新版牛津8A 各章知识点概要.doc

CHAPTER 1 数量表达法a. a lot of/a little/not much/no; how much; too much/too little + 不可数名词b. a lot of/many/a few/not many/no; how many; too many/too few + 可数名词复数。注意：1. much通常用于否定句中。与not连用。 There is not much water. 2. enough或者not enough 后可接不可数名词或者可数名词复数. 3. 上述词均可用作代词。 -How much rice is there? -There is a lot 4. there is = theres there are = there reCHAPTER 2一 情态动词：should与ought to的用法二 感叹句：what +a/an + adjective + noun + subject + verb; how + adjective/adverb + verb注意：1. 1)情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，但要与动词原形一起使用，给谓语动词增添 情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等。2)特征：a.不能单独做谓语，必须与其他动词一起构成谓语。 b. 没有人称和数的变化。 c. 情态动词后一律接动词原型：“情态动词+do sth” d. 具有助动词功能。 1. 表示“应该，应当” 等，两者可互换，只是ought to的语气稍重。如： You ought to/should work harder than that. 你应当更努力地工作2. should 强调主观看法，而 ought to 强调客观要求。如： We ought to go and see my mother in hospital tomorrow, but I dont think we will. 我们按理应当在明天去看看住院的母亲的，但我认为我们不会去。CHAPTER 3一 动词不定式(infinitives)：forget; agree; decide; hope; plan; want 不定式作宾语：动词不定式在句中可作宾语，相当于一个名词词组。不定式作宾语有两种：一种是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式；另一种是动词疑问词带to的不定式(一)动词带to的不定式结构只能跟动词不定式的动词，常见的有：afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, ask, believe, care, claim, decide, decline(拒绝), demand, desire, determine, endeavor, expect, fail, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, mean(想要), offer(表示愿意做.), pretend, plan, promise, refuse, seek(试图), swear, undertake, want, wish(想要)等。1. We refuse that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults(银行保管库) of this nation.A to believe B to be belivedC belivingD have belived2. The green turtle has been known _ over 2，000 miles to return to a nesting site.A in the navigating B the navigation C to navigate D navigation3. The day is past when Chinese universities and colleges _ to give high school diplomas to all who sit through four years of instruction, regardless of whether any visible results can be discerned. A affordedB affordingC to affordD can afford从上例我们可以看出afford一般与can和cant或could和couldnt连用。(二) 动词疑问代(副)词不定式这类动词常见的有：advise,decide, discuss, find out, forget, inquire, know, learn, regard, remember, see, settle, teach, tell, think(=consider), understand, wonder等。这些疑问代(副)词有what, when, where, which, how, whether等，但不包括why，如： how to go there when to speak before strangers.He does not know who(m) to visit. Which one to choose. whether to go forward or stay here.You can decide when to see a doctor. what to do.I will show you where to go. how to deal with it.其中，1)和2)中不定式的逻辑主语仍是句子的主语，分别为He和You；而3)中不定式的逻辑主语则不是句子的主语I，而是宾语you。4. The director of this organization must know _ .A to manage money, sell his product and beable to satisfy stockholdersB managing money, selling, and be able to satisfy the stockholdersC how to manage money, sell his product, and satisfy the stockholdersD money management, selling and being able to satisfy the stockholders5. To tell you the truth, I really dont know how _ deal with a man like him.A can IB wellC toD much (三)有时，为保持句子平衡，用形式宾语it来代替动词不定式，而把不定式放到后面去He makes it a rule to take a walk before breakfast.I think it interesting to play football while it is snowing hard.We find it difficult to get everything ready before the time you require.She cosiders it important to make friends with them.I dont think it necessary to argue with them on this problem. (四)有时there和to be连用表示有或存在(某情况)等It is impossible for there to be any more.Would you like there to be a meeting to discuss the problem?I expect there to be no argument about this?有时在个别的介词后可用疑问词不定式结构作其宾语He has his own decision of how to do it.二 动名词（gerunds）: enjoy, practice, finish, admit, suggest1) a. 动词的-ing形式在起名词作用时，称为动名词，动名词在句中可以作主语、表语、 宾语、介词宾语、构成合成词。还可用于标示语中：No smoking 禁止吸烟 No loitering 不许在此逗留No spitting 禁止吐痰No parking 禁止泊车。 b. 动名词可以用一个代词或名词所有格表示其逻辑上的主语： He disliked her working late. 他不喜欢她工作到很晚。c. 名词化动名词：有些动名词已变得接近名词或已变成名词，它们可有复数形式，前面可加冠词，甚至有定语修饰： Dickens often gave readings of his works. 狄更斯常常朗读自己的作品。 Who did the cooking? 谁做的饭？ I always enjoy a little light reading. 我一向喜欢读点轻松的东西。 He could not analyze his feelings. 他没法分析自己的感情。 Take good care of your belongings. 注意保管好你的东西。2) 动名词可用作主语：有时可用先行词it 作主语，而把动名词主语放到句子后部去，作表语的可以是形容词，也可以是名词： Its nice seeing you again. 再次见到你太好了。 Is it worthwhile quarrelling with her? 争辩这事没有用。 It was tiring driving from morning till night. 从早到晚开车很累人。 Its a wonder meeting you here. 在这里碰到你真是奇迹。 Its no good coming before that. 在那之前来没有用。 Its been a lot of fun staying here. 住在这里很有意思。 It was a waste of time reading that book. 看那本书是浪费时间。3）“there is + no”后可以用动名词作主语，表示“没法”： There was no knowing what he could do. 他能做什么很难说。 Hes selfish, theres no denying it. 他很自私，这是不可否认的。 There was no arguing with her. 没法和她争论。 There was no mistaking in his intention. 他的意图不可能看错。4）动名词还可以作表语（略）。5）动名词作宾语： a. 常跟动名词作宾语的动词：enjoy, practice, finish, admit, suggest, avoid, stop, keep, risk, mind, mean,. Mr Li enjoys collecting things. She practises playing the piano every morning. Li Ming finished doing his homework at 9 p.m. He admitted stealing his own vase. They suggested going to the cinema. Avoid over-eating. 要避免暴食。 It has stopped raining. 雨已经停了。 He kept complaining. 他不停地抱怨。 I couldnt risk missing the train. 我不能冒搭不上火车的危险。 Would you mind moving your car? 劳驾把车挪一下，行吗？ To raise wages means increasing purchasing power. 增加工资意味着提高购买力。注意：The garden needs watering. 花园需要浇水。 Your coat wants brushing. 你的大衣需要刷一下。b. 许多成语动词也可以用动名词作宾语： He has given up playing football. 他现在不踢足球了。 They will put off doing it until next year. 他们将推迟到明年再做此事。 Even then she carried on talking. 即使在那时，她还继续谈话。 Prices keep on increasing. 物价不断上涨。 New York is a city worth visiting. 纽约是一座值得一看的城市。c. 有些动词后可以用动名词作宾语， 也可以用不定式作宾语，有时两者意思不同，如remember/regret/forget/try/help/want/need.d. 有时两种结构只有细微的差别，例如在like, love, prefer, hate, dread（害怕）等动词之后，动名词多表示一般情况，不定式多表示即将发生的事。e. 在begin, start, intend, continue和cease后跟动名词或不定式都可以。不定式多表示情况发生变化，而动名词表示有意识地开始或停止。其中在begin, start和cease后，不定式多表示情况发生变化，而动名词表示有意识地开始或停止： Suddenly it started to rain. 天突然下起雨来。 Philip began to cry. 菲利浦哭了起来。 The matter has ceased to be a mystery to us. 这事情对我们不再是个谜。 Then the little girl started singing. 这时那小姑娘开始唱歌。 We began making preparations for the trip. 我们开始做旅行的准备。 The factory has ceased making bicycles. 该厂已停止生产自行车。CHAPTER 4一 形容词的比较级二 形容词的最高级三 Good, bad, far的比较级与最高级形式形容词的比较级和最高级1. 比较级的使用：(1) +形容词的比较级+than(2) Who/ Which + be + 比较级, A or B?(3) be + the 比较级 + of the two.(4) “比较级+and+比较级”表达“越来越”。It becomes warmer and warmer when spring comes.It is getting cooler and cooler.(5) “the +比较级, the +比较级”表达“越越”。The more money you make, the more you spend.2. 最高级的使用：(1) 在一个范围或团体中(in)(2) Who/Which + be +最高级, A, B or C?(3) + be + the最高级 + of the three/ of all. (三个以上或全部之中)(4) + be + one of + the最高级 + 复数名词(之中)知识拓展1. 没有比较级和最高级的情况 有些形容词因为本身应经达到极限，故没有比较级和最高级，如：absolute 绝对的，excellent 极好的，living 活着的， dead 死的，only 唯一的等。2. 一些单音节和双音节词分别在原级前加more构成比较级和most构成最高级(1) ed结尾的词bored more bored most bored(2) ing结尾的词boring more boring most boring(3) ful结尾的词careful more careful most careful3. 加强修饰比较级的词 a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等。4. 使用比较级和最高级时的注意事项(1) 从结构上看，比较级前面不能用very, so, too, quite等作修饰词，但为了表示比较级的程度，可以用a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等。e.g: This box is much heavier than that one.形容词最高级前通常要加the。但是，当形容词最高级前有序数词、物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限定词修饰时，最高级前不加the。e.g:The Changjiang River is the longest river in China.He is our best teacher.最高级后面往往用of或in 介词短语来表示形容词的最高级的比较范围。Of短语所指的范围通常是一群人或一些事物，而不是一个场所；如果指一个场所，则用介词in。e.g: He is the strongest of the three.He is the strongest in our class.(2) 从范围上看，如果在同一范围内，形容词的比较级必须把自己排除掉，即自己不能与自己相比，而最高级必须包含自己。他比他班的任何一个学生都高。误：He is taller than any student in his class. (he包括在any student里面)正：He is taller than any other student in his class. (any other student 里面已排除了he)这块手表是所有手表中最好的。误：This watch is the best of all the other watches. (all the other watches 不包含前面的this watch)正：This watch is the best of all the watches. (all the watches包含前面的this watch)如果不在同一范围内，比较级就不必把前面的主语排除掉。e.g: Shanghai is larger than any city in Australia. 上海比澳大利亚任何城市都大。(上海不属于澳大利亚，所以city前不必加other)CHAPTER 5现在完成时（the present perfect tense）一 结构： have done something二 Already and yet三 Ever and never5现在完成时 1）构成 现在完成时由have的人称形式加动词的过去分词构成。它的肯定式、否定式及疑问式如下：肯定式 否定式 疑问式 I (We, You, They ) have done it. He (She) has done it. I (We, You, They) have not done it. He (She) has not done it. Have you (they, I , we) done it? Has he (she) done it? 2）用法 a表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态，对现在仍有影响。 She has been ill for three days. 她病了三天了。 He has already left. 他已经走了。 b表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。 Weve known each other since we were children. 我们从小就认识。 注意： 在用already, always, yet, just, ever, never等副词作状语时，或者由for, since引起的短语作状语或状语从句时，句子的谓语动词常用现在完成时，其中since后接时间点，for后接时间段。区别： 1）have (has) been to 与have (has) gone to have (has) been to +某地，表示到过某地，说明去过某地，说话时已经回来了。 have (has) gone to +某地，说明去某地了，说话时还没有回来。 例如： He has been to Beijing three times. 他去过北京三次。 He has gone to Shanghai. 他去上海了。2）have (has) been to do sth. 还可以表示做过某事。have (has) gone to do sth.则表示去做某事了。 例如： He has been to see Tom in the hospital. 他去医院看过汤姆。 He has gone to see Tom in the hospital. 他到医院看汤姆去了。 3）have got虽然在形式上是现在完成时，却和have是相同的意思。 例如： Have you got any book? = Do you have any book? 你有书吗？ CHAPTER 6副词1. 含义：用来修饰动词,形容词,全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。2. 类型：时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、强调副词、疑问副词、连接副词、关系副词、句子副词。1）时间副词：a. 表示发生时间的副词：now, recently, tonight, later, ago, before.b. 表示频繁程序的副词：constantly, regularly, rarely, always, frequently, sometimes, usually, ever, never, often.c. 其他表示时间的副词：shortly, finally, early, just2) 地点副词：abroad, somewhere, downtown, upstairs. 副词小品词：与介词同形的副词，后跟宾语的即为介词，否则是副词。 The dead sea is below see level. 死海在海平面之下。I could see the river down below 我可以看到下方的那条河。 Dont stand so near the train.不要站得离火车这么近。He lives quite near. 他住得很近。 A cat climbed up the tree. 猫爬上了树。 Stand up! 起立！ He jumped off the horse. 他从马上跳了下来。The bird flew off. 鸟儿飞走了。 还有一些地点副词表示地区范围等：locally, widely, globally, universally. We have no shops lacally. 我们在本地区没有商店。 The theory has been universally accepted. 这个理论已被普遍接受。 此外，以where构成的副词也是地点副词：anywhere, nowhere, elsewhere, everywhere, somewhere. Lets go anywhere where its quiet. 咱们去一个安静的地方吧。 If she doesnt like it here, she can go elsewhere. 如果她不喜欢这里，她可以去别的地方。 I seemed to have met you somewhere. 我似乎在哪儿见到你。 3）方式副词：说明行为方式（回答how的问题）：She gently refused to accept the gifts. 她委婉地拒绝接受那些礼物。They hoped to see the problem settled peacefully. 他们希望看到这问题和平解决。表示情绪的副词：He shook hands eagerly with Sherlock Holmes. 他热切地与福尔摩斯握手。She smiled gratefully. 她感激地笑了笑。He looked at her sadly. 他凄然地看了看她。还有一些以-ly结尾的副词，表示动作发生的情况：He left the town secretly. 他悄然离开了这座城市。I only met her accidently. 我只是偶然碰见她的。大部分方式副词都由形容词加-ly构成，但有少数不带-ly词尾：I had to work all alone. 我得独自一人工作。Do you buy wholesale or retail? 你是批发还是零售？She was to fly solo the next day. 第二天她将作单人飞行。He spoke impromptu.他即席讲了话。 4）程度副词和强调副词a. 程度副词可修饰动词，表示“到某种程度”：Im extremely disappointed in him. 我对他极其失望。He loved his mother dearly. 他深受他的母亲。I strongly object to your saying that. 我强烈反对你这样说话。Is she badly hurt? 她伤得重么？ 这类副词除修饰动词外，还可修饰形容词或另一副词： fairly simple 相当简单rather difficult 相当难 awfully sorry 非常抱歉perfectly clear 十分清楚 highly donfidential 高度机密的quite correct 完全正确 utterly unreasonable 极不合理truly grateful 确实很感激 fairly smoothly 相当顺利地wonderfully well 好极了 know fully well 完全清楚work quite hard 工作相当努力 run pretty fast 跑得相当快speak exceedingly well讲得极好 act quite right做得完全对do it very quickly 干得很快。c. 强调副词和程度副词很相近，有些就是程度副词。它们主要对所修饰的动词、形容词加以强调：I quite agree. 我完全同意。He knew absolutely nothing. 他是毫无所知的。Your attitude simply amaze me. 你的态度简直使我吃惊。Youre entirely wrong. 你完全错了。Shes perfectly correct. 她完全正确。The food is just wonderful. 这饭菜简直好极了。 CHAPTER 7动词的被动语态 passive voice一 主动态与被动态句子二 带有by 的被动语态。三 动词的被动形式。动词II典型应用剖析 一动词的语态 1主动语态和被动语态 主动语态：主语是动作的执行者。 被动语态：主语是动作的承受者。例如：We swept the floor. 我们打扫了地板。（主动语态） The floor was swept. 地板被打扫过。（被动语态） 2被动语态的构成 1）被动语态 = “be动词+及物动词的过去分词”助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与其作为连系动词的be的变化完全一样。 2）被动语态的肯定式：主语+be+过去分词（vt.）+（by+宾语）。 例如： Apple trees arent planted in the south. 苹果树不种在南方。 The building hasnt been completed. 这座建筑物没有竣工。 3）被动语态的一般疑问句 ：Be+主语+过去分词（vt）+（by+宾语）？其答语用yes或no作简单回答。 例如： Are they made in China? Yes, they are. 它们是中国制造的吗？是的，是中国制造的。 4）被动语态的特殊疑问句：疑问词+be+主语+过去分词（vt），其答语要作具体回答。例如： What is the machine used for? 这台机器用来作什么？ It is used for making paper. 它是用来造纸的。Where were the car made? 这些小汽车是哪里制造的？They were made in China. 它们是中国制造的。5）被动语态的八种时态形式 被动语态的八种时态（以动词ask为例）： 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 将来时态 I am asked He She is asked It We You are asked They I am being asked He She It We You They I have been asked He She It We You They I We He She It You They I was asked He She was asked It We You were asked They I was being asked He She It We You They I had been asked He She It We You They I We He She It You They 注意： 被动语态没有完成进行时态和将来进行时态。 初中阶段主要应掌握的被动语态的时态有：一般现在时，一般过去时，现在进行时，过去进行时和现在完成时。 3什么时候使用被动语态 1）在没有指明动作的执行者的情况下。 The meeting was held last week. 会议上周召开了。 English is taught in all middle schools. 所有中学都开设英语课。 2）要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时。 Teapots are used for drinking. 茶壶是饮水用的。 Wheres cotton produced? 棉花产于何地？ The bike was stolen yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午自行车被偷了。 4主动语态变为被动语态的方法 1）将主动句里的宾语成分变为被动句里的主语成分。把主动句里的宾格人称代词改为主格形式。 2）把主动结构的谓语动词改为be+过去分词形式。 3）将主动句的主语变为介词by的宾语。 例如： People use radios for listening to the news.（主动） Radios are use for listening to the news by people.（被动） I posted a letter last week.（主动） A letter was posted by me last week.（被动） 注意： 在make, let, see, hear, notice, watch, feel等动词后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但这种句子如果变为被动语态时，则应加上to。 例如：We heard her sing an English song.（主动） She was heard to sing an English song by us.（被动） 5主动语态变为被动语态的主要类型 1）谓语动词只有一个宾语的。 The workers are building a ship.（主动语