中国社会与文化综合教程翻译整理.doc

1.根据传说，伏羲生于中国西部，出生之前在其母腹中孕育了12年。伏羲教会了人类打猎、捕鱼、驯养野兽、饲养家禽。伏羲制定了人类的嫁娶制度，教会人们劈柴取火和烹煮食物；他还通过龟背上的裂纹创立了八卦，这些八卦成为数学、医学、占卜学和风水的基础。此外，伏羲还创造了中华民族的图腾龙，被认为是中国历史上第一个真正的统治者。Fuxi was born in the west part of China and, according to legend, he was carried in his mothers womb for twelve years before birth. He taught people how to hunt, fish, domesticate animals and tend their flocks. He instituted marriage and taught people how to devise tools to split wood, kindle fire and cook food. He devised the Trigrams, which evolved from markings on tortoise shells. These trigrams served as the basis for mathematics, medicine, divination and geomancy. Furthermore, he created the Chinese dragon as the totem of the nation and was considered as the first real ruler.2.儒家的创始人是孔子（公元前551479），他提出了一套道德规范，基于五种美德：仁、义、礼、智、信。其中“仁”被认为是他的哲学理念的基石，代表着忠诚、孝道(filial piety)、宽容和善良。他还提倡人与人之间和谐相处、按照行为规范标准建立生活社区。他的追随者之一孟子(公元前372-289)不断地向统治者们游说，试图说服他们修身养德，为人典范，以仁政赢得人民的尊重。Confucius (551479 BC) was the founder of Confucianism. He advocated a set of moral code on basis of five merits: benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and trustworthiness. Among them, benevolence was considered as the cornerstone of his philosophy, which stands for faithfulness, filial piety, tolerance and kindness. He also requested people to keep in good harmony with each other and establish a community ruled by standard manners and behavior. One of his followers, Mencius (372-289BC), repeatedly tried to convince rulers that the ruler should cultivate moral perfection in order to set a good example to the people and the ruler who governed benevolently would earn the respect of the people.3.红楼梦（Dream of the Red Chamber）是中国文学“四大名著”之一。它写于18世纪中叶，并被认为是中国文学中的杰作(masterpiece)以及中国小说史上的顶峰。许多学者都致力于该作品的研究，而这个研究领域也被称作“红学”(Redology)。人们通常认为该小说反映了作者曹雪芹自己的经历以及他家族的兴衰。该书的优秀之处不仅在于它的情节和人物塑造(characterization)，同时也在于它对当时社会生活结构的精确、细节的描写。几个世纪以来，小说中的许多词句已经融入了中国人的日常语言。由此可见该书经久不衰的魅力。Dream of Red Chamber is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. It was written in the middle of the 18th century and considered as a masterpiece of Chinese literature as well as the peak of Chinese fiction. Many scholars are devoted to the study of this novel and the field of study is known as Redology. The novel is usually thought to be reflecting the experience of the author Cao Xueqin and the rise and decline of his own family. It is remarkable for not only its plot and characterization, but also its precise and detailed observation of the life and social structures of that time. For centuries, a huge number of words and expressions from the novel have already been incorporated into the daily language of Chinese people, which demonstrates the ever-lasting charm of the book.4.中国古代教育在中国文化中起着举足轻重的作用。中国古代教育最早可以追溯到周朝中后期诸子百家的教育思想。古代中国的教育给人们提供了一个平等的发展机会，即使出身贫寒的人也有可能步入仕途。春秋时期，伟大的教育家孔子打破“学在官府”的陈规。私人学堂盛行。不同的学派通过学堂传播他们的思想主张，出现了百家争鸣的局面。Education played a vital role in ancient Chinese culture. The origin of ancient Chinese education dates back to the educational ideas of the “Hundred Schools of Thought” in the middle and late Zhou Dynasty. It provided people equal chance for development. Individuals from even the humblest backgrounds could rise to higher level. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius, the great educator, broke the rule of learning at the government hall. Private schools prevailed and many scholars of different schools of thought spread their teaching in this way and this led to the flourishing and contending of hundreds of schools. 5.徐光启（1562年1633年）是中国明朝的数学家和农业科学家。他身为政府高官，最早将西方科技成就引入中国，也是明朝末年最早信奉天主教（Catholicism）的文人。徐光启撰写了农政全书（Complete Treatise on Agriculture）这部农业百科全书（encyclopedia）。该书基本上囊括了诸如农田灌溉、农具制作、植树放牧及生产养蚕等古代农业生产和人民生活的各个方面。Xu Guangqi (1562-1633) was a Chinese mathematician and agricultural scientist in the Ming Dynasty. As a top official, Xu was perceived as a pioneer introducing Western scientific achievements in China and also the first intellectual believer in Catholicism (天主教) in the late Ming Dynasty. Xu compiled Complete Treatise on Agriculture农政全书, an agricultural encyclopedia(百科全书). The book basically includes all the subjects concerned about various domains in the life and agricultural production of ancient Chinese people, such as farmland irrigation(灌溉), farm tools making, planting trees, herding, manufacturing, and silkworm breeding (养蚕).6.中国的四大名著即三国演义、水浒传西游记、红楼梦。四部小说是中国经典文学作品，也是中国古典小说的巅峰之作。三国演义是我国第一部长篇历史小说，描写了东汉末年和三国时代的历史风云。水浒传讲述了北宋末年农民起义的故事。西游记是一部神化题材的小说，讲述唐僧师徒四人历尽艰险西天取经的故事。红楼梦则通过一个家族的兴衰生动地描写了18世纪上半叶中国封建社会的生活。四大名著中，红楼梦被认为是中国传统文化的百科全书，代表着中国古典小说的巅峰。四大名著都曾经过改编被搬上舞台或银幕。同时，四大名著被翻译成多种语言，成为西方人了解中国文化的重要渠道。The Four Great Classical Novels of China include Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The Water Margin, Journey to the West, and A Dream of Red Mansions. The four novels are classical Chinese literary works, representing the pinnacle of achievement in classical Chinese novels. Romance of the Three Kingdoms is the first historical novel in China giving an account of the historical situations of late Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms era. The Water Margin is a novel about a peasant rebellion in late Northen Song Dynasty. Journey to the West is a mythological story of a Buddhist monk of the Tang Dynasty travelling west with his three disciples on a hard and dangerous expedition to find Buddhist scriptures. A Dream of Red Mansions gives a full account of the feudal society life in China in the first half of the 18th century through the rise and fall of a big family. Of the four novels, A Dream of Red Mansions is regarded as an encyclopedia of traditional Chinese culture and represents the peak of classical Chinese novels. All the four novels were adapted for the stage and the screen. Meanwhile, the four novels were translated into many foreign languages, funtioning as a key channel for the Westerners to learn about Chinese culture.7.中国书法（calligraphy）是一门独特的艺术，是世界上独一无二的艺术瑰宝。中国书法艺术的形成、发展与汉文字的产生与演进存在着密不可分的关系。汉字在漫长的演变发展过程中，一方面起着交流思想、继承文化的重要作用，另一方面它本身又形成了一种独特的艺术。书法能够通过作品把书法家个人的生活感受、学识、修养、个性等折射出来，所以，通常有“字如其人”的说法。中国书法不仅是中华民族的文化瑰宝，而且在世界文化艺术宝库中独放异彩。Chinese calligraphy is a unique art and the unique art treasure in the world. The formation and development of the Chinese calligraphy is closely related to the emergence and evolution of Chinese characters. In this long evolutionary process, Chinese characters have not only played an important role in exchanging ideas and transmitting culture but also developed into a unique art form. Calligraphy works well reflect calligraphers personal feelings, knowledge, self-cultivation, personality, and so forth, thus there is an expression that “seeing the calligraphers handwriting is like seeing the person”. As one of the treasures of Chinese culture, Chinese calligraphy shines splendidly in the worlds treasure house of culture and art.8.中国龙是吉祥的生灵，象征着力量、智慧、好运和掌控风和水的威力。龙被尊崇为雨神，在干旱或水灾发生时，人们会去当地的龙王庙烧香祈求情况的好转。龙对雨水和海浪的控制也和其在12生肖中的地位密切相关。这12种动物的顺序是按各自最活跃的时间点确定的。龙对应于7点至9点，此时最有可能会雾气蒙蒙，而龙却能腾云驾雾。The Chinese dragon is an auspicious creature, symbolizing strength, wisdom, good luck and power over the elements of wind and water. The dragon was worshiped as the God of Rain, and in times of drought or floods, locals would visit a dragon-king temple and burn incense to pray for more favorable conditions.The dragons power to control rain and waves is also closely related to its rank in the 12 zodiac animals.The sequence of the 12 animals is determined by the time of a day when each animal is most active. The dragon corresponds to 7 am to 9 am, when it is most likely to be foggy, allowing the dragon to ride atop clouds and mist.9.茶之为物，能引导我们进入一个默想人生的世界。采茶必须天气清明的清早，当山上的空气极为清新，露水的芬芳尚留于叶上时，所采的茶叶方称上品。因此，茶是凡间纯洁的象征，在采制烹煮(infusion)的手续中，都须十分清洁。采摘烘焙(fermenting)，烹煮取饮之时，手上或杯壶中略有油腻不洁，便会使它丧失美味。所以也只有在眼前和心中毫无富丽繁华的景象和念头时，方能真正的享受它。(节选自林语堂茶与交友)There is something in the nature of tea that leads us into a world of quiet contemplation（沉思）of the life.Picked at early dawn on a clear day,when the morning air on mountain top was clear and thin,and the fragrance of dews was still upon the leaves,tea is still associated with the fragrance and refinement of the magic dew in its enjoyment.Tea is then symbolic（象征的）of earthly purity,requiring the most fastidious（严苛的）cleanliness in its preparation.From picking,fermenting（发酵）and preserving to its final infusion（过滤）and drinking,easily upset or spoiled by the slightest contamination（污染）of oily hands or oily cups.Consequently,its enjoyment is appropriate in an atmosphere where all ostentation（虚饰）or suggestion of luxury is banished（驱逐）from ones eyes and ones thoughts.（Excerpted from “Tea and Friendship” by Lin Yutang）10.胡同即狭窄的街道或巷子，在中国北方的城市很常见，其中又以北京的胡同最为著名。在北京，很多街区是这样形成的：四合院(Chinese quadrangle)彼此相连形成胡同，进而胡同彼此相连形成街区。胡同是北京文化要素的代表。由于北京悠久的历史和六朝古都的地位，几乎每个胡同都有其轶事趣闻(anecdotes)，一些胡同甚至还与历史事件紧密相关。与紫禁城、颐和园和天坛所代表的宫廷生活和精英文化(elite culture)相比，胡同反应了北京的平民文化。Hutongs are a type of narrow streets or alleys, commonly associated with northern Chinese cities, most prominently Beijing. In Beijing, many neighborhoods were formed by joining one Chinese quadrangle (siheyuan) to another to form a hutong, and then joining one hutong to another. Hutongs represent an important cultural element of the city of Beijing. Thanks to Beijings long history and status as capital for six dynasties, almost every hutong has its anecdotes, and some are even associated with historic events. In contrast to the court life and elite culture represented by the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace, and the Temple of Heaven, the hutongs reflect the culture of grassroots Beijingers. 11.中国文化是世界上最古老的文化之一。这一文化覆盖东亚广袤的地域，各省、市甚至镇之间的风俗传统都差别很大。中国文化的最重要组成部分包括文学、音乐、武术、烹饪、宗教等。中国文化有着悠久的历史，不同时期的文化在历史上有着不同的地位。但大多数社会价值观源自儒家学说和道家学说。中国文化对世界上其他文化的发展有着重要影响。Chinese culture is one of the oldest culture in the world. The culture covers a large geographical region in eastern Asia with customs and traditions varying greatly between provinces, cities, and even towns. The key components of Chinese culture include literature, music, martial arts, cuisine, religion, etc. Chinese culture has a long history, and the culture in different times has different positions in history. But most social values are derived from Confucianism and Taoism. Chinese culture has an important influence on the development of other culture in the world.12.重视教育和尊敬师长是中国悠久的传统美德。中国的第一部教育学专著学记(Record of Learning)提出了“教学为先”的思想。三千年前的周代，国家设立了不同规模不同层次的学校，由官员兼任教师。春秋时期，孔子开办了私学，并提出人无论贵贱都有受教育的权利。对教育的重视决定了教师的地位。中国民间有许多尊师的说法，如“一日为师，终生为父”。现在，中国还把每年的9月10日定为“教师节”。It is a long-standing traditional virtue to value education and respect teachers in China. The first monograph about education in China, the Record of Learning, brought up the idea of “education is the top priority”. Three thousand years ago, in the Zhou Dynasty, the government set up schools of different scales and levels with officers as teachers. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius even ran private schools with a slogan that everyone, rich or poor, had the right to receive education. Respect for education determines the status of teachers. There are a lot of sayings that show respect towards teachers, such as “A teacher for a day is a father for a lifetime”. Nowadays, September the tenth is designated to be the Teachers Day in China.13.孝顺(Filial piety)是中国文化中一个重要的美德，指的是一个人对父母和祖先的尊重。历史上儒家经典作品孝经(Classic of Xiao or Filial Piety) 一直被认为是该美德的权威(authoritative)来源。该书介绍了如何利用孝顺建立良好的社会。一般而言，孝顺是指善待和照顾父母，尊敬父母、支 持父母、对父母讲礼貌。也指不仅在家对父母在外对他人都要从善，从而为父母带来好名声。虽然中国人一直拥有众多不同宗教信仰，孝顺却几乎是所有人共同的。Filial piety is considered a key virtue in Chinese culture,which is about the respect for ones parents and ancestors. The Confucian classic, Classic of Xiao or Filial Piety, has historically been the authoritative source on this virtue. The book is about how to set up a good society using the filial piety. In more general terms, filial piety means to be good to and to take care of ones parents, to show respect, support and courtesy to ones parents. It also means to engage in good conduct not just towards parents but also outside the home so as to bring a good name to ones parents. Although the Chinese have had a diversity of religious beliefs, filial piety has been common to almost all of them.14.敦煌莫高窟（Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes），也称千佛洞，位于甘肃省敦煌市附近的鸣沙山东路石崖上。它被认为是世界上最大最古老的佛教艺术宝藏。莫高窟的修建始于366年，在唐代达到鼎盛，但到了元朝才竣工。现存492个窟和1045幅壁画(mural)，以及245座彩绘泥塑(clay sculpture)和5个唐宋时期的木质建筑结构。除此之外，莫高窟还存有大量的横跨三国到北宋数个朝代的经文(scripture)、文献和绘画。敦煌莫高窟展示出各类艺术形式的精华，同时也体现了中西方的艺术融合。 Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, also known as the One-Thousand-Buddha Grottoes, are located on the eastern, rocky side of Mingsha Mountain, near the city of Dunhuang, Gansu Province. They are regarded as the worlds largest and oldest treasure house of Buddhist art. Construction of the Mogao Grottoes began in 366 and reached a peak in the Tang Dynasty, but it was not finished until the Yuan Dynasty. There are 492 grottoes and 1,045 murals in existence. It also features 245 painted clay sculptures, and five wooden architectural structures of the Tang and the Song Dynasties. Besides, there are also a lot of