清末年间直到今天的一百多年时间,是中国金鱼发展的又一个.doc

清末年间直到今天的一百多年时间，是中国金鱼发展的又一个里程碑。Qing hundred years, until today, many years, is another milestone in the development of goldfish.清末人们已经知道进行有意识的人工选种，育种，当时人们还无法解释金鱼的变异现象，以为是金鱼在鱼池中与其他物种如虾，螃蟹，蝌蚪等杂交而成的变异。此时的金鱼已经有了龙睛(moor)，虎头(lionhead)，望天(elestial-eye)，绒球(pompons)，珍珠等品种pearlscale，鳞片也有了普通与透明的区分。Qing people already know a conscious artificial selection, breeding, when people still can not explain the phenomenon of variation of goldfish that are goldfish in the pond with other species such as shrimp, crabs, tadpoles and other hybrid variations made. At this time already have dragon eye goldfish (moor), Steller (lionhead), heaven (elestial-eye), flocculus (pompons), pearls and other varieties pearlscale, scales also have the distinction between ordinary and transparent.从清末到抗日战争前的30余年间，由于遗传学的发展，人们不仅采取种种杂交方法，使金鱼产生新的变异，同时对变异的发生来由、形成原因、遗传性等均作了详细而系统的研究。到1925年，又增加出10余个新品种金鱼。据许和编著的金鱼丛谈一书中记载，1935年时仅上海就有各类金鱼70余种。其中新添的有龙睛球、珍珠龙睛、龙睛水泡眼、朱砂眼、银蛋、蓝蛋球、背蛋球、蛋种翻鳃等品种。同时，对于各种品种的优劣鉴别，也更加细致，这对于优良品种的培育起了很大的作用。From the late Qing Dynasty to the Sino-Japanese War 30 years ago, due to the development of genetics, people not only take all the hybridization, so that goldfish produce a new mutation, while on the reason behind the occurrence of variation, the reasons, made a detailed genetic keypoint system. To 1925, increased from more than 10 new varieties of goldfish. According to Xu and edited the goldfish Cong Tan, a book written in 1935 when Shanghai will have only 70 kinds of various types of goldfish. Updates to the eye in which a dragon ball, pearl dragon eyes, dragon eyes Bubble Eye, cinnabar eyes, silver egg, blue egg balls, egg balls back, egg kind of turned gill and other varieties. Meanwhile, the pros and cons for various species identification, and more detailed, this fine species for cultivation played an important role.在整个20世纪，人们得以用科学的眼光来看待金鱼的演化与培育。这一时期，人们不但自觉地依据遗传学理论，采用杂交的方式来得到自己理想的金鱼，更涌现了一大批学者，对金鱼的养殖历史，演化过程，遗传特性等做了系统的研究。Throughout the 20th century, people can look upon with scientific evolution and cultivation of goldfish. During this period, people are not consciously based on genetic theory using the hybrid ideal way to get their goldfish, but emerged a large number of scholars on the history of goldfish breeding, evolution and genetic characteristics of the system to do.金鱼游历(Goldfish travel)日本的金鱼(Japans Goldfish)中国是金鱼的故乡,日本作为一衣带水的邻国，与中国有着悠久的文化交流历史。据日本水产专家松井佳一所著金鱼大鉴中考证：公元649765年间，中日两国使者往来频繁，日本遣唐使亲眼看到过中国饲养金鱼的情景，中国金鱼自日本德川时代，即17世纪初叶前后分多次传入日本。China is the hometown of goldfish, a narrow strip of water in neighboring Japan, and China has a long cultural history. According to Matsui, the Japanese Fisheries experts a good book Goldfish Great Kam in research: AD 649-765 years, frequent exchanges between Chinese and Japanese envoys, dispatched by the Japanese over the Chinese Tang Dynasty witnessed the scene of keeping goldfish, goldfish from China, Tokugawa Japan , that is, the early 17th century brought to Japan many times before and after the points.此后日本曾多次从中国引入金鱼品种，并派人前往中国学习金鱼养殖技术。日本金鱼经过数百年发展，在新的环境和饲养管理条件下，经过日本养鱼者的长期努力，培育出有别于中国风格的琉金、地金、东锦、南京、兰畴等许多品种，形成别具一格的日本金鱼。金鱼在日本深受人民喜爱，也造就很多金鱼名家， 1846年曾出版了日本最早的金鱼专著金鱼养玩草。时至今日，日本和中国一样，已成为世界上主要养殖金鱼的国家。Since then, Japan has introduced many varieties of goldfish from China, and sent to China to study goldfish breeding techniques. Japanese goldfish After several years development, in the new environment and feeding and management conditions, after the Japanese fishs long-term efforts to cultivate Chinese style of sulfur is different from gold, to gold, Dong Jin, Nanjing, Ranchu, and many other species, unique form of Japanese goldfish. Goldfish profound popular in Japan, but also create a lot of goldfish masters, who in 1846 published a monograph on Japans first gold fish goldfish keep playing grass. Today, Japan and China, has become the worlds major breeding goldfish country.长久以来，受地理位置、语言障碍的影响，以往中日两国的金鱼交流活动，多见于金鱼品种引入交流，而中国对日本的金鱼养殖情况则知之甚少。日本金鱼业已经过数百年的发展，形成一套独到的养殖形式及甄选体系，金鱼已成为仅次于锦鲤的第二大观赏鱼系。因此十分有必要对日本金鱼养殖近距离接触、考察.For a long time, by geographical location, language barriers of the past in exchange activities between China and Japan goldfish, goldfish varieties common in the introduction of exchange, while China is Japans goldfish breeding situation is poorly understood. Japanese goldfish have taken several hundred years of development, the formation of a unique form of culture and selection system, second only to carp goldfish has become the second largest ornamental fish department. So is the need for close contact with the Japanese goldfish breeding, study.日本的金鱼品种不似中国那么多种多样，但却十分专注。兰畴是日本金鱼最具代表性的品种。有许多金鱼爱好者就是因为喜爱兰畴而开始关注金鱼的。兰畴属于蛋种金鱼，无背鳍。拥有发达头瘤、鲜艳的色彩、粗壮的身形和雄健的游姿。日本对于兰畴的鉴赏已有百年以上的历史，形成一套完整的品评体系，或许是缘由日本民族严谨的个性，用以品评的规则几乎到了无可附加的程度，能培育出一尾完美的兰畴是培育者一生的追求。Japanese varieties of goldfish do not like China is so diverse, but very focused. Ranchu Goldfish is the most representative species in Japan. There are many goldfish lovers because love began to focus Ranchu goldfish. Ranchu goldfish are egg species, no dorsal fin. Has developed the first tumor, bright colors, sturdy physique and vigorous in the travel position. Japan Ranchu appreciation for more than a hundred years of history have formed a complete set of tasting system, perhaps the reason the Japanese nation rigorous personality, to judge the rules almost to no additional degree will produce graduates with a perfect Ranchu is a lifelong pursuit of breeders.兰畴金鱼(Ranchu)在日本被誉为金鱼之王，从业者及爱好者有着较高的修养，日本由民间组成的兰畴爱好会数以百计，每年都有数次地方乃至全国性的兰畴鉴赏会举办。其中，每年11月举行的全日本兰畴品评大会最为著名，今年已是第52届了，日本金鱼爱好者的专注与毅力由此可见一斑。今年的品评大会于11月3日（平成19年，2007年）在东京日比谷公园举行，这个季节正是当年金鱼的出货时间，来自日本各地的竞选者携带着爱鱼参赛，既是展示实力的赛场，又是学习交流的场所。因此吸引了数以万计的金鱼爱好者的光临。Ranchu Goldfish (Ranchu) in Japan, known as King of goldfish, practitioners and enthusiasts have a higher cultivation, Japan Ranchu by private interest will be composed of hundreds each year, several local and even national The Ranchu Appreciation will be held. Which, in November each year at the All Japan Ranchu most famous tasting General Assembly this year is the 52nd, and the Japanese goldfish enthusiasts focus and determination is evident. This years tasting General Assembly on November 3 (Heisei 19 years, 2007) in Tokyo, Hibiya Park, this season is the time of the year shipments of goldfish, candidates from all over Japan to bring love fish competition, is a show of strength The arena, communication is the place to learn. Therefore, to attract tens of thousands of goldfish lovers to visit.金鱼与嘉兴最早的人工养殖金鱼(Goldfish and Jiaxing - the first artificial breeding goldfish)金鱼原产地在嘉兴Goldfish origin in Jiaxing金鱼是一种非常美丽、令人喜爱的观赏鱼种，据考证，我国发现和饲养金鱼的最早记录在嘉兴，它的原产地在嘉兴古城。Goldfish is a very beautiful and lovely ornamental fish, according to research, discovery and the earliest record of keeping goldfish in Jiaxing, Jiaxing its origin in the ancient city.金鱼，嘉兴人最初叫为金鲫鱼，本是野生鲫鱼的变种。相传在五代后期至北宋初年，嘉兴一带出现金红色的鲫鱼，信佛者买后放回河荡，谓放生，嘉兴南湖边原有放生桥，以放生作桥名，可见放生为当时习俗。后这种放归在大自然的做法改为放养池塘，于是生意人把金鲫鱼放入茶肆酒楼边的池中，招来顾客观赏。宋初开宝年间（968975），吴越国秀州刺史丁延赞在嘉兴城西北一个池子发现金鲫鱼，该地也就被称为金鱼池，后建为金鱼院，为一方名胜。据此，月波楼下金鱼池的位置应在小西门，现育子弄花鸟市场一带，自宋至清初这里应是嘉兴人观赏金鱼的地方。北宋时，已有许多名人为金鱼池等名胜作诗吟咏，据各家诗意，当时嘉兴已养金鱼。Goldfish, who originally called for the payment of Jiaxing carp, this is a variant of the wild carp. According to legend, late in the Five Dynasties to the Northern Song dynasty, the Jiaxing area appears red and gold carp, a Buddhist who bought back into the river after the swing, that release, jiaxin nanhu lake bridge the original release to release as the bridge name, see release for the then customary. This set free after the change in the nature of the practice of stocking the pond, so businessmen put money into the Chasi carp pool side restaurant, attracting customers watch. Kaibao Song period (968-975), Temple in Sau Yan Chan Ding prefectural governor in Jiaxing City, northwest of a cash carp pond, the place also known as the goldfish pond, goldfish after the construction of the hospital, the one spot. Accordingly, gold fish pond downstairs on the location of wave should be small, Simon, son get flowers are sterile market area, from the Song to Qing beginning here should be the people watching goldfish Jiaxing place. Northern Song Dynasty, there are many famous attractions such as the goldfish pond reciting poetry, according to various poetic, then Jiaxing has goldfish.苏东坡在杭时作诗中有表达喜爱金鱼的诗句，过去曾认为是金鱼见于记录之始，其实嘉兴始见金鱼的记录在北宋初，比苏诗所记约早一百年，为我国最早。Su Hang Time in the expression of poetry in verses like goldfish, goldfish seen in the past that is recorded at the beginning, in fact, see the goldfish in Jiaxing records began in the early Northern Song Dynasty, Su Shi is written about more than one hundred years earlier, as the earliest.金鱼现品种纷繁，已遍布全国乃至海外，成为商品观赏鱼，历代名人题咏和民间传说很多，但很少有人了解金鱼发现的历史，知道金鱼原产地在嘉兴南湖区。建议开展对金鱼的研究，在金鱼原产地育子弄花鸟市场一带地块开发时，可考虑金鱼池重建，同时进行金鱼原产地的品牌申报和保护。Numerous varieties of goldfish have been all over the country and even overseas, become a commodity ornamental fish, ancient folklore, many celebrities and the Ode, but few know the history of goldfish was found, that goldfish in jiaxin nanhu district of origin. Proposed to carry out research on goldfish in goldfish origin Ikuko get around the block development when the bird market, consider gold fish pond reconstruction, at the same time goldfish brand origin declaration and protection.金鱼与杭州(Goldfish and Hangzhou)杭州是我国金鱼的发源地之一。据记载最早放养金鱼的是浙江嘉兴的南湖，尔后，杭州六和塔开化寺、南屏山下兴教寺的水池内都有金鱼放生。而金鱼人工养殖的起源于南宋时期的杭州，宋高宗兴建养鱼池，广集各地金鱼以供观赏，这就是宫廷金鱼，后流传到上海、镇江、北京、天津等地。到了明朝金鱼已达兴盛时期，1502年明神宗时期，我国金鱼开始出口到日本，十七世纪输入葡萄牙，十八世纪中叶传入美国， 以后在日本形成了第一代蓝寿，在印度培育出第一代金黄色珍珠鳞，金鱼已成为举世闻名的观赏鱼类。Hangzhou is the birthplace of one of our goldfish. It is recorded that the first stocking goldfish is the South Lake in Jiaxing, Zhejiang, later, to open Temple Pagoda of Six Harmonies, Hangzhou, Nanping Yamashita Xingjiao Temple has a goldfish pond in release. The origins of artificial breeding goldfish in the Southern Song Dynasty in Hangzhou, Gaozong build fish ponds, gather around for ornamental goldfish, and this is the palace of goldfish, after the spread to Shanghai, Zhenjiang, Beijing and Tianjin. In the Ming dynasty reached goldfish prosperous period in 1502 during the Ming emperor Shen-tsung, China began to export to Japan goldfish, enter the seventeenth century Portugal, the mid-eighteenth century into the U.S., after the formation of the first generation in Japan, blue life, cultivated in India, the first golden yellow pearl scale generation, goldfish, ornamental fish has become world famous.最早杭州人养金鱼用的是池，后来逐步过度到用木盆、瓦盆、摊缸、面缸、黄沙缸、荷花缸等，经过培育变异的金鱼观赏性得到了加强，现代又发展到用水泥池、玻璃缸、水族箱等，养殖技术、模式都有了很大改变。解放后，特别是60、70年代，杭州金鱼经园林工人的培育，品种迅速增加，除了望天眼（Celetrial-eye)、龙睛(Moor)、珍珠(Pearlscale)、水泡眼(bubble-eye)、鹅头红(Goosehead)、翻鳃(Curled opercula)、绒球(pompons)、红头(Red Head)、狮子头(Tigerhead)等，还培育出了如“玛瑙眼”、“鹤顶红”、“王字虎头”、“墨龙睛”等金鱼珍品。 80年代起杭州金鱼转入以生产经营为主，金鱼事业养殖、观赏、经营、出口蒸蒸日上，品种多达180多种，达到了杭州金鱼发展的鼎盛时期，在一定程度上成了国内的金鱼品种、种苗基地。悠久的历史、丰富的金鱼文化和高超的养殖技术，奠定了杭州在中国金鱼发展史上地位中国二大金鱼流派之一。Hangzhou who first used the goldfish pond, then gradually over the use of tubs, Wapen, share tank, side tanks, sand tanks, lotus-cylinder and so on, through the cultivation of ornamental goldfish mutations have been strengthened, modern and developed to with a cement pond, aquarium, aquarium, etc., farming techniques, modes of great change. After the liberation, especially in 60,70 years, Hangzhou garden workers through the cultivation of goldfish varieties increased rapidly, in addition to heaven eye (Celetrial-eye), dragon eye (Moor), Pearl (Pearlscale), Bubble Eye (bubble-eye), goose red (Goosehead), turn gill (Curled opercula), flocculus (pompons), red-headed (Red Head), lion head (Tigerhead), etc., but also nurtured, such as agate eyes, He Dinghong Wang word tigers head , Molong eyes and other treasures goldfish. 80 goldfish from Hangzhou to production and operation into the main cause of goldfish - cultivation, recreation, business, exports booming, up more than 180 kinds of species, reached its peak development in Hangzhou goldfish, to a certain extent, become a sort of goldfish varieties, seed base. Long history, rich culture and superb goldfish breeding techniques, laid the history of the development of Hangzhou in China, the status of goldfish - one of Chinas second largest school of goldfish.说起庆春路六咳巷口 “乌龟老头”、鼓楼“大狮子巷”，老杭州都知道，那一个是挑着金鱼担、摆着金鱼摊的老头，还有一个是杭州养金鱼集中的场所，伴随着他们度过了那难忘的时光。还有岳王路的花鸟市场、西湖“玉泉观鱼”、“花港观鱼”等风景点，池养、盆养的各式金鱼，都给来杭州的访客留下深刻的印象。杭州金鱼与龙井茶、杭州丝绸、杭白菊、杭州刺绣、西湖绸伞、西湖藕粉、西湖莼菜等一起作为杭州传统名产、工艺品或土特产的代表向中外游客展示着她自身的魅力。而且金鱼也很多次成为杭州的象征，2002年西博会的吉祥物就是一条可爱的金鱼。杭州金鱼文化源远流长，金鱼与杭州已融为一体。Speaking of cough alley Qingchun Road 6, turtle old man, Drum Great Lion Lane, the old Hangzhou know, that one is worried lug goldfish, goldfish share them the old man, there is a concentration of Hangzhou goldfish place, along with that they spent a memorable time. There yuewang Flower Market Road, West Lake Yuquan Story, Huagangguanyu and other scenic spots, pond, basin to support the kinds of goldfish, gave visitors to Hangzhou impressed. Goldfish with Longjing tea in Hangzhou, Hangzhou silk, Chrysanthemum, Hangzhou Embroidery, West Lake silk umbrellas, West Lake Lotus Root Powder, Hangzhou West Lake water shield, as with traditional famous dishes, crafts or souvenirs of foreign visitors to the show on behalf of her own charm. And goldfish are also many times as the symbol of Hangzhou, West Lake Expo 2002, the mascot is a cute goldfish. Goldfish culture has a long history of Hangzhou, Hangzhou has been integrated with the goldfish.金鱼与北京(Goldfish and Beijing)北京饲养金鱼有年头了，据说早在元代京城的太液池等处饲养金鱼，还在崇文门外、天坛北面，有一处京南低洼之处建立了金鱼池。到了明代时京城养金鱼之风为最盛，到清代时这里有了上百个养鱼池，随之也形成了专门饲养金鱼的行业。他们将最好的品种进贡于朝廷，余下的金鱼就上市叫卖，成为那时王公、贵族、大小官员、商贾以及平民百姓在自家庭院中不可缺少的摆设，无论是大宅院及普通小院落里都有鱼缸陈设，养金鱼在京城中蔚然成风。旧时饲养金鱼成为北京一景，以至于京城大街小巷都有挑着俩大木盆的小贩满世界吆喝：“大小噢金鱼来喽！” Beijing keeping goldfish very old, is said to be too early in the Yuan Dynasty capital of the liquid feeding goldfish pond, etc., also Chongwen outside the Temple of the north, there is a low-lying between the South Beijing established a gold fish pond. To the Ming Dynasty capital of goldfish when the wind as the height, to the Qing Dynasty has been here hundreds of fish ponds, and with it the formation of a special feeding goldfish in the industry. They will be the best tribute varieties in the court, remaining on the market selling goldfish, as when kings, nobles, the size of government officials, merchants and ordinary people indispensable in their own garden furnishings, large houses and small courtyards general have fish tank display, goldfish become common practice in the capital of. Old feeding goldfish into a scene Beijing, so that the capital has a lug both Tai tubs streets of hawkers all over the world cry out: Oh, the size of goldfish to another!崇文门外的金鱼池便产生了许多专门从事繁殖金鱼的专业户，在民国时期这里还曾出现过大的鱼庄。 Chongwen gold fish pond outside it generated a lot of specialized households specializing in breeding goldfish, here in the Republic of China also exhibited large Yuzhuang.金鱼成了北京的特产，这些专业饲养繁殖金鱼的人员，他们利用鲫鱼或鲤鱼通过人工培育的方法，使其改变原来的形态，使鱼尾鳍发生变化，变大或分岔，眼睛变得突出、翻眼、或水泡眼，体型也由扁长变为圆形，鱼身的颜色也从金黄色发展成各种人们所希望的颜色。自然环境中没有这些品种，所以培养繁育出这些金鱼特别难伺候，并不易传宗接代。 Beijing has become a specialty of goldfish, goldfish breeding, these professionals, who use carp or carp cultivation by artificial means, to change the original form, so that changes in the fish caudal fin, larger, or bifurcation, the eyes become prominent , turned eyes, or blisters eyes, and also by compressed into a circular, fish body color from golden yellow variety of people into the desired color. The natural environment without these species, so development of the breeding of these special Nansi Hou goldfish, is not easy to continue the family line京城的百姓们称这种为“龙睛鱼”。龙睛鱼是金鱼池一带专业养殖户们所培养的，体长有一尺左右，眼睛大多凸起，所以称为“龙睛鱼”。其颜色有红色、金黄色，也有黑色、蓝色、白色、黄白色和带有各种花斑的。红色龙睛鱼全身皆红，十分耀眼，特别招人喜爱，也有红、白均有的杂色鱼，也有全身整条皆为黑色的被称为墨花睛鱼，它全身漆黑，受到人们的青睐。其它还有蓝色、紫色的龙睛鱼，这些都是十分名贵的品种。其它还有叫望天、虎头、绒球、水泡眼等品种，这些也较为稀有，也有一些体型短粗的龙睛鱼，体态像个圆球，因其体态像鸭蛋，人们叫它蛋鱼。 Beijings people have called this the Dragon-eye fish. Dragon-eye fish gold fish pond area farmers who have professional training, about a foot in length, most eyes bulge, so called Dragon-eye fish. The colors red, yellow, and black, blue, white, yellow white and with a variety of piebald. Red Dragon-eye fish body are red, very bright, in particular, the darling, there are red and white are the variegated fish, but also the whole body are all black ink flower known as the eyes of fish, it entirely black, by the people favor. Others are blue, purple eye dragon fish, which are very valuable species. Other well known to heaven and Steller, pompons, bubble eyes and other varieties, these are relatively rare, there are some short and thick body dragon eyes of fish, body like a ball, its body like a duck, people called it the fish eggs .一般沿街或在胡同里叫卖的小贩们所叫卖的金鱼，体型较小，和鲫鱼鲤鱼体型上差别不是很大，也有尾鳍开始分岔的，但体型都较小，颜色以红色为主，也有红、墨、花白等品种。这些鱼身长不过几寸，售价很便宜，也好饲养、皮实。这种鱼一般都是郊区农民饲养的。一般人家买上几条放在鱼缸里作为摆设或给小孩子玩。也有住户把鱼养在水缸里，被喻为“年年有余”。Generally along the street or in the alley selling by hawkers selling their goldfish, smaller, and crucian carp the size difference is not great, but also branched caudal fin beginning, but the size is smaller, color mainly in red, but also Red, ink, gray and other varieties. Few inches in length, but these fish, priced very cheap, beating feeding, rugged. The fish are usually kept in suburban farmers. People generally buy a few on the fish tank as a decoration or for children to play. There are residents to fish kept in a vat, known as the annual surplus.名贵的金鱼是十分娇贵难养的。京城大的公园如中山公园、北海公园、文化宫后河，都曾有专门的鱼把式伺候它，每天要晒水、换水、打捞鱼虫等活计。养鱼的水要在阳光下暴晒三四天才能用，喂养时要按鱼的大小来喂食。每年金鱼产卵季节，还要在鱼缸中放一种水草或棕，以便金鱼产卵在草上，小鱼孵化后还要按类分盆，以免串种和大鱼误食小鱼。 The goldfish is a very delicate precious hard for a pet. Capital large parks such as Zhongshan Park, Beihai Park, the Cultural Palace after the river, the fish have a special skill wait on it, drying the water each day, changing the water, fishing, fish and