Politeness in Conversation.ppt

PolitenessinConversation By GaoYa Background Grice sCooperativePrinciplefailstoexplain amongotherthings whytheychoosenottobedirectinsayingwhattheymean TworesearchorientationesPoliteness RobinTolmachLakoff AfemaleprofessoroflinguisticsattheUniversityofCalifornia Berkeley Establishinglanguageandgenderasanobjectofstudyinlinguistics Twobasicstrategiesforcommunication thetransmissionofinformationandrapport Lakoff 1973 PolitenessRules 1 Don timpose Distance e gCouldyoupostthelettersonmydesk 2 Giveoptions Deference e gIwonderifitwouldhelptoputonthepurpledress 3 Befriendly Camaraderie e gDearling passthesalttome GeoffreyLeech AspecialistinEnglishlanguageandlinguistics Farfrombeingasuperficialmatterof beingcivil politenessisanimportantmissinglinkbetweentheCPandtheproblemofhowtorelatesensetoforce PolitenessPrinciple Twogeneralrequirements 1 Maximize otherthingsbeingequal theexpressionofpolitebeliefs2 Minimize otherthingsbeingequal theexpressionofimpolitebeliefs SixMaxims 1 TactMaxim2 GenerosityMaxim3 ApprobationMaxim4 ModestyMaxim5 AgreementMaxim6 SympathyMaxim TactMaxim Indirectivesandcommissivesa Minimizecosttoothere gCouldyougivemeasheetofpaper b Maximizebenefittoothere gYoucanusemycarwheneveryouneedit GenerosityMaxim Indirectivesandcommissivesa Minimizebenefittoselfe gMayIjusthavealook b Maxmizecosttoselfe gI llmakeeveryefforttodothejobwell ApprobationMaxim Inexpressivesandrepresentativesa Minimizedispraiseofothere gYoucouldbeabitmorecareful b Maximizepraiseofothere gWhatamarvelousmealyoucooked ModestyMaxim Inexpressivesandrepresentativesa Minimizepraiseofselfe gPleaseacceptthissmallgiftofmine b Maximizedispraiseofselfe gHowstupidofme AgreementMaxim a Minimizedisagreementbetweenselfandothere gBasicallyweseeeyetoeyewitheachother b Maximizeagreementbetweenselfandothere gIfullyagreewithyou SympathyMaxim a Minimizeantipathybetweenselfandothere gThat sjustajoke isn tit Maximizesympathybetweenselfandothere gI mawfullysorrytohearyourbadnews Clashesbetweenthemaxims 1 BetweentheAgreementMaximandtheModestyMaxime gMary Whatanicecoatyou rewearing John Oh it saveryoldone John Yes it sbeautiful isn tit 2 IntheAgreementMaxime gA Thatdresssheiswearingisbeautiful don tyouthink B Yes butIlikethecolor TherelationshipbetweenthePPandtheCP ThePPisanecessarycomplementthatmayrescuetheCPfromserioustroubleintheorizing Leech 1983 80 AsLeechobserves whenmaxinsoftheCPandthePPcomeintoconflict thelattergenerallygainsmoreconsederation A We llallmissBillandAgatha won twe B Well we llallmissBILL TheQuantityMaximA Johnhasjustborrowedyourbike B Well Ilikethat TheQualityMaximA Howdoyoulikemypainting B Idon thaveaneyeforbeauty I mafraid TheRelationMaximA MissXsang Homesweethome B MissXproducedaseriesofsoundsthatcorrespondedcloselywiththescoreof Homesweethome TheMannerMaxim SomeproblemsinthePP 礼貌原则在语言的描写 解释和生成上都存在一定问题 关于各个准则的规定过于绝对化礼貌原则忽视了听者的表现礼貌原则忽视了文化对礼貌的影响 对语言的描写 未能完全覆盖所有的语言情况e g有一电视连续剧 荆途 中一情节 工厂老板的太太在街上大声责骂女儿 不准她同出身低微的男朋友一起去看电影 女儿晚上回到家 对妈妈说 妈妈 你今天为什么这么失礼 当众骂街 徐盛桓 1992 对于语言的解释 实际礼貌v s 字面礼貌e gA 你居然破了3000米的记录 真是头牲口 B 我也没料到 运气真是太好了 廖迅乔 2005 生成语言 礼貌原则下生成了不礼貌的语言e gIdidn tgiveyouanytroubleatall Ididn tgetmuchmorefromyourlecture 刘润清 1987 各个准则过于绝对化Minimize Maximize对听者的忽视听者模型 容忍原则 满足原则熊学亮 刘国辉 也谈礼貌原则 四川外国语学院院报 2002年5月 第三期 第18卷对文化的影响忽视 GrandStrategyofPoliteness Inordertobepolite SexpressesorimpliesmeaningswhichplaceahaighvalueonwhatpertainstoO O otherperson s mainlytheaddressee orplacealowvalueonwhatpertainstoS S self speaker Leech 2005 A PlaceahighvalueonH swants placealowvalueonS swants B PlaceahighvalueonH squalities placealowvalueonS squalities C PlaceahighvalueonS sobligationtoH placealowvalueonH sobligationtoS D PlaceahighvalueonH sopinions placealowvalueonS sopinionsE PlaceahighvalueonH sfeelings placealowvalueS sfeelings H Hearer S Self Examples 1 Wedon tbelieveyouhavecausefordissatisfication Wefeelsurethatyouwillbeentirelysatified 2 Ifpossible wouldyoupleaselowerthepricealittlebit 3 Youalwayshaveagoodjudgementofthemarket 4 Whatandexcellentperformanceofourequipment Accordingtotheendusers theperformanceofthisequipmentisexcellent 5 Itisunfortunatethatwecannotdeliveryontime Iregretitmostsincerely Icanassureyou however thatiitwasunexpectedandbeyondourcontrol Pleasecalmandletustrytofindasolution 6 Weallow2percentdiscountforcashpaymentsYouwillearn2percentdiscountifyoupaycash 7 Iagreewi