现在分词,过去分词.doc

分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种,是一种非谓语动词形式。现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示主动和进行，过去分词表示被动和完成(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。分词作定语不及物动词的现在分词作定语表达强调动作正在进行，过去分词强调完成；及物动词的现在分词作定语强调主动，过去分词强调被动。分词的完成式一般不作定语。分词作其他成分时，也是如此。分词作定语，单个的分词作定语一般前置；分词词组，个别分词如given, left等，修饰不定代词等的分词，作定语需后置。例如：We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日There was a girl sitting there.有个女孩坐在那里This is the question given. 这是所给的问题There is nothing interesting. 没有有趣的东西分词作定语相当于定语从句，如Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = Most of the people who were invited to the party were famous scientists.分词作状语 分词作状语，可以表示时间，原因，理由，条件，让步，连续等，相当于一个状语从句。例如： Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了个电话。 As I didnt receive any letter from him, I gave him a call. Given more attention，the trees could have grown better. 多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。 If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。例如: Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。 Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。连词+分词（短语）有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。 连词有： when，while，if though，after, before, as.但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。例如：While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.等在那儿时，他看见两个靓妹走出大楼。（waiting 和saw 的主语相同）分词作补语通常在感官动词和使役动词之后。例如： I found my car missing.我发现我的车不见了。 Ill have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。分词作表语 表示主语的状态等。例如： She looked tired with cooking.她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。 He remained standing beside the table.他依然站在桌旁。分词作插入语 分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如： generally speaking一般说来 talking of （speaking of） 说道 strictly speaking 严格的说 judging from 从判断 all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration全面看来 例如：Judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。 Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。 （speaking 不是dogs 的动作）分词的时态1）一般式表示与主语动词同时发生。例如： Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。 Arriving there, they found the boy dead.一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。2）完成时表示先于主语动词发生。例如：While walking in the garden，he hurt his leg. 在花园里散步时他伤了腿。分词作时间状语，如果先于主动词的动作，且强调先后， 要用having done。Having finished his homework, he went out. 做完作业后，他出去了。 =As he had finished his homework, he went out.分词的语态1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。例如：He is the man giving you the money. （= who gave you）他就是给你钱的那个人。He is the man stopped by the car.（= who was stopped by）他就是那个被车拦住的人。2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生，如gone, fallen, retired