现在完成时的重点和难点.doc

_现在完成时的重点和难点 一、 现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法” 1.现在完成时的完成用法 现在完成时的完成用法指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。 (动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况-灯现在不亮了。) 现在完成时完成用法的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever，once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning month year.，today等)连用。 例如： Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？ 2.现在完成时的未完成用法 现在完成时的未完成用法指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。 例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。) I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。) 此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导)，或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now，so far到目前为止)等。 例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。 注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。 (2)现在完成时常见两种句型： 主语have / has beenfor短语 It is一段时间 since从句 例如：He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他 入团已三年了。 3、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念 英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。 延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。 终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。 4、延续性动词的用法特征 1.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示段时间的状语连用。表示段时间的短语有：for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long等。如：I have learned English since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。 2.延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的点时间状语连用。如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.(误) rain为延续性动词，而at eight表示点时间，前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作，可以借助come, begin, get等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如： -When did you get to know Jack? -Two years ago. -Then youve known each other for more than two years. -Thats right. 5、终止性动词的用法特征 1.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成，因此可用于现在完成时。如： The train has arrived.火车到了。 Have you joined the computer group? 你加入电脑小组了吗？ 2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续。因此，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。如： (1)他死了三年了。 误：He has died for three years. 正：He has been dead for three years. 正：He died three years ago. 正：It is three years since he died. 正：Three years has passed since he died. (2)他来这儿五天了。 误：He has come here for five days. 正：He has been here for five days. 正：He came here five days ago. 正：It is five days since he came here. 正：Five days has passed since he came here. (1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词，不能与表示段时间的状语连用。那么，应如何正确表达呢？可以采用下面的四种方法： (1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词，如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例：leavebe away, borrowkeep, buyhave, begin/startbe on, diebe dead, move tolive in, finishbe over, joinbe in/be a member of, open sth.keep sth. open, fall illbe ill, get upbe up, catch a coldhave a cold。 (2)将句中表示段时间的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语，如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。 (3)用句型It is+段时间+since.表达原意，如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。 (4)用句型时间+has passed+since.表达原意，如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。 3.终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中，成为可以延续的状态，因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如： He hasnt left here since 1986. I havent heard from my father for two weeks. 4.终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用，构成not+终止性动词+until/till .的句型，意为直到才。如：You cant leave here until I arrive.直到我到了，你才能离开这里。 I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight. 今天晚上直到我画完画，我才上床睡觉。 5.终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的时间是点时间(从句谓语动词用终止性动词)，也可以是段时间(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程，从句谓语动词用延续 性动词。如：When we reached London, it was twelve oclock. (reach为终止性动词) Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语) 6.终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用(只限于肯定式)。如： 误：How long have you come here? 正：How long have you been here? 正：When did you come here?7.瞬间动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用 例如：I havent seen you for a long time.（好久没见到你了。） 延续动词与瞬间动词1) 用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)Ive known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)2)用于till / until从句的差异作为延续动词一般用于肯定句，表示做直到 作为瞬间动词一般用于否定句，表示到，才He didnt come back until ten oclock.他到10 点才回来。He slept tll ten oclock.他一直睡到10点。现在完成时态中终止性动词与延续性动词 英语中的动词根据词汇意义可分为动作动词和状态动词，其中动作动词又可细分为终止性动词（或称为瞬间动词、非延续性动词、非持续性动词、界限性动词）和持续性动词（或称为延续性动词）；表示动作一发生即告结束的动词叫终止性动词，表示持续一段时间的动词叫持续性动词。这种依据动作是否可以延续的分类在英语中是一种极其重要而又非常有价值的，使用时一定要格外小心，不然就会犯错误。 一、现在完成时态的结构是have/has 动词过去分词英语中常见的终止性动词有：leave， go，come，arrive，begin，buy，borrow，die，join， become，marry，graduate，become等。由于终止性动词所表示的动作发生与结束在一瞬间完成，所以终止性动词的完成体的肯定式既不能与表示一段时间的状语for 时间段或 since 时间点连用，也不能用在how long引导的特殊疑问句之中。例句： 我哥哥参军两年了。My brother has joined the army for two years（误） 我哥哥自1999年就参军了。My brother has joined the army since 1999（误） 你哥哥参军多久了？How long has your brother joined the army ？（误） 如用持续性动词表示瞬间的行为，则必须借助come（表示动作的渐进过程），begin， get（表示动作的变化过程）等动词。例句： I studied English thirteen years ago（误） I began to study English thirteen years ago（正） When did you know him？（误） When did you get to know him ？（正） 二、终止性动词肯定形式可使用完成体，但其肯定形式的完成体不能与一段时间状语连用。可用以下三种方法替换： 时态替换法 将时间状语改为“时间段ago”，句中谓语动词用一般过去时。例句： My brother joined the army two years ago The old man died ten years ago He left his hometown thirty years ago 句型替换法 用It is（或has been）时间段 since句型改写，该句型中since后面的谓语动词多为点动词，且常用一般过去时。例句： It is（或has been）two years since my brother joined the army It is ten years since the old man died It is（或has been）thirty years since he left his hometown 注：Itishasbeensince句型中的动词若为持续性动词，计时的起点是since句中动词结束之点。不然应将since句中的动词改为begin to do sth。例句： Its five years since he studied English他不学英语已五年了。 Its five years since he began to study English他学英语已五年了。 用一段时间has have passed since SV-ed句型改写。例句： Two years has have passed since my brother joined the army Thirty years has have passed since he left his hometown 动词替换法 若保留for 时间段，since 时间点或用在how long句型中，需将终止性动词改为相应的持续性动词或状态动词。例句： My brother has been in the army for two years Jack has been a postman for about six years When he came home，I had been asleep for three hours Of course I know him very well because we have been friends for ages How long have you been here？ About two months 三、常见终止性动词与持续性动词（或状态动词）的对应关系如下： leavebe away（from） 离开borrowkeep借finish end stopbe over 结束/完成 join the armybe serve in the army be a soldier入伍/参军 join the Partybe in the Party be a Party member 入党/（入团/入WTO等） catch get a coldhave a cold感冒fall asleepbe asleep 睡着 go to schoolbe in schoolbe a student上学go abroad- be abroad去国外 beginbe on 开始put on（上演）be on 上演buyhave 买becomebe 成为marrybe married（to）结婚 wake upbe awake 醒make friends withbe friends with成为/交朋友losebe lost be missing be gone 丢失lose ones job workbe out of work a job open/ciose /die be open/closed/dead 开办/关闭/死 短暂性动词变延续性动词(一定变为对应的过去分词规则+ed ,不规则看过去分词表)：写出括号中的中文意思: 1).has /have joined - has /have been (a member ) in+ 组织(加入) 2) has /have come/gone /got/ arrived - has /have been to ( / / / ) has /have begun - has /have been on ( ) 3) has /have borrowed - has /have kept ( ) 4) has /have bought - has /have had ( ) 5) has /have left - has /have been away from ( ) 6) has /have opened /closed/died -has /have been open /closed/dead()注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。（错）I have received his letter for a month.（对）I havent received his letter for almost a month.典型例题1. You dont need to describe her. I _ her several times.A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet2.-Im sorry to keep you waiting.-Oh, not at all. I _ here only a few minutes.A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be1.答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。2.答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 以上两种时态是时态部分难点，首先，为什么要将这两种时态放在一起讨论？ 例句：1. Who put forward the suggestion? 2. When did he leave? 3. She often came to help us. （他过去常来帮我们。） 4. I didnt know you were so busy. （我没想到你这么忙。） 以上各句中用的都是一般过去时，显然，说话的人是强调过去某时发生的动作或情况。 5. How many pages have you covered today? 6. I havent seen him for many days. 7. Ive always walked to work. 8. The students have already left. 9. The city has taken on a new look. 10. Thank you. Ive had my supper. 以上各句用的都是现在完成时，可以看出，与一般过去时一样，现在完成时所表示的动作也是发生在过去（说话以前），但它强调的是： 1）动作从过去持续到说话这一时刻（例5-7） 2）过去的动作对现状有某种影响（例8-10），说话人强调的是现在如何。 注意在现在完成时的第一种用法中，时间状语常用for; since短语（从句） 如：We havent seen each other for many years./ since he left 10 years ago. 此时（主句）谓语动词不能用非延续性动词。如： * He has left home for many years.（错误） * He has been away from home for many years. (正确) * He has died since 1990. （错误） * He has been dead since 1990.(正确) 1. 一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情，不强调对现在产生的影响。也可表示过去习惯性的动作，不涉及与现在的关系如： He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。(只说明去桂林的时间) 2. 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。以及过去已开始并延续到现在的动作，与现在有着密切的关系，不与确定的过去时间状语连用。如： Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。(着重点是现在有了一台新电脑) 3. 两种时态的区分 (1)一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式，而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是助动词have /has +过去分词。如：The film started at 7 oclock. He has been a teacher for many years. (2)一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等；而现在完成时则常与just, already, ever, never for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,等副词和these days, this week, since., for.等表示一段时间的状语连用。 看看以下的几组句子，有什么区别？ Have you seen the film?(A) Did you see the film?(B) 说明 你看过这部电影吗？(A)句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；(B)句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。 How has he done it?(A) How did he do it?(B) 说明他是怎么做的这件事？(A)句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响； (B)句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。 He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A) He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B) 说明他在北京住了8年。(A)句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B)句讲的是他在北京住过8年，现在不在北京了。3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。举例：I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）Who hasnt handed in his paper?（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）She has returned from Paris.她已从巴黎回来了。She returned yesterday.她是昨天回来了。He has been in the League for three years.(在团内的状态可延续)He has been a League member for three years.He joined the League three years ago.( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)I have finished my homework now.-Will somebody go and get Dr. White?-Hes already been sent for.句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.用于现在完成时的句型1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。It is the first time that I have visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is the that结构，that从句要用现在完成时.This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。两种时态的比较练习: 1. - Where _you _ (put) the book? I cant see it anywhere. - I _(put) it right here. But now its gone. A. did ; put; put B. have; put; put C. did; put; have put D. have; put; have put 2. We havent heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _ to her? A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened 3. Hello, I _ you were in London. How long _ here? A. dont know; were you B. hadnt known; are you C. havent known; are D. didnt know; have you been 4. Im glad to tell you that we _ the work in less time than we _ expected to. A. finished; were B. have finished; are C. have finished; were D. had finished; were 5. It _ that pleasant music keeps people from becoming tired at their work. A. finds B. has found C. was found D. has been found 6. When I was at college I _ three foreign language but I _ all except a few words of each. A. spoke; had forgotten B. spoke; have forgotten C. had spoken; had forgotten C. had spoken; have forgotten 7.- Hi, Tracy, you look tired. “ - I am tired. I _ the living room all day. A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted 8. - Have you had any letters from him? - No, I havent, but my wife _ him regularly . A. has heard from B. has been hearing from C. had heard from D. hears Key: 1. B 前者强调的是 I cant find it anywhere (now), 因此用现在完成时;后者强调的是I put it right here(just now). 2. C 说话者强调Jane 目前的状况. 3. D didnt know 强调见面前原不知道. 4. C 全句含义为 “我们现在已经比预期的(强调过去)提前完成任务( 强调现在). 5. D 为被动语态的现在完成时, 强调that 从句的内容现在已被发现,为人所知. 6. B 注意when I was at college 是指过去的某一时间,动词应用一般过去时; I have forgotten 是指现在的情况. 7. C (强调动作从过去到现在的延续，而非动作的结果) 8 B ( 非强调结果，A错；不是指目前一般的情况，D错；是指从过去延续到现在的情况，故B对。) 比较since和forSince 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born.My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。I worked here for more than twenty years.(我现在已不在这里工作。)I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)小窍门：当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years.= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.(错) Harry has got married for six years.= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.2since用法编辑1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。I have been here since 1989.2) since +一段时间+ agoI have been here since five months ago.3) since +从句Great changes have taken place since you left.Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.4) It is +一段时间+ since从句It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.现在完成时 1：1) since + 时间点/从句；2) for + 时间段；3)“过去某时到现在”如today, this year, so far, up to now等；4)“最近几世纪/年/月”in the past few years, during the last three months；5 副词lately, recently, already, yet, before等。.(3) 用法：1) 延续：表示一种从过去开始并一直延续到现在的情况：We have known each other since we were nine or ten.我们自九岁或十岁时就相识相知。The strike has continued for several weeks.罢工已经持续了几个星期。Up to now, the work has been easy.到目前为止，工作还算容易。She has been away from school during the last few weeks.这几周，她一直没来学校。注意：如果没有延续性的时间状语，表示这件事曾经发生过：I have been to the ruins of Pompeii.我曾去过庞培古城。Tom has lived in Beijing. That was ten years ago. He is now living in New York.汤姆曾经在北京住过，但这是十年前的事了，他现在住在纽约。2) 重复：表示现在之前重复发生的某个动作：I have met many old friends since I came back from Britain.自我从英国回来之后已经遇到很多老朋友。So far this semester, we have had five tests.这个学期到目前为止，我们已经测试了五次。I have watched the movie Avator many times.我看阿凡达这部电影已经好多遍了。I have written my wife an e-mail every day for the last two weeks.在过去的两周里，我每天给我的妻子写一封信。注意：现在完成时态的重复具有“将来可重复性”，而一般过去时并不具有：I have drunk three cups of coffee this morning.此句含义是：今天上午到现在为止（尚未过去），我已经喝了三杯咖啡，有可能还会喝更多。I drank three cups of coffee this morning.此句含义是：今天上午（已过）我喝了三杯咖啡，不可能喝更多的咖啡。3) 影响：一个过去发生的短暂事件没有“延续”或“重复”到现在，但它的影响持续到了现在：1) 常与模糊的时间状语连用：We have never seen each other before.我们之前从未见过彼此。The agents have already got the address of the terrorists.情报人员已获悉那些恐怖分子的住址。2) 它的肯定式通常不与持续的时间状语连用：Tom has fallen in love, and thats why hes becoming excited.汤姆坠入爱河，这就是他兴奋的原因。He knows Africa very well, for he has been over Africa.他非常了解非洲，因为他曾经走遍了非洲。3) 它的否定式可与持续的时间状语连用：I havent heard from him for ages.我已很久没有收到他的来信了。I havent seen a piece of meat for weeks.我已几周没吃过肉了。11. - Anna, have you_seen Chinas Got Talent（达人秀）？-Of course .it last weekend.（2013年成宁卷）A. never ;saw B. ever; have seenC. never; have seen D. ever; saw12.- Have you had your breakfast yet?-Yes. Mom _it for me.（2013年江西卷）精品资料A. was cookingB.is cookingC.will cookD.cookedKey: 15 DDBAB610 DDBAC1112 DD三、现在完成时考点例析 现在完成时是较难掌握、中考考查较多的时态。涉及的考点有： 一、考查其构成 助动词have (has) +动词过去分词构成现在完成时。如： 1. Kates never seen Chinese films，_ ? A. hasnt she B. has she C. isnt she D. is she 析：陈述句部分含否定词never,简略问句部分要用肯定式，又因Kates是Kate has的缩写，故选B。 2. His uncle has already posted the photos to him. (改为否定句) His uncle _ posted the photos to him _. 析：already常用在肯定句中，yet常用在否定句、疑问句中，故填hasnt, yet。 3. -Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So _her parents. A. has B. had C. did D. have 析：so+助/系/情态动词+主语结构中的动词形式应与前句结构中动词形式保持一致，又后句的主语为her parents是复数,故选D。 二、考查其用法与标志词 (一)当句中有never, ever, just, already, yet, before等时，常用现在完成时。如： 1. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball? -_you_ your homework yet? A. Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finish D. Have; finished 2. -_ you _anywhere before? -Yes, but I cant remember where I_ A. Did; surf; surfed B. Have; surfed; surfed C. Did; surf; have surfed D. Have; surfed; have surfed 析：据yet和before可知,应用现在完成时，故1题选D，2题选D。 (二)当句中有for +段时间或since +点时间等时，主句常用现在完成时，谓语动词必须是延续性动词，若是非延续性动词，要改为延续性动词或表状态的词(短语)。如： 1. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice_he came to Yunnan. A. after