NathanielHawthorne胡萍改.ppt

NathanielHawthorne 1804 1864 胡萍潘珊珊郑秀华孙天怡肖荣真 Whoeversowssparinglywillalsoreapsparingly andwhoeversowsgenerouslywillalsoreapgenerously 少种的少收 多种的多收 新 哥前 9 6 NathanielHawthorne 1804 1864 NathanielHawthornewasbornonJuly4 1804inSalem Massachusetts thedescendentofalonglineofPuritanancestors Afterhisfatherwaslostatseawhenhewasonlyfour hismotherbecameoverlyprotectiveandpushedhimtowardmoreisolatedpursuits Hawthorne schildhoodlefthimoverlyshyandbookish andmoldedhislifeasawriter HawthorneturnedtowritingafterhisgraduationfromBowdoinCollege Hawthorneanonymouslypublishedhisfirstwork anoveltitled Fanshawe in1828 Hepublishedseveralshortstoriesinvariousperiodicalswhichhecollectedin1837as Twice ToldTales In1829 hebecameengagedtoSophiaPeabody HeworkedataCustomHouseandjoinedBrookFarm atranscendentalistcommunity beforemarryingPeabodyin1842 NathanielandSophiaHawthornehadthreechildren Theirfirst adaughter wasbornMarch3 1844 ShewasnamedUna areferencetoTheFaerieQueene tothedispleasureoffamilymembers Hawthornewrotetoafriend Ifinditaverysoberandseriouskindofhappinessthatspringsfromthebirthofachild Thereisnoescapingitanylonger Ihavebusinessonearthnow andmustlookaboutmeforthemeansofdoingit 38 In1846 theirsonJulianwasborn HawthornewrotetohissisterLouisaonJune22 1846 withthenews Asmalltroglodytemadehisappearancehereattenminutestosixo clockthismorning whoclaimedtobeyournephew Theirfinalchild Rose wasborninMay1851 Hawthornecalledher myautumnalflower UnaandJulianHawthornecirca1850 ThecouplemovedtoTheWaysideinConcord In1846HawthornewasappointedasasurveyorattheSalemcustomhouse butwhentheRepublicanZacharyTaylorwaselectedpresidentin1848helosthisjob Inthesummerof1849hewasremovedfromofficeonpettycharges Heturnedimmediatelytothecompositionofwhatwastobecomehismostfamouswork TheScarletLetter ItwasfinishedinFebruaryandpublishedinApril1850 theso called birthyearofAmericanliterature asbesides TheScarletLetter itwasalsotheyearinwhichWaltWhitman s LeavesofGrass andHermanMelville s MobyDick werepublished TheScarletLetterwasanimmediatesuccessandallowedHawthornetodevotehimselftohiswriting HeleftSalemforatemporaryresidenceinLenox asmalltowntheBerkshires wherehecompletedtheromanceTheHouseoftheSevenGablesin1851 WhileinLenox HawthornebecameacquaintedwithHermanMelvilleandbecameamajorproponentofMelville swork buttheirfriendshipbecamestrained Hawthorne ssubsequentnovels TheBlithedaleRomance basedonhisyearsofcommunallivingatBrookFarm andtheromanceTheMarbleFaun werebothconsidereddisappointments Hawthornesupportedhimselfthroughanotherpoliticalpost theconsulshipinLiverpool whichhewasgivenforwritingacampaignbiographyforFranklinPierce HawthornepassedawayonMay19 1864inPlymouth NewHampshireafteralongperiodofillnessinwhichhesufferedsevereboutsofdementia Emersondescribedhislifewiththewords painfulsolitude HawthornemaintainedastrongfriendshipwithFranklinPierce butotherwisehadfewintimatesandlittleengagementwithanysortofsociallife Hisworksremainnotablefortheirtreatmentofguiltandthecomplexitiesofmoralchoices HawthornediedinhissleeponMay19 1864 inPlymouth NewHampshire Hawthorneprefered romances to novels Anovelistisfaithfultotheprobableandordinarycourseofhumanexperience Theromanceontheotherhandwillminglethemarvellouswiththereallife ThereforehewasagainstthepicturesqueexternalismofWalterScott Literarystyleandthemes Hawthorne sworksbelongtoromanticismor morespecifically darkromanticism cautionarytalesthatsuggestthatguilt sin andevilarethemostinherentnaturalqualitiesofhumanity ManyofhisworksareinspiredbyPuritanNewEngland combininghistoricalromanceloadedwithsymbolismanddeeppsychologicalthemes borderingonsurrealism Hisdepictionsofthepastareaversionofhistoricalfictionusedonlyasavehicletoexpresscommonthemesofancestralsin guiltandretribution HislaterwritingsalsoreflecthisnegativeviewoftheTranscendentalismmovement Hawthornewaspredominantlyashortstorywriterinhisearlycareer UponpublishingTwice ToldTales however henoted Idonotthinkmuchofthem andheexpectedlittleresponsefromthepublic Hisfourmajorromanceswerewrittenbetween1850and1860 TheScarletLetter 1850 TheHouseoftheSevenGables 1851 TheBlithedaleRomance 1852 andTheMarbleFaun 1860 Anothernovel lengthromance Fanshawewaspublishedanonymouslyin1828 Hawthornedefinedaromanceasbeingradicallydifferentfromanovelbynotbeingconcernedwiththepossibleorprobablecourseofordinaryexperience IntheprefacetoTheHouseoftheSevenGables Hawthornedescribeshisromance writingasusing atmosphericalmediumastobringoutormellowthelightsanddeepenandenrichtheshadowsofthepicture EdgarAllanPoewroteimportantandsomewhatunflatteringreviewsofbothTwice ToldTalesandMossesfromanOldManse Poe snegativeassessmentwaspartlyduetohisowncontemptofallegoryandmoraltales andhischronicaccusationsofplagiarism thoughheadmitted ThestyleofHawthorneispurityitself Histoneissingularlyeffective wild plaintive thoughtful andinfullaccordancewithhisthemes Welookuponhimasoneofthefewmenofindisputablegeniustowhomourcountryhasasyetgivenbirth RalphWaldoEmersonwrotethat NathanielHawthorne sreputationasawriterisaverypleasingfact becausehiswritingisnotgoodforanything andthisisatributetotheman HenryJamespraisedHawthorne saying ThefinethinginHawthorneisthathecaredforthedeeperpsychology andthat inhisway hetriedtobecomefamiliarwithit PoetJohnGreenleafWhittierwrotethatheadmiredthe weirdandsubtlebeauty inHawthorne stales EvertAugustusDuyckincksaidofHawthorne OftheAmericanwritersdestinedtolive heisthemostoriginal theoneleastindebtedtoforeignmodelsorliteraryprecedentsofanykind ContemporaryresponsetoHawthorne sworkpraisedhissentimentalityandmoralpuritywhilemoremodernevaluationsfocusonthedarkpsychologicalcomplexity 100 Beginninginthe1950s criticshavefocusedonsymbolismanddidacticism TheScarletLetter Thestorystartsduringthesummerof1642 nearBoston Massachusetts inapuritanvillage AyoungwomannamedHesterPrynnehasbeenledfromthetownprisonwithherinfantdaughterandascarletletterAisonthebreastofhergown whichrepresentstheactofadultery foralltoseehershame Anelderlystrangeraskswhat shappening andavillagerrespondsthatHesterisbeingpunishedforadultery HerhusbandsenthertoAmericawhilehesetaffairsinEurope however heisassumedlostduringhistriptoBoston HesterhasanaffairandgavebirthtoPearl butshedoesn trevealtheidentityofherlover Thestranger whoisHester shusbandinfact isnowpracticingmedicineandcallshimselfRogerChillingworth HemedicatesHester sinfantandhasafrankdiscussionwithHesterintheprison Hesterstilldidn ttelltheman sname soChillingworthsayshewillsettleheretofindouttheman andelicitsapromisefromhertokeephisidentityasasecret too Severalyearslater Hesterandherdaughterliveinasmallcottage whilethecommunityofficialsattempttotakePearlawayfromhermother WiththehelpofArthurDimmesdale arespectableminister theydon tseparate ArthurDimmesdalesuffersmysterioushearttroublecausedbypsychologicaldistress soChillingworthattachedhimselftotheministerandsuspectsarelationshipbetweenhimandHester Oneafternoon hediscoversanAburnedintoDimmesdale schest whichconvincedhissuspicioncorrect AsDimmesdale sanguishdeepens heinventsnewtorturesforhimself Onenight HesterandPearlencountersDimmesdaleatopthescaffoldtopunishhissins sotheyjoinhim butDimmensdalerefusesPearl srequestthatheacknowledgeherpubliclythenextday Hesterrealizestheminister sconditionisworsening sheasksChillingworthtostopaddingDimmensdale sself torment AsChillingworthrefusesherrequest HesterinformshistrueidentitytoDimmensdaleandtheydecidedtofleetoEurope Thedaybeforetheirescape DimmesdaleseesHesterandPearlstandbeforethescaffold andheconfessespublicly exposingthemarksearedintothefleshofhischest HefallsdeadafterPearlkisseshim Frustratedinhisrevenge Chillingworthdiesayearlater HesterandPearlleaveBoston andmanyyearslater Hesterreturnsalone andPearlisrumoredtohavemarriedanEuropeanaristocratandinheritsallofChillingworth smoneyeventhoughheknowssheisnothisdaughter Thereisasenseofliberationinherandthetownspeople theyfinallyforgiveHesterofhertragicindiscretion WhenHesterdies thetombstonewasdecoratedwithaletter A forHesterandDimmesdale Themes TheScarletLettermakesHawthornewhoisafamousAmericanwriterknownallovertheworld Thestorybeginsin17thcentury Boston thenapuritansettlement TheScarletLetterbyNathanielHawthorneusedthescarletletterstosymbolizetheharshnessofPuritansociety showinghowtheybrandedsinnersforlife AlthoughPuritansocietyisunforgivingtowardsthesinfulscarletletter theirstrictnessimprovedthebearersofthesin ThescarletletterwasalsoanexampleofhowPuritansocietywillalwaysrememberthesin Whenstrangerslookedcuriouslyatthescarletletter andnonefailedtodoso theybrandeditafreshintoHester ssoul Aletter A butfreshlygreen insteadofscarletwascreatedbyher showinghowHawthornemadeajestatthepunishmentPuritansputuponHester AndthescarletletterwasalsoatoytoPearl somethingthatsheenjoyed Hawthorneusesthescarletlettertodepicthisfeelingsoftheexaggeratedemotionsofthepuritansandtheiroverlydramaticpunishments WritingSkills AllusionHesterPrynnewaslooselybasedonHawthorne swife SofiaPeabodyAnneHutchinson mentionedinChapter1 ThePrisonDoor wasareligiousdissenter 1591 1643 Inthe1630sshewasexcommunicatedbythePuritansandexiledfromBostonandmovedtoRhodeIsland AnnHibbins whohistoricallywasexecutedforwitchcraftinBostonin1656 isdepictedinTheScarletLetterasawitchwhotriestotemptPrynnetothepracticeofwitchcraft SirThomasOverburyandDr Formanwerethesubjectsofanadulteryscandalin1615inEngland Dr Formanwaschargedwithtryingtopoisonhisadulterouswifeandherlover Overburywasafriendoftheloverandwasperhapspoisoned ThestyleofTheScarletLetterisclean precise andeffective InthenovelHawthorneutilizesallhiswritingskills symbolismPearlAlthoughPearlisacomplexcharacter herprimaryfunctionwithinthenovelisasasymbol Pearlisasortoflivingversionofhermother sscarletletter Sheisthephysicalconsequenceofsexualsinandtheindicatorofatransgression Yet evenasareminderofHester s sin Pearlismorethanamerepunishmenttohermother sheisalsoablessing Sherepresentsnotonly sin butalsothevitalspiritandpassionthatengenderedthatsin Thus Pearl sexistencegiveshermotherreasontolive bolsteringherspiritswhensheistemptedtogiveup ItisonlyafterDimmesdaleisrevealedtobePearl sfatherthatPearlcanbecomefully human Untilthen shefunctionsinasymboliccapacityasthereminderofanunsolvedmystery ThesymbolicmeaningsoftheletterAForthetown speople theletterAsymbolizedtheadulteryofHester ForHesterherself theAisnotonlyasymbolofadultery butalsoasymbolofalienation Sheisanoutcastfromsocietyandthewomentreatherdifferentlybyconstantlysneeringather Alsowiththedevelopingofthestory theAgainedameaningofableorangel TheMeteorAsDimmesdalestandsonthescaffoldwithHesterandPearlinChapterXII ameteortracesoutan A inthenightsky ToDimmesdale themeteorimpliesthatheshouldwearamarkofshamejustasHesterdoesThemeteorisinterpreteddifferentlybytherestofthecommunity whichthinksthatitstandsfor Angel andmarksGovernorWinthrop sentryintoheaven But Angel isanawkwardreadingofthesymbol ThePuritanscommonlylookedtosymbolstoconfirmdivinesentiments Inthisnarrative however symbolsaretakentomeanwhatthebeholderwantsthemtomean Theincidentwiththemeteorobviouslyhighlightsandexemplifiestwodifferentusesofsymbols Puritanandliterary Thelanguageandtheplotinthisnoveltendtobesomekindofsubjectiveimaginatiion Besides inthedescription theauthorputmuchimpotranceonthecharacters psychologyandintuition Forexample thescenerydepictintheopening Acrowdofsomber dreary lookingpeoplehasgatheredoutsidethedoorofaprisoninseventeenth centuryBoston Thebuilding sheavyoakdoorisstuddedwithironspikes andtheprisonappearstohavebeenconstructedtoholddangerouscriminals Nomatterhowoptimisticthefoundersofnewcoloniesmaybe thenarratortellsus theyinvariablyprovideforaprisonandacemeteryalmostimmediately ThisistrueofthecitizensofBoston whobuilttheirprisonsometwentyyearsearlier Bydescribingthemysteryofthenaturalscenery Hawthorneinfactshowedusthedifferentfeelingsofthepeople Otherworks NathanielHawthorne aprolificwriter 1828年 范 肖 Fanshawe1837年 重讲一遍的故事 TwiceToldTales 短篇小说集 1846年 古屋青苔 MossesfromanOldManse 短篇小说集 1850年 红字 TheScarletLetter1851年 七个尖角阁的房子 TheHouseoftheSevenGables1851年 雪影 TheSnow Image 短篇小说集 1852年 福谷传奇 TheBlithedaleRomance1852年 富兰克林 皮尔斯传 1852年 奇妙故事 1853年 乱树丛故事 1860年 玉石雕像 TheMarbleFaun1863年 我们的老家 1868年 美国笔记 1870年 英国笔记 1871年 法国与意大利笔记 1883年 故事与随笔 Novels TheBlithedaleRomance DoctorGrimshaw sSecret TheDolliverRomance Fanshawe TheHouseoftheSevenGables TheMarbleFaun TheScarletLetter Twice ToldTales TheGrayChampion SundaysatHome TheWedding Knell TheMinister sBlackVeil TheMay PoleofMerryMount TheGentleBoy Mr Higginbotham sCatastrophe DavidSwan SightsfromaSteeple TheHollowoftheThreeHills Dr Heidegger sExperiment LegendsoftheProvince House TheSevenVagabonds TheWhiteOldMaid TheLily sQuest Acollectionof36shortstories composedoftwovolumes Mr Hooper areverendministerwearsablacksemi transparentveilforasermononedayfearfuloftheglanceofthedeadbringingtheatmosphereoftheweddingdowntogloomfianc eElizabethcannotpersuadehimintotakingtheveiloff andbreaksofftheengagement refusestoremovetheveilevenwhenheisdyingpeopleallwearblackveilsburiedwiththeblackveilonhisface AllthroughlifetheblackveilhadhungbetweenhimandtheworldEvilnatureofhumanbeingsHawthorne sgloomyandpessimisticthoughts ReviewofHawthorne sTwice toldTales byEdgarAllanPoe OftheEssays Theyareeachandallbeautiful withoutbeingcharacterizedbythepolishandadaptationsovisibleinthetalesproper ThestyleofMr Hawthorneispurityitself Histoneissingularlyeffective wild plaintive thoughtful andinfullaccordancewithhisthemes Wehaveonlytoobjectthatthereisinsufficientdiversityinthesethemesthemselves orratherintheircharacter Hisoriginalitybothofincidentandreflectionisveryremarkable andthistraitalonewouldinsurehimatleastourwarmestregardandcommendation Mr Hawthorne svolumesappearmisnamedtousintworespects Inthefirstplacetheyshouldnothavebeencalled Twice ToldTales forthisisatitlewhichwillnotbearrepetition Ifinthefirstcollectededitiontheyweretwice told ofcoursenowtheyarethrice told Maywelivetohearthemtoldahundredtimes Inthesecondplace thesecompositionsarebynomeansall Tales Themostofthemareessaysproperlysocalled Itwouldhavebeenwiseintheirauthortohavemodifiedhistitle soastohavehadreferencetoallincluded TheSnow Image andOtherTwice ToldTales TheSnow Image TheGreatStoneFace Main street EthanBrand ABell sBiography SylphEtherege TheCanterburyPilgrims OldNews TheManofAdamant TheDevilinManuscript JohnInglefield sThanksgiving OldTiconderoga TheWivesoftheDead LittleDaffydowndilly MyKinsman MajorMolineux MossesfromanOldManse TheOldManse TheBirth Mark ASelectParty YoungGoodmanBrown Rappaccini sDaughter Mrs Bullfrog Fire Worship BudsandBird Voices MonsieurduMiroir TheHallofFantasy TheCelestialRail road TheProcessionofLife Feathertop TheNewAdamandEve Egotism or TheBosom Serpent TheChristmasBanquet Drowne sWoodenImage TheIntelligenceOffice RogerMalvin sBurial P sCorrespondence Earth sHolocaust PassagesfromaRelinquishedWork SketchesfromMemory TheOldApple Dealer TheArtistoftheBeautiful AVirtuoso sCollection 艾默 乔治亚娜 你想过没有你脸上的胎记可以去掉 乔治亚娜 只要是你给我的药水 哪怕是毒药我也会一口喝下去 丈夫艾默作为科学家 是19世纪现代科学和文明的化身 他坚信科学的力量会改变自然规律 并努力按人类的意志塑造世界 从而满足人类的一切主观愿望 19世纪 是现代科技高速发展的时代 妻子乔治亚娜则是自然的化身 作者一开始就把她描写得美丽动人 除了有娇美的外表 她的真实 顺从的性情都使她与丈夫之间形成了鲜明的对比他们夫妻之间可谓郎才女貌 情投意合 但是因为丈夫掌握了现代科技的手段 他的欲望膨胀了 他要追求完美 而结果却