常用资料汇编.doc

3.5 常用资料汇编3.5.1 单位制换算常用单位与国际单位换算。表3-18常用单位与国际单位的换算物理量名称单位名称单位符号与国际单位制的关系长度微米埃X-单位英寸英尺码英里海里(国际)英海里美海里天文单位光年秒差距密尔XeAU,UA,AE,a,e,uPc10-6m10-10m10-13m25.410-3m0.3048m0.9144m1.609310m1085210m1853.184m1853.27m1.4961011m9.46051015m3.08571016m2.5410-6m面积靶恩(靶)圆密尔平方英寸平方英尺平方码英亩公亩公顷平方公里barninftydacreahakM10-28m5.06710-10m6.451610-4m20.0959m0.8361m4047m100m104m106m体积容积毫升升立方英寸立方英尺立方码英加仑美英加仑英蒲式耳美蒲式耳英石油桶美石油桶ml. c.c.linftydlmp. galU.S.galbu10-6m10-3m1.638710-5m0.0283m0.7646m4.546110-3m3.785410-3m36.310-3m36.210-3m163.6510-3m158.98710-3m质量吨生特涅尔克拉原子质量单位工程质量单位英两(平常)英两(金、药)磅(平常)磅(金、药)英吨(长吨)美吨(短吨)格令斯拉格普特tqxamukhfs/mozozLbLbtnshtngrslug103kg102kg210-4kg1.660410-27kg9.80665kg28.349510-3kg31.103510-3kg0.4536kg0.3732kg1016.05kg907.185kg0.064810-3kg14,5939kg16.38kg时间秒分时日年sminhdy60s3600s86400s31556926s平面角秒分度周、转密位弧度rad4.84810-6rad2.9110-4rad0.0174532rad6.28318rad100密位=6001密位=36立体角球面角Sr4sr=12.56637sr线速度厘米/秒米/分公里/时英尺/分英里/时海里/时cm/sm/minkm/hft/minmile/hnmile/h0.01m/s0.01667m/s0.2778m/s0.00508m/s0.447m/s0.514m/s角速度转/分转/秒度/分度/秒r/min,rpmr/s,rpsrad/minrad/s/30rad/s=0.10472rad/s2rad/s=6.28319rad/s0.00029rad/s0.01745rad/s线加速度厘米/秒;伽英寸/秒英尺/秒码/秒cm/s;galin/sft/syd/s0.01m/s25.410-3 m/s0.3048 m/s0.9144 m/s密度克/厘米公斤/分米吨/米克/毫升公斤/升磅/英尺磅/英寸英两/英尺g/cmkg/dmt/mg/mlkg/llb./ftlb/inoz/ft1000kg/m1000 kg/m1000 kg/m1000 kg/m1000 kg/m16.0185 kg/m27680 kg/m1.00116 kg/m力达因公斤力吨力磅力英磅力磅达斯钦dynkgf,kptflbftnfpdlsn10-5N9.80665N9806.65N4.44822N9964.02N0.1383N10N力矩和转矩达因厘米克力厘米公斤力厘米磅力英尺英两英寸磅达英尺dyncmgfcmkgfcmlbfcmozinpdlft10-7Nm9.80710-5Nm9.80710-2Nm1.356Nm7.06210-3Nm0.04214Nm压力和应力帕斯卡微巴毫巴巴公斤力/毫米工程大气压标准大气压(物理大气压)毫米水柱毫米汞柱(乇)磅达/英尺磅力/英尺磅力/英寸英寸水柱英尺水柱英寸汞柱比查pabambarbarkgf/mmatatmmmH2OmmHg(Torr)pdl/ftlbf/ftlbf/inin H2Oft H2Oin Hgpz1N/m1dyn/cm(0.1N/m)100N/m105 N/m9.807106N/m98067N/m101325 N/m9.8067N/m133.32 N/m10488 N/m47.88 N/m6894.8 N/m249.1 N/m2989.07 N/m3386.39 N/m103 N/m转动惯量克厘米工程质量单位米克力厘米秒英两英寸秒gcmkgfmsgfcmsozins10-7kgm9.80665 kgm9.8066510-5kgm72.01gfcms动力粘度达因秒/厘米(泊)公斤力秒/米公斤力时/米磅力秒/英尺dyns/cm(p)kgfs/mkgfh/mlbfs/ft?9.8067Ns/m35.310 Ns/m47.88 Ns/m动运粘度厘米/秒(?)毫米/秒(厘?)米/时码/秒英尺/秒英尺/时Stcstm/hyd/sft/sft/h10-4m/s10-5m/s277.810-6m/s0.836m/s92.910-3m/s25.810-6m/s功、能和热量尔格公斤力米米制马力时英制马力时千瓦时千卡英热单位英尺磅力英尺磅达电子伏特升大气压斯坦米百度热量单位ergkgfmpahHPhkwhkcalBtuftlbfftpdleVlatmsnmchu(pcu)10-7J9.807J2.648106J2.685106J3.6106J4186.8J1055.8J1.356J0.04214J1.602110-19J101.325J103J1899.1J功率尔格/秒公斤力米/秒米制马力英制马力卡/秒千卡./时英尺磅力/秒英热单位/秒百度热量单位/秒erg/skgfm/sPSHPcal/skcal/hftlbf/sBtu/schu/s10-7W9.80665W735.5W745.7W4.1868W1.163W1.356W1055.56W1899.1W温度华氏度摄氏度兰金度R(C+273.15)K比热千卡/公斤卡/(克)尔格/(克)英热单位/(磅)百度热量单位/(磅)kcal/(kg)cal/(g)erg/(g)Btu/(lb)chu/(lb)4186.8J/(kg)4186.8J/(kg)10-4 J/(kg)4186.8 J/(kg)4186.8 J/(kg)传热系数千卡/(米时)卡/(厘米秒)焦耳/(厘米秒)英热单位/(英尺时)kcal/(mh)cal/(cms)J/(cms)Btu/(fth)1.1630W/(m)41868 W/(m)104 W/(m)5.68 W/(m)热导率千卡/(米时)卡/(厘米秒)焦耳/(厘米秒)英热单位/(英尺时)kcal/(mh)cal/(cms)J/(cms)Btu/(fth)1.16W/(m)418.68 W/(m)100 W/(m)1.73 W/(m)电磁量伏特秒伏特时伏特/厘米安培时麦克斯韦高斯吉伯奥斯特奥姆(磁阻)马格VsVhV/cmAhMxGGbOe1Wb3600Wb100V/m3600C10-8Wb10-4Wb/m=10-4T(10/4)A(103/4)A/m(109/4)A/Wb1Hm 常用线规号对照表3-19 中国线径与英、美、德线规对照表中国线规英SWG美AWG德DIN*线径(mm)实际截面(mm2)标准截面(mm2)线号线径(mm)线号线径(mm)线径(mm)11.210.009.008.007.106.305.605.004.504.003.553.152.802.502.242.001.801.601.4000.900.800.710.630.560.500.450.400.3550.3150.280.250.260.140.1250.1120.1000.0998.5278.5463.6250.2739.5931.1724.6319.6415.9012.579.8987.7936.15413.1422.5452.0111.5391.2270.9850.78540.63620.50270.39590.31170.24630.19640.15900.12570.09900.07790.061580.049090.039410.031420.025450.020110.015390.012280.0098490.0078540.006362100.0080.0063.0050.0040.0031.5025.0020.0016.0012.5010.008.006.305.004.003.152.502.001.601.251.000.800.630.500.400.3150.250250.1000.080.0630.0500.0400.0320.0250.0200.0160.0120.0100.0080.00637/06/05/04/03/02/001234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424312.7011.78510.97310.1609.4498.8398.2307.6207.0106.4015.8935.3854.8774.4704.0643.6583.2512.9462.6422.3372.0321.8291.62691.4221.2191.0160.9140.8130.7110.6100.5590.5080.4570.41660.37590.34540.35100.29460.27430.25400.23370.21340.19300.17270.15240.13210.12190.11180.10160.0914/03/02/001234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394011.68410.4049.2668.2537.3486.5445.8275.1894.6204.1153.6653.2642.9062.5882.3052.0531.8291.6281.4501.2911.1501.0240.9120.8120.7230.6440.5730.5110.4550.4050.3610.3210.2860.2550.2270.2020.1800.1600.1430.1270.1130.1010.0900.08012.5011.2010.009.008.007.106.305.605.004.504.003.553.152.802.502.242.001.801.601.4000.900.800.710.630.560.500.450.400.360.320.2000*DIN177-19.3 表面粗糙度与光洁度对照表3-20 表面粗糙度Ra、Rz参数值与表面光洁度等级对照表GB1031-68表面光洁度级别及代号轮廓算朮平均偏差Ra(m)轮廓微观不平度+点高度Rz(m)GB1031-68GB1031-83GB1031-68GB1031-83第一系列第二系列第一系列第二系列140801005080631603204002003202502204050254032801602001001601263102025.012.520164080100508063451012.56.310820405025403252.556.33.254102025.012.520166.31012.56.310870.61.251.003.280.320.630.501.690.160.31.60.8100.00.1600.10.4110.040.080.10.050.0800.060.2120.020.040.0500.0250.0400.030.1130.010.020.0250.0120.0200.0160.05140.010.0120.0100.0080.050.0500.0 硬度对照表3-21 硬度对照表(1)洛氏硬度(HR)金刚石锥体负荷kg HRC150 HRA60布氏硬度(HB)维氏硬度(HV)邵氏硬度(HS)钢的抗拉强度kg/2压痕直径()钢球10钢球0.53000kg1000kg500kg750kg250kg187.5kg-72696765636159585654525149484745444341403938373635343331302928272625-898785848382818079787776767574737372717170696968686767666665656464632.002.002.252.302.352.402.452.502.552.602.652.702.752.802.852.902.953.003.003.253.303.353.403.453.503.553.603.653.703.753.803.859468988758177827447136836526276005785555325124954774604444304184023873753643513403323213113022932862772692622552483162982862732612482382272182092001931851781711661591531481441401341291251211171141111071041019895929088858315815014313613012411911410910510096938986838077747370676563615957555452504948464544434122921720719618717817016215614914313713112612111611110710399.196.592.088.785.582.479.576.874.171.669.166.8-76.372.468.865.562.459.556.854.251.949.647.545.543.641.840.238.637.135.734.333.031.830.629.628.527.526.525.624.723.923.022.3-57.354.351.649.346.844.542.640.839.036.335.734.232.731.530.329.127.926.825.824.924.022.922.121.420.719.919.218.518.017.216.8-122011141021940867803746694649606587551534502474460435423401390380361344335320312305291285278272261255250-1071009692888581787572706866646159575553525049474645444241403938373635-230222208196184178168163158/1491451411341311271241211181151121081031009794928887表3-21 硬度对照表(2)洛氏硬度(HR)布氏硬度(HB)维氏硬度(HV)邵氏硬度(HS)钢的抗拉强度kg/cm2钢球1150.8mm负荷100kgHKB金钢石锥体负荷kg压痕直径(mm)钢球10HRC150HRA603000kg1000kg500kg10099989797969594939291898887868584838281807978777574737271706867656463616058575655535124232221201918-6362626161606059585857565655-3.903.954.004.004.254.304.354.404.454.504.554.604.654.704.754.804.854.954.955.005.005.255.305.355.405.455.505.555.605.655.705.755.805.855.905.9560.0242235228223217212207202196192187183179174170166163159156153149146143140137134131128126124121118116114112109107105103101999795817876757371696765646361605857565453525150494847464544434241403938.538373635.5353433.53332.53240393837363534.533.532.532.031.230.429.729.128.427.827.226.525.925.424.924.423.823.322.822.321.821.521.020.620.119.719.319.018.618.217.817.517.216.916.616.215.92402352262212172132092011971901861831771741701661631591561531491461431401371341311281261241211181161141121091071051031019997953534333332313030292928282727262625252424232322212119191919191919191818181818181717171783817876747270696765636261605857565453525150.550484746.5464544434241.5414039-注: (1)各种硬度下的钢的抗拉强度为近似值,仅供参考. (2)布氏硬度(HB)习惯上均以钢球10,负荷3000kg下测定的数值表示. 电磁学中常用关系式表3-22 电磁学中常用关系式的无理化和有理化形式对照表关系式名称关系式无理制有理制库仑定律电埸强度定义点电荷电埸强度电感应强度定义奥斯特洛格拉斯基-高斯定律平板电容器内电埸强度电位定义点电荷埸的电位功与电位差之间的关系电埸强度与电位之间的关系DP之间的关系电容定义平板电容器电容带电系统的能量电埸的能量体密度电流强度的定义奥姆定律平行直导线间的相互作用力毕奥-沙伐-拉普接斯定律安培环路定律法拉第电磁感应定律自感应电动势磁埸的能量体密度之间的关系磁动势定义麦克斯韦方程麦克斯韦方程麦克斯韦方程麦克斯韦方程球体电容平板电容极间作用力平板电容器储能螺管线圈中心磁埸强度无分支磁路的磁通量螺管线圈自感系数坡印亭向量D=EE=4/U=q/rAab=q(Ua-Ub)I=q/tdB=Idlsin(dl,r)/rEm=4niC=rW=SU/8dH=4nIL=4nVE=F/qF=q/4rD=EU=q/4rAab=q(Ua-Ub)I=q/tdB=Idlsin(dl,r)/4rEm=NIC=4rW=SU/2dH=nIL=nV 真空介电常数和磁导率表3-23 空介电常数和磁导率在电磁学各单位制中的对照表名称CGS 0CGS 0CGSMKSA无理制真空介电常数11.1110-21(电磁单位)11.1110-10F/m真空磁导率1.1110-21(静电单位)1110-7 F/m有理制真空介电常数7.9610-28.8510-23(电磁单位)7.9610-28.8510-12 F/m真空磁导率1.410-20(静电单位)12.612.61.2610-5 H/m 热力学单位表3-24 各单位制中热力学单位对照表物理量符号定义公式量纲单位名称及符号SIMKS制CGS制热力学温度摄氏温度热量焓热容熵比热容比熵热流传热系数热导率,导热系数热扩散率导温系数温度梯度线胀系数体胀系数T(t,)QHCScska,(a)a,()H=U+Pvc=C/ma=/ct/la=dl/ldT=dV/VdTLMT-2LT-2-1LMT-3MT-3-1LMT-3-1LT-1L-1-1开尔文K开尔文K摄氏度焦耳J(焦耳J)焦耳/开尔文J/K焦耳/开尔文J/K焦尔/(公斤.开尔文)J/(kgK)瓦特W瓦/(米开尔文)W/(mK)瓦/(米开尔文)W/(mK)米/秒(m/s)开尔文/米(K/m)1/开尔文(1/K)摄氏度()千卡(kcal)千卡/公斤)kcal/kg千卡/度kcal/千卡/度kcal/千卡/(公斤.度)kcal/(kg)千卡/(公斤.度)kcal/(kg)千卡/秒kcal/s千卡/(米秒度)kcal/(ms)千卡/(米秒度)kcal/(ms)米/秒(m/s)度/米(/m)1/度(1/)摄氏度()卡(cal)卡/克(cal/g)尔格/度(erg/)卡/度(ca/)卡/度(ca/)尔格/(克度)erg/卡/(克度)cal/(g)卡/(克度)cal/(g)尔格/秒(erg/s)卡/秒(cal/s)尔格/(厘米秒度)erg/(cms)卡/(厘米秒度) cal/(cms)尔格/(厘米秒度)erg/(cms)卡/(厘米秒度) cal/(cms)厘米/秒(cm/s)度/厘米(/cm)1/度(1/) 注:表中MKS制各单位,也适用于MKfS制,但MKfS制中公斤力(kgf)应与MKS制中的质量单位公斤kg一致(即在标准重力加速度的地方或一般应用时,重量1公斤力物体有1公斤质量,不另换算)。 力学单位表3-25 各单位制中力学单位对照表物理量符号定义公式量纲及各制的单位和符号MKfS制量纲SI,MKS制CGS制量纲单位和符号长度lL米m厘米cmL米m质量mM千克(公斤)kg克gL-1FT(工程质量单位)公斤力秒/米kgfg/m时间t,()T秒s秒sT秒s平面角,弧度rad弧度rad弧度rad立体角,()球面度sr球面度sr球面度sr面积A,SA=bL米m厘米cmL米m体积VV=bhL米m厘米cmL米m速度,wu=ds/dtLT-1米/秒m/s厘米/秒cm/sLT-1米/秒m/s角速度=d/dtT-1弧度/秒rad/s弧度/秒rad/sT-1弧度/秒rad/s加速度aa=d/dtLT-2米/秒m/s厘米/秒cm/sLT-2米/秒m/s角加速度a,()a=d/dtT-2弧度/秒rad/s弧度/秒rad/sT-2弧度/秒rad/s频率,ff=1/tT-1赫兹Hz赫兹HzT-1赫兹Hz密度pp=m/VL-3M公斤/米kg/m克/厘米g/cmL-4FT公斤力秒/米4kgfs/m4力F,(f)F=maLMT-2牛顿=公斤米/秒N=kgm/s克厘米/秒=达因gcm/s=dynF公斤力kgf重量G,(P,W)G=mgLMT-2克厘米/秒gcm/sF公斤力kgf重度=G/VL-2MT-2牛顿/米N/m克/(秒厘米)g/(scm)FL-3公斤力/米kgf/m冲量II=PtLMT-1牛顿秒Ns克厘米/秒gcm/sFT公斤力秒kgfs动量pp=mLMT-1公斤米/秒kgm/s克厘米/秒gcm/sFT公斤力秒kgfs转动惯量I,(J)I=mrdmLM公斤米kgm克厘米gcmLFT-2公斤力米秒kgfms力矩MM=FlLMT-2牛顿米Nm达因厘米dyncmLF公斤力米kgfm转矩TT=FlLMT-2牛顿米Nm达因厘米dyncmLF公斤力米kgfm压力(压强),应力pp=F/AL-1MT-2牛顿/米=帕斯卡N/m=Pa达因/厘米dyn/cmL-2F公斤力/米kgf/m(动力粘度),()L-1MT-1帕秒Pas达因秒/厘米=泊dyns/cm=PL-2F公斤力秒/米kgfs/m功W,(A)W=FlL2T-1米/秒m/s厘米/秒=斯托克斯cm/s=StL2T-1米/秒m/s功率p,(N)p=W/tL2MT-2焦耳J达因厘米=尔格dyncm=ergLF公斤力米kgfm注:1.在MKfS制中,工程质量单位是从公式m=G/gn导出的。1工程质量单位=1kgfs/m=9.80665公斤(质量); 2.在力学方面,SI与MKS制是一致的。 电磁学单位表3-26 各单位制中电磁学单位对照表物理量符号定义公式SI,MKSA制习用单位备注量纲单位符号名称符号电流II安培(安)A频率,ff=1/tT-1赫兹(赫)Hz力F,(f)F=maLMT-2牛顿N功W,(A)W=FlLMT-2焦耳J功率P,(N)P=W/tLMT-3瓦特(瓦)W有功功率PP=UIcosLMT-3瓦特(瓦)W无功功率Q,(Pq)Q=UIsinLMT-3乏var表观功率S,(Ps)S=UILMT-3伏安VA电量,电荷QQ=ItTI库仑(库)CC电通量,(s)=QTI库仑(库)C电位移(电通密度)DD=Q/SL-2TI库/米C/m电动势EE(或U)=P/ILMT-3I-1伏特(伏)V电势差(电位差)电压U,(V)电埸强度EE=U/LMT-3I-1伏/米V/m电阻R,rR=U/ILMT-3I-2奥姆(欧)ohm欧毫米/米mm/m电阻率=RS/LMT-3I-2欧米m欧厘米cm电导GG=I/RL-M-1TI西门子(西)S姆mho电导率=G/L-3M-1TI西/米S/m姆/厘米/cm电容CC=Q/UL-M-1T4I法拉(法)F电容率(介电常数)=D/ELM-1T4I法/米F/m真空电容率(真空介电常数)00=1/(c0)0=8.85410-12F/mL-3M-1T4I法/米F/mc为真空中电磁波传播系数,等于2.9779108m/s磁通