名词所有格，来表示动名词逻辑上的主语。有时也可以用人称代词宾格或名词普通格，不过，这主要用于口语中。如： She wont hear of us leaving the village. Do you object to Li Pings joining the physics group?注：如果不是在句子的开头，这个结构常用名词的普通格或人称代词宾格，如： I dont like the idea of us / our not helping at all. I dont mind Jane buying another one.注：如果动名词的逻辑主语是表示无生命的东西的名词，或不定代词，就只能用普通格，不能用所有格，如： Is there any hope of your team winning the match?The boy was alarmed by someone knocking at the door.动名词的复合结构有下列用法： 作主语：Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Nothing is worse than our bowing before difficulties.Lao Lis (not: Li)going wont be of much help. 作表语：Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.Whats troubling them is their not having enough machine tools. 作宾语：Do you mind my reading your paper?Please excuse my interrupting you. 作介词宾语：They insisted on my staying there for supper.Do you think there will be any chance of my seeing him again? （四）、动名词的完成形式与被动形式动名词的一般形式通常表示一般性动作（即不是明确地在过去、现在或将来发生的动作）或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生的动作，如：They are all interested in climbing mountains.He took a great delight in helping others. 如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，通常用动名词的完成形式，如：He didnt mention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice.I dont remember having ever promised you that.注：在某些动词之后（或在成语中）常用（或可以用）动名词的一般形式表示在谓语动作之前发生的动作，如：Excuse me for coming late.I dont remember ever seeing him anywhere. 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的承受者时，这个动名词一般要用被动形式，如：This question is far from being settled.He did it without being asked.They insisted on their being treated as ordinary workers.He didnt mind being left at home.They couldnt stand being treated like that.注：如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生，有时需要用动名词的完成被动形式，如：I dont remember having ever been given a chance to try this method. 三、分词（一）形 式 现在分词：同动名词过去分词：done（二）功 能1作表语。现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征或属性；过去分词多表示主语所处的状态，如： The news was exciting. The situation is encouraging. She looked disappointed. He appeared satisfied with my answer. He seemed quite delighted at the idea. Dont get excited.注：已经成为形容词的分词，可以用 very 修饰；没有完全成为形容词的分词宜用 much 或 quite，如： Im very pleased.Hes very worried about his health.注：过去分词作表语时，应注意与被动结构的区别。 系表结构说明主语的状态或具有的性质、特点；被动结构强调谓语动作，指主语所承受的动作。此外还有：系表结构：a. 常用一般现在或一般过去时态； b. 一般不带状语； c. 可以有不及物动词的过去分词。被动结构：a. 有多种时态，常与主动语态的时态一致； b. 可以带时间、方式或 by 短语作状语； c. 必须是及物动词。 The small village is surrounded by trees. (状态) The small village was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers. (动作) Im interested in chess. I was interested by what you told me. The sun is risen.This novel was written by Lu Xun in 1921. 2作定语： 单独作定语，应放在被修饰的名词之前，如： touching story / leading cadres / shining example / coming week / skilled worker / armed forces / boiled water / steamed bread Barking dogs seldom bite. Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall.注：分词作定语时，意义上接近于一个定语从句，如： developing countries = countries that are developing a growing city = a city that is growing liberated areas = areas that have been liberated 在更多情况下，可以用分词短语作定语，这时分词短语应放在被修饰的名词之后，在意义上也相当于一个定语从句，如： Who is the man standing (= that is standing) by the door? They built a highway leading (= which leads) into the mountains. They are problems left (= which have been left) over by history. Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun? 作定语的现在分词所表示的动作发生的时间有两种情况：a. 表示正在进行的动作, (变为从句时要用进行时态), 如： Tell the children playing there (who are playing there) not to make so much noise. Did you see the man talking (who was talking) to the manager?b. 表示经常性的动作, 或现在 (或当时) 的状态, (变为从句时, 用一般时态), 如： They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south. The house standing (= that stands) at the corner of the street was built in 1955. 过去分词作定语时，过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，也可以是没有一定的时间性，如： Is this the book recommended by our teacher? The meeting held last week is very important. He is a man loved by all. I hate to see letters written in pencil. 注：如果所表示的动作现刻正在发生，或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生，可以用现在分词的被动形式来表示，如： The meeting being held is very important. We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.注：如果所表示的是一个未来的动作，可以用一个不定式的被动形式来表示，如： The meeting to be held next week is very important. Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting. 分词还可以作非限制性定语（相当于一个非限制性定语从句），这时，它和句子的其他部分用逗号隔开，试比较： All my brothers living in Shanghai are scientists. All my brothers, living in Shanghai, are scientists. All th