虚拟语气讲解及练习题.doc

LESSON 24虚拟语气(2)导言英语中虚拟语气是通过动词时态的变化来体现。本课在讲解虚拟语气时，所用的方法与传统讲法不同。我们试图从句子时态的改变来推论出虚拟的构成。只要同学理解了这一点，就可以举一反三。掌握虚拟语气。虚拟语气是用来表示与事实相反或不大可能实现的情况。主要是通过动词的变化来体现的。 在某些主语从句和条件状语从句中虚拟的用法 在It is important, impossible, strange, vital至关重要的, natural, essential必需的；基本的, desirable值得要的, preferable更好的, advisable可取的, appropriate适当的, surprising, sad, urgent, suggested, necessary, requested, ordered,+that句型中，主语从句在英国英语中用should +原形动词。在美国英语中省略should直接用原形。 在for fear that（以防起见）引导的条件句中用法同上。 在unless, when, so(as) long as，suppose, in case, on condition lest(以免)引导的条件状语从句中也可用虚拟语气，用法同上。 It is necessary that he（should）come on time to attend the meeting. 他按时来出席会议是必要的。 It is natural that he（should）love Merry. 他爱玛丽是很自然的事。 He took an umbrella for fear that it (should) rain. 他带了一把伞，以防天下雨。 As long as my wife (should) get ready, we will go. 只要我太太准备好了，我们就去。 在suggest, propose, demand, inquire, request, desire想望, 期望, insist, order, advise, agree等表示建议、要求、命令的动词后的宾语从句中。英国英语用should +原形动词，美国英语省略 “should”用原形动词 He insisted that we（should）get there on time. 他坚持我们要按时到那。 The dean proposed that the question（should）not be discussed at once. 系主任提议这个问题不要马上讨论。 在think, expect, believe, 是否定形式时，宾语从句可用虚拟语气：should +动词原形，should不可省。 She said she never expected I should lend money to her. suggestion, proposal, request, advice, order, command等表示建议、命令、要求等的名词后面的表语从句中，用should+动词原形，表示虚拟，should常常省略。 The generals command was that the soldiers (should) leave their fort and carry out more important tasks. were (was) to 有时在虚拟条件句中用were (was)表示试探的口气。 If you were (was) to do something like that I would not marry you.如果你要做那种事，我就不会嫁给你了。 would have done, should have done上面两种用法也经常表示虚拟，意思是本应该做而没有做的事情。would 表示从客观上讲，而should表示从主观上讲。 You would have taken taxi to come here.你本应该坐出租汽车来这儿。 If I had known she was rich, I should have married her.如果我知道她是个富翁，我本该娶她。 We _ last night, but we went to the concert instead. A. must have studied B. might study C. should have studied D. would study should (would) have done 表示过去本该做，而没有做的事情。一、 阅读理解。(1)If I were 21 and wanted to study medicine医学, I dont think I would pack off 打好旅行to school. I would get a job as an orderly（卫生员，护工）in a hospital, carrying out bedpans便盆, if necessary, and look and listen. After a year or two of that, I might know what kind of medicine I wanted to study. Maybe I would find that I preferred to become an expert in hormones荷尔蒙, rather than a surgeon外科医生. I might even end up as a chemist药剂师or a maker of surgical外科的equipment器材. I would see where the job led me.If I were 21 and not scientifically inclined（爱好科学）, I would not disdain a job selling plastic dishes, for instance, from house to house. Such a salesman would learn so much about people, more than I would have an opportunity to in a laboratory. He should make money and have fun. He might learn some new things about what people want to buy that would help the researcher, the designer or the manufacturer. It is not the job you take that matters so much, as what you do with it.I heard the other day of a young demobilized serviceman（复员军人）who was embittered because his former employer gave him his old job backsealing envelopes. Yet sealing envelopes is not a bad job. Some bright young man might derive an invention from it. Are envelopes made the way they should be or does an envelope look the way it does because were used to the way it looks? I dont know. What about the glue, our methods of stamping and addressing?What I am getting at,is that some people are tempted to shoot too high. One way to find out what you want to do in life is to try all kinds of jobs. If you dont like working in a filling station, try a store, an office, a shop, a farm. Not only will you find out what you want to do, but you will also pick up, as you go along, an amazing amount of useful information.I know a young man who is uncertain whether to be a boat-builder or an accountant. I suggested, when he asked my advice, that he sit down at a typewriter and write two essaysone on the advantages of being a boat builder, the other on the advantages of an accountant. Then he should write two more on the disadvantages of each one, and study what he has written. One never knows what is in his mind until he gets busy and lets it out.A lot of people seem to think that a man learns only in his teens. Boys get this impression from their elders and, on emerging from the armed services at the age of 22 or 23, imagine themselves too old to take up such a noble science as, for example, medicine.I was in my early 70s when I studied medicine, not for a degree but to enable me better to experiment with a “fever medicine”（发热药） which we invented in our laboratories. It is used to cure or alleviate certain types of disease with heat therapy（热疗）.Two years ago I took up hydrogen-electric welding（氢气电焊法）, and became a pretty good welder. I was trying to find a means of eliminating the sputter. I relate this in no spirit of boastfulness. I just want youngsters to know that they are never too old to learn. Even at our best, we use just a tiny bit of our brains.We are making more and more new things. The more we make, the more men will work and the more people will buy. Employment will snowball. There are more opportunities today in this land than there have ever been. They are increasing in number and I think they are infinite.The older I get, the more I realize that the highest good is the good of the people. If I were to choose an occupation again, I should consider three things: how well it served the public; how much fun there was in it; and, of course, whether its financial reward would meet my need. pack off to school打铺盖卷去上学 该句是强调句型，原句应是The job you take matters not so much, as what you do with it. 句子notso muchthat是习惯用法，意思是“与其说不如说”因强调not，用了It is notthat的句型。 get at要说的问题是 shoot too high意思是目标定的太高。 即使我们绞尽脑汁时，我们不过用了脑子的一小部分。1如果你有一百万美圆，你会做些什么？What would you do if you had one million dollar?2如果夏天下雪就好了。If only it would snow in summer.3、如果我昨天知道你要去，我也会去野餐(go on the picnic)。I would have gone to the picnic if I had realized you were going.练习及答案练习非常重要，是检查你是否理解的重要手段，也是高考拿高分的不可缺少的一环。请在下载区下载!重要提示掌握虚拟语气，最好的办法就是记住在本该用的时态上向后退一步，既表示虚拟，现在时退过去时，将来时退过去将来时，过去时退过去完成时，过去将来时退过去将来完成时。这样，在虚拟语气上就不会再犯任何错误，即使遇上错综虚拟语气，也不会错。最后，记住几个特殊用法，虚拟语气就算基本掌握了。阅读与欣赏 If there were dreams to sell, what would you buy? -THOMAS LOVELL BED DOES如果世上有卖梦想的，你会买什么梦呢？If it were not for hopes, the Heart would break.-THOMAS FULLER若不是为了希望，心早就碎了。-虚拟语气典型试题1. Peter wishes that he _ law instead of literature when he was in college. (2000年)A. could study B. studied C. had studied D. would study if only, wish, as if (as though)Only, It is（high）time thatWithout your help, But for幸亏解析：答案选C。wish后面的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气。wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气的时态应用：与现在的事实相反用过去时态；与过去的事实相反的愿望用过去完成时；与将来的愿望相反即愿望难以实现用过去将来时。2. I t is desirable that he _(2000年)A. gives up trying B. give up trying C. would give up trying D. is going to give up trying important, impossible, strange, vital至关重要的, natural, essential必需的；基本的, desirable值得要的, preferable更好的, advisable可取的, appropriate适当的, surprising, sad, urgent suggested, necessary, requested, ordered,+that解析：答案选B。在句型“It is desirable (suggested, necessary, requested, ordered, proposed, important)+that从句”中，从句中要使用虚拟语气。其构成是：should+动词原形，其中should可以省略。3. Her suggestion that everybody _ was not appreciated. (2001年)A. sing a son B. sang a song C. sung a song D. singing a song解析：答案选A。本题考察虚拟语气在同位语从句中的用法。在suggestion, proposal, request, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中，用(should)+动词原形，表示虚拟，should常常省略。4. The law I am referring to requires that everyone who A Bowns a car has accident insurance. (2002年) D解析：答案选D。require等动词引导宾语从句时，要用虚拟语气，谓语动词要用“should (可以省略)+原形动词”。类似的动词还有：suggest, insist, order, demand, request, command。D改为have。5. Had the weather been good, the children _ out for a walk. (2001年)A. had gone B. could have gone C. would go D. went解析：答案选B。本句中包含一个省略了if的条件句：had the weather been good。当条件从句中含有were, had, should would等词时，可以将if省略，把这些词提到主语之前。本句为和过去的事实相反的虚拟语气，主句要用结构 “would (could)+have done”。6. The generals command was that the soldiers _ their fort and carry out more important tasks. (2002年)A. would leave B. leave C. left D. have left解析：答案选B。本题考察虚拟语气在表语从句的用法。在suggestion, proposal, request, advice, order, command等表示建议、命令、要求等的名词后面的表语从句中，用should+动词原形，表示虚拟，should常常省略。7. Something must have happened on their way here. Or they _ by now. (2002年)A. should have arrived B. should arriveC. would have arrived D. would arrive解析：答案选C。or表示否则，后面的从句要用虚拟语气。本句表示对过去发生事情的假设，所以用 “would have done”结构。8. Its urgent that a meeting _ before the final decision is made. (2003年)A. will be arranged B. must be arranged C. be arranged D. would be arranged解析：答案选C。在这个句型“It is necessary (vital, urgent)+that 从句”中，从句中用should do 表示虚拟语气。should可省略。9. But for the rain, we _ a nice holiday.A. should have B. would have had C. would have D. will have had解析：答案选B。but for (要不是)引出一个含蓄条件，所以句子要用虚拟语气。表示对过去发生的假设用“would have done”。10. _ the advice of his friends, he would not have suffered such a heavy loss in his business.A. If he took B. If he should take C. Were he to take D. Had he taken解析：答案选D。句意是：他要是接受他朋友的建议，他在生意上就不会损失这么大。表示对过去发生事情的假设，if引导的从句中用过去完成时，主句用would have done。 If 引导的虚拟条件句中含有助动词had, should, were时，要将if省掉，将should, have或were提到主语之前。11. Dont you think it is time you _ smoking?A. give up B. gave up C. would give up D. should give up解析：答案选B。在“it is time+从句”结构中，从句要用一般过去时表示虚拟语气。四、虚拟语气1. If I had caught the last train, I _ at home now.A. would watch TV B. would have watched TVC. would be watching TV D. am watching TV2. It is important that someone searching for a job _ all the prospects. A. consider B. be considering C. considered D. will be considering3. They requested that a contract _.A. would be concluded B. be concluded C. was concluded D. conclude4. Daniel appears as though he _ the secret.A. have known B. knew C. will know D. had known5. The committee voted that all its members _ a raise next year.A. given B. are going to be given C. be given D. have been given6. Dont come tomorrow, Id rather _ next weekend.A. you will come B. you had come C. you came D. you are to come7. If you had told me in advance, I _ you at the airport.A. would meet B. would have met C. met D. had met8. We had hoped that he _ longer.A. stays B. should stay C. stayed D. would stay10. It is very time we _ what to do next.A. consider B. should consider C. will consider D. to consider 11. It is about time he _ himself a wife and settled down.A. finds B. find C. found D. had found12. It is a great pity that she _ so conceited.A. is B. was C. were D. be13. He spoke in a quite distant voice as though his thought _.A. was far away B. be far away C. were far away D. had been far away14. Youre talking to me as if I _ an expert.A. am B. was C. have been D. were 15. It is important that the hotel receptionist _ that guests are registered correctly.A. has made sure B. made sureC. must made sure D. make sure16. Sometimes I wish I _ in a different time and a different place.A. be living B. were living C. would live D. would have lived17. It is desired that he _ his plan.A. carried out B. carries out C. has carried D. carry out18. Mikes uncle insists _ in this hotel.A. staying not B. not to stay C. that he would not stay D. that he not stay19. The committee proposed that the chairman _.A. promote B. was promoted C. be promoted D. were promoted20. I must go now. David has suggested that I _.A. shall go B. would go C. will go D. go21. It is strange that he _ his own weak points.A. fails to realize B. failed to realizeC. fail to realize D. should fail to realize 22. It is necessary that we _ our papers before Friday.A. hands in B. should hand in C. will hand in D. hand in23. How I wish I _ to repair the watch! I only made it worse.A. had tried B. have tried C. didnt tried D. hadnt tried24. _ you were coming today, Id have met you at the airport.A. if I should know B. If I have known C. Did I know D. Had I known25. If he had followed the doctors advice, he _ in good health now.A. would have been B. would be C. is D. will be26. Mrs. Bliss kept the door and the windows shut lest the noise outside _ her sons sleep.A. would interfere with B. had interfered withC. interfered with D. should interfere with28. If you _ a peep hole in your door, you would have seen who was standing outside and kept the door shut.A. had B. would have C. had had D. would have had 29. He must have been ill, or he _ to the lecture then.A. would come B. would have come C. came D. had come30. “You are very selfish. Its high time you _ that you are not the most important person in the world,” Edgar said to his boss angrily.A. realized B. have realized C. had realized D. should realize31. _ no gravity, there would be no air around the earth.A. Were there B. Was there C. There were D. There be32. It is essential that these application forms _ back as early as possible.A. must be sent B. will be sent C. are sent D. be sent34. If only I _ the mathematics exam without much hard work.A. will pass B. passed C. could pass D. can pass35. He took his raincoat with him lest it _.A. may rain B. might rain C. rained D. should rain36. The law requires that everyone _ his car checked at least once a week.A. has B. had C. have D. would have37. The suggestion that the mayor _ the prizes was accepted by everyone.A. would present B. present C. presents D. presented38. It is necessary that this machine tool _ every day.A. be oiled B. oil C. is to be oiled D. is oiled39. But for the traffic jam, I _ late for the meeting.A. wouldnt be B. shouldnt be C. would be D. hadnt been40. He looks as if he _ nothing about the news.A. would know B. knew C. would have known D. should know四、虚拟语气1. If I had caught the last train, I _ at home now.A. would watch TV B. would have watched TVC. would be watching TV D. am watching TV过去时退过去完成时, 一般将来时退过去将来时, now用进行。2. It is important that someone searching for a job _ all the prospects. 可能性 A. consider B. be considering C. considered D. will be considering（should）do3. They requested that a contract 合同_.A. would be concluded B. be concluded C. was concluded D. conclude（should）be concluded 4. Daniel appears as though he _ the secret.A. have known B. knew C. will know D. had knownas though可用虚拟，但在很多情况下不用使用虚拟形式，现在时退过去时5. The committee voted that all its members _ a raise next year.A. given B. are going to be given C. be given D. have been given（should）be given 在vote 投票, 选票,表决, suggest, propose, demand, inquire, request, desire想望, 期望, insist, order, advise, agree等表示建议、要求、命令的动词后的宾语从句中。英国英语用should +原形动词，美国英语省略 “should”用原形动词6. Dont come tomorrow, Id rather宁愿_ next weekend.A. you will come B. you had come C. you came D. you are to comed rather后从句用过去时7. If you had told me in advance, I _ you at the airport.A. would meet B. would have met C. met D. had met过去时退过去完成时，过去将来时退过去将来完成时8. We had hoped that he _ longer.A. stays B. should stay C. stayed D. would stayHope可以虚拟也可不虚拟，本题主句虚拟，从句也应用虚拟。现在完成时退过去完成时, 一般将来时退过去将来时10. It is very time we _ what to do next.A. consider B. should consider C. will consider D. to consider 一般将来时退过去将来时11. It is about time he _ himself a wife and settled down.A. finds B. find C. found D. had found现在时退过去时12. It is a great pity that she _ so conceited.A. is B. was C. were D. be（should）be13. He spoke in a quite distant voice as though his thought _.A. was far away B. be far away C. were far away D. had been far awayas though可用虚拟，但在很多情况下不用使用虚拟形式，现在时退过去时,虚拟中只用were不用was。14. Youre talking to me as if I _ an expert.A. am B. was C. have been D. were 现在时退过去时,虚拟中只用were不用was。15. It is important that the hotel receptionist _ that guests are registered correctly.A. has made sure B. made sureC. must made sure D. make sure（should）do16. Sometimes I wish I _ in a different time and a different place.A. be living B. were living C. would live D. wou