初中英语定语从句及反义疑问句用法.doc

初中英语定语从句用法一、定语从句的概念 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。二、定语从句的关系词 引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that，which，who (宾格whom，所有格whose)等，关系副词包括where，when，why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。三、定语从句的分类 根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。四、关系代词的用法 1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如： Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语The coat (that)I put on the desk is blue. 我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语) 2. which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如： The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语) The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语) 3. who，whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom，也可省略。例如： The girl who often helps me with my English is from England. 经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语) Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？(作宾语) 注意：(1) 当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who，that，which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如： This is the house in which we lived last year. 这是我们去年居住的房子。 Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel. 请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。 (2) 含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如： This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。 (3) that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如： The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。 (4) 关系词只能用that的情况： a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如： He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。 b. 被修饰的先行词为all，any，much，many，everything，anything，none，the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.例如： Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？ c.先行词被the only，the very，the same，the last，little，few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which. 例如：This is the same bike that I lost. 这就是我丢的那辆自行车。 d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that，而不用which.例如： I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。 e. 以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如： Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？ f. 主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如： There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。 (5) 关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况： a. 先行词为that，those时，用which，而不用that. 例如： Whats that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？ b. 关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that. 例如： This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。 c. 引导非限制性定语从句，用which，而不用that. 例如： Tom came back, hich made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。五、关系副词的用法 (1)when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如： This was the time when he arrived. 这是他到达的时间。 (2) where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如： This is place where he works. 这是他工作的地点。 (3) why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如： Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。自我测试 / Test YourselfI. 单项填空。1. -Do you know the man _is talking with your father? -Yes， hes our headmaster. A. he B. who C. which D. whom2. Is this the river _I can swim？ A. which B. in which C. that D. the one3. This is the best hotel in the city _I know. A. where B. which C. that D. it4. Can you lend me the dictionary _the other day? A. that you bought B. you bought it C. that you bought it D. which you bought it5. Anyone _with what I said may put up you hands. A. which agrees B. who agree C. who agrees D. which agree6. My watch is not the only thing _ is missing. A. that B. it C. which who7. The man _coat is black is waiting at the gate A. whos B. whose C. that D. of which.8. The girl _ is reading under the tree _my sister. A. which; is B. whom; was C. who; is D. who; was9. I love places _the people are really friendly. A. that B. which C. where D. who10. The world _ is made up of matter. A. in that we live B. on which we live C. where we live in D. we live in参考答案：I. 1-5BBCAC 6-10 ABCCD解读not only. but (also).1. not only. but (also). 意为“不但而且”,在句中常用来连接两个对等的成分,also可以省略。如:He is learning not only English but (also) French. 他不但在学英语,而且还在学法语。She speaks Russian not only in class but (also) at home.她在课堂上和家里都说俄语。2. not only. but (also). 用来连接两个主语时,谓语动词的单、复数遵循“就近原则”,即和but (also)后的名词或代词的数一致。如:Not only Zhou Xia but also her parents are fond of watching football matches. 不但周霞,而且她的父母都喜欢看足球比赛。Not only you but also he is tired of having one examination after another.不但你,而且他也讨厌一次接一次的考试。3. not only. but (also). 连接两个分句,当not only位于句首,前一个分句常用倒装来表示强调,而but (also)后的分句仍用陈述语序。如:Not only is the teacher himself interested in foreign films, but also all his students are beginning to show an interest in them. 不但老师自己对外国电影感兴趣,就连他所有的学生也开始对外国电影感兴趣了。Not only does Miss Li like music, but (also) she likes sports. 李小姐不但喜欢音乐,而且还喜欢体育。反意疑问句探秘反意疑问句表示问话人有一定的看法,但并不完全肯定,需要对方证实。它由两部分组成陈述句+简略问句。一般情况下,陈述部分为肯定结构时,简略问句用否定结构,即“前肯后否”;陈述部分为否定结构时,简略问句用肯定结构,即“前否后肯”。一、简略问句中的主语部分简略问句中的主语多用代词。1. 陈述部分主语是this, that时,简略问句的主语用it;陈述部分主语是these, those时,简略问句的主语用they。如:This is a new car, isnt it?These are your books, arent they?2. 陈述部分主语是something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词时,简略问句的主语用it;陈述部分主语是somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody等不定代词时,简略问句的主语用he或they。如: Something is wrong with your bike, isnt it?Someone helped her, didnt he/they?3. 陈述部分主语是不定式、v-ing形式时,简略问句的主语用it。如:Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes, isnt it?二、简略问句中的动词部分简略问句中的动词多用助动词、be动词或情态动词,并且否定式多用缩略形式。下面是一些特殊情况,请同学们多注意:1. 陈述部分含had better时,简略问句的动词用had。如:Wed better not swim in the river, had we?2. 陈述部分含have to时,简略问句的动词用助动词do的适当形式。如:Lin Tao has to look after his mother at home, doesnt he?3. 陈述部分含情态动词must表示“必须”时,简略问句的动词用must。如:We must study hard, mustnt we?4. 陈述部分中的need是行为动词时,简略问句应根据情况选用助动词do的适当形式;如果need用作情态动词时,简略问句的动词仍用need。如:All of us need to work hard, dont we?You neednt do that, need you?三、其它情况1. 陈述部分是There be结构时,简略问句中仍用there。如:There are so many students on the playground, arent there?2. 肯定的祈使句(含Let us.)后的简略问句常用will you,但有时也可用wont you;而否定的祈使句后的简略问句只能用will you。此外,Lets.句型的简略问句应用shall we。如:Have a cup of tea, will you?Let us have a rest, will you?Lets play basketball, shall we?3. 陈述部分有表示否定的词no, never, nothing, seldom, few, little, hardly时,简略问句用肯定形式。如:He seldom goes there, does he?4. 主从复合句的反意疑问句一般根据主句来确定,但如果是I think, I believe等后面的宾语从句,简略问句应由从句来决定;此外,如果这类从句的否定移到主句上,应将其视为否定结构,简略问句用肯定结构。如:He thinks he is going to be a doctor, isnt he?I think that she is from Beijing, isnt she?I dont think he repaired the bicycle himself, did he?5. 陈述部分是Im.时,简略问句用arent I。如:Im still alive, arent I?四、反意疑问句的回答对于“前肯后否”的反意疑问句,我们很容易掌握其回答;但对于“前否后肯”的反意疑问句,回答时应排除汉语干扰,根据事实来确定,肯定事实用Yes(翻译为“不”),否定事实用No(翻译为“是”)。如:Kate cant speak Chinese, can she?Yes, she can.(意思是“不,她会。”)No, she cant.(意思是“是的,她不会。”) 陕西 筏洪完成下列反意疑问句,每空一词。1. Mary wants to be a teacher, _ _?2. Dont open your