第三讲 词义的选择.ppt

第三讲词义的选择 Whilepeopleinothercountriesintheworldweretryingtocatchwildanimalsandbirdsandwerestillcollectingseedsandnuts farmersinChinaweredevelopingthescienceofagriculture 当世界上其他国家还在捕猎飞禽走兽 采集种子坚果的时候 中国农民就已经在从事农业科技研究了 Hisplanedevelopedenginetroubleonlysevenmilesaftertake off 他的飞机在起飞后只飞行了七英里就发生了机械故障 Inspiredbytheseideas in1752 Franklindevelopedapracticallighteningrod 由于受到这些思想的激发 弗兰克林于1752年发明了很实用的避雷针 Ahypothesisisaspecificstatementdevelopedbyascientistfromobservations 一个假设是由科学家经过大量观察而得出的具体结论 Mostofthemoneycamefromsellingthesecretofanewtypeofpotatohehaddeveloped 大部分钱都是靠出售他所培育出的新品土豆的配方得来的 AsyoungGoddardgrewintomanhood hedevelopedtuberculosis 年轻的戈达德长成大人时患上了结核病 Indevelopingadesign theengineermustapplyhisknowledgeofengineeringandmaterialscience 在进行设计时 工程师必须应用自己在工程学和材料科学方面的知识 Asearlyashissecondfilm Chaplinhaddevelopedhisownmannerofactingtheonethatwasbecomeworldfamous 早在他演第二部电影时 卓别林就已形成了他自己的表演风格 这就是他后来闻名于世的那种表演风格 SomemarriedpeoplewhoarenotsatisfiedwiththeirfamilymayresorttotheInternettodevelopanextramaritalaffair 一些对家庭不满意的已婚男女也学会借助因特网去搞婚外恋 Andthirdly computergameshelpdevelopchildren sinterestincomputers 再者 电子游戏有助于培养儿童对电脑的兴趣 词义的选择 指在翻译过程中 基于对源语文本的精确理解在目的语中选择恰当地词语或表达法 使之符合译文语境的表达需要 英语词汇 游移性 灵活性 含义范围比较宽 比较丰富多彩 词义对上下文的依赖性比较大 独立性比较小 汉语词语 含义比较狭窄 词义比较精确 固定 严谨 其伸缩性和对上下文的依赖性比较小 具有较强的独立性 英汉两种语言的词义 不仅仅是点的对应 也不仅仅是在一个平面上的线性交叉对应 而是成立体交叉对应关系 在英汉翻译时 译者寻求的不只是词义的静态对应 而是要在这种立体交叉的词义关系中寻求动态对应 一名之立 旬月踟蹰 严复作为译者 很多时候都需要为了寻找一个符合上下文的表达而冥思苦想 斟酌再三 Youcannotbuildaship abridgeorahouseifyoudon tknowhowtomakeadesignorhowtoreadit 不会制图或看不懂图纸 就不可能造船 架桥或盖房子 Onthewingsofhope oflove ofjoy MissMeadowsspedbacktothemusichall uptheaisle upthesteps overtothepiano 美多斯小姐仿佛插上了希望的翅膀 爱的翅膀 欢乐地翅膀 一路飞奔回到音乐厅 她穿越通道 跃上台阶 三步并作两步走到钢琴前 Coming Awaysheskimmedoverthelawn upthepath upthesteps acrosstheveranda andintotheporch 来啊 她转身蹦着跳着跑了 越过草地 跨上小径 跃上台阶 穿过阳台 进了门廊 DuringhisvisittoChinathisyear GeorgeBushJr willmeethiscounterpartanddiscusstheSino USrelationsofthefuture 在今年来中国访问期间 乔治 布什将会见胡锦涛主席并就中美未来的关系进行讨论 Thehomeofyourdreamsawaitsyoubehindthisdoor Whetheryourtastebeacountrymanorestateorapenthouseinthesky youwillfindthefollowingpagesfilledwiththeworld smostelegantresidences 打开门 恭候着您的就是梦寐以求的家 无论您企盼的是一座乡间宅第 抑或是一间摩天大楼的顶屋 翻开下面几页就可以看到世界上最高雅的住宅供您选择 ChinaFoodCulture Asacountrythatpaysgreatattentiontocourtesy ourcuisinecultureisdeeprootedinChina shistory ChinesecuisineisanyofseveralstylesoffoodoriginatingintheregionsofChina someofwhichhavebecomehighlypopularinotherpartsoftheworld fromAsiatotheAmericas Australia WesternEuropeandSouthernAfrica Traditionalstaples FlourandricearethetwomainfoodstaplesinChina Ingeneral riceisthemajorfoodsourceforpeoplefromricefarmingareasinsouthernChina Riceisalsousedtoproducebeers winesandvinegars InwheatfarmingareasinNorthernChina peoplelargelyrelyonflourbasedfoodssuchasnoodles breads dumplingsandsteamedbuns NoodlesaresymbolicoflonglifeandgoodhealthaccordingtoChinesetradition Theycomedryorfreshinavarietyofsizes shapesandtexturesandareoftenservedinsoupsandfriedastoppings Tofuisanotherpopularproductoftenusedasameatorcheesesubstitute Itisasoy basedproductwhichishighlynutritious inexpensiveandversatile Ithasahighprotein fatratio Regionalcuisines AnumberofdifferentstylescontributetoChinesecuisine butperhapsthebestknownandmostinfluentialareSichuancuisine Shandongcuisine JiangsucuisineandGuangdongcuisine Thesestylesaredistinctivefromoneanotherduetofactorssuchasavailableresources climate geography history cookingtechniquesandlifestyle Onestylemayfavourtheuseoflotsofgarlicandshallotsoverlotsofchilliandspices whileanothermayfavourpreparingseafoodoverothermeatsandfowl Jiangsucuisinefavourscookingtechniquessuchasbraisingandstewing whileSichuancuisineemploysbaking scalding andwrapping justtonameafew HairycrabisahighlysoughtafterlocaldelicacyinShanghai asitcanbefoundinlakeswithintheregion BeijingRoastDuckisanotherpopulardishwhichiswellknownoutsideChina DimSum DimSumisaCantonesetermforsmallsnacks Thesebite sizedportionsarepreparedusingtraditionalcookingmethodssuchasfrying steaming stewingandbaking Itisdesignedsothatonepersonmaytasteavarietyofdifferentdishes Someofthesemayincludericerolls lotusleafrice turnipcakes buns shuijiaostyledumplings stir friedgreenvegetables congeeporridge soups etc TheCantonesestyleofdining yamcha combinesthevarietyofdimsumdisheswiththedrinkingoftea Yamchaliterallymeans drinktea Tea Aswellaswithdimsum manyChinesedrinktheirteawithsnackssuchasnuts plums driedfruit smallsweets melonseeds andwaxberry Chinawastheearliestcountrytocultivateanddrinkteaanditisenjoyedbypeoplefromallsocialclasses TeaprocessingbeganaftertheQinandHanDynasties Chineseteaisoftenclassifiedintoseveraldifferentcategoriesaccordingtothespeciesofplantfromwhichitissourced theregioninwhichitisgrown andthemethodofproductionused Someofthesearegreentea oolongtea blacktea scentedtea whitetea andcompressedtea TherearefourmajorteaplantationregionsinChina TheyareJiangbei Jiangnan HuananandthesouthwesternregionChinaistheworld slargestexporterofgreentea supplying90percentofthetotalintheinternationalmarket Liquor YellowwinehasalonghistoryinChina wheretheuniquebeverageisproducedfromriceandrangesbetween10 15 alcoholcontent ThemostpopularbrandsincludeShaoxingLaoJiu ShaoxingHuaDiaoandTeJiaFan Wheat cornandriceareusedtoproduceChineseliquorwhichisclearandaromatic containingapproximately60 alcohol ThisalsohasalonghistoryinChina withproductionbelievedtodatebacktotheSongDynasty SomepopularbrandsofliquorincludeErGuoTao DuKang MaoTai LuZhouTeQuandWuLiangYe Chopsticks ChinesesimplychoosechopsticksastheirtablewareratherthanknifeandforksinceChinesepeople undercultivationofConfucianism considerknifeandforkbearingsortofviolence likecoldweapons However chopsticksreflectgentlenessandbenevolence themainmoralteachingofConfucianism ChinesefoodseemstotastebettereatenwithchopstickswhicharethespecialutensilChineseusetodine Itwillbeanawkwardexperienceforforeignerstousechopstickstohaveameal Fortunately learningtoeatwithchopsticksisnotdifficult Usingchopstickstoeatriceisaproblemtomostforeigners Generallythetiptoeatriceistobringone sricebowlclosetoone smouthandquicklyscoopthericeintoitwithone schopsticks Sincethisisdifficultforforeignersandsosimplyliftingportionsofricetothemouthfromthebowlheldintheotherhandisperfectlyacceptable Tablemanners InChina sincepeopleeattogether usuallythehostwillserveyousomedisheswithhisorherownchopstickstoshowhisorherhospitality SincethisisdifferentwiththeWesterncustoms youcanleavethefoodaloneifyoufeeltooawkward TheresomeotherrulesyouaresuggestedtofollowtomakeyourstayinChinahappier thoughyouwillbeforgivenifyouhavenoideawhattheyare Neverstickyourchopsticksuprightinthericebowl sincethatusuallyappearsonthefuneralandisdeemedextremelyimpolitetothehostandseniorspresent Makesurethespoutoftheteapotisnotfacinganyone Theproperwayismakeitdirectoutwardfromthetable Don ttaponyourbowlwithyourchopsticks sincethatwillbedeemedinsulttothehostorthechief Nevertrytoturnafishoveranddeboneityourself sincetheseparationofthefishskeletonfromthelowerhalfofthefleshwillusuallybeperformedbythehostorawaiter Superstitiouspeoplewilldeembadluckwillensueandafishingboatwillcapsizeotherwise FoodSymbolism InChina foodsaregivendifferentmeanings sothatincertainoccasionakindoffood canonly