考研英语段落排序新题型.doc

考研新题型巡礼之段落排序题-1排序题:要求考生将一组段落排序，使其意思通顺。这就要求考生在阅读各个段落时要把握它们的中心大意，并且将各段的段落大意整合，理清它们之间的逻辑顺序。(一)排序题的解题步骤1. 仔细阅读已经给出的答案，寻找其中得逻辑关系，并且在卷子上划去已经给出得两个答案。2. 阅读选项和原文，确定目标答案的位置3. 通读全文，确定语篇模式，检查答案是否合理。(二)排序题的四种篇章结构:1.提出问题分析问题解决问题:这类文章通常是叙述性说明文。文章往往是先提出某个领域或某个方面出现的问题，然后对此问题进行多方面多层次的分析，最后提出或陈述问题可能的解决方案。这类文章的结构可能多种多样，关键是考生要善于识别问题的提出-可能性的分析-解决办法这些基本的步骤，就能把握文章的主线，做出合理恰当的排列。 2.介绍现象列举细节/分析成因:这一类文章是阅读考试时经常碰到的。往往先向读者介绍某种现象或状况：可能是社会现象或状况，也可能是自然现象，列举的部分经常用一些细节的呈现或几种观点的讨论来探讨为什么会有这种现象，即现象的成因。在阅读这类文章时，首先要确定讨论的现象或状况，然后梳理清楚作者所列举的若干原因。考生可以利用各段中出现的信号词(如：First/Second/Third/Finally/)把握段落的先后次序；再者因为列举总是逐项或分层次进行的，只要清楚有哪几个层次，在心里给它们标个序号，头绪繁多的内容自然会变得井然有序。 3.两个事物对比比较分析总结 :文章首先向读者介绍两种事物或事物的两个方面，通过对比或比较的方式来说明它们之间的不同或相似之处。这种文章一般有两种写作方式：一种是分开比较，即先论述A事物或事物的A方面，再论述B事物或事物的B方面，为A+B模式；另一种为交替比较，即对事物的几个方面进行逐项比较，为A/B+A/B模式。在给这类文章排序时要注意：文章在哪几个方面进行了比较，哪些是不同点，哪些是相同点。 4.提出议题+发表观点+旁征博引:这类文章在阅读考试中出现频率很高，属于议论文的范畴。作者通常在文章开始介绍当前流行的一种观点，然后表示同意、异议或直接表明不同的观点。最后，用事实论证自己观点的合理性、指出流行观点的错误所在或通过议论驳斥流行观点，支持自己的论点。阅读这类文章要注意两个what一个how。即是：文章的话题是什么（what is the topic）？作者的观点是什么（what is the authors opinion）？作者如何证明自己的观点（how the support his/her opinion）？第一期的练习：A In studies of interpersonal argument, for example, when subjects were asked to deal with contradictory information stemming from conflict between a mother and a daughter or a student and a school, Peng found that Americans were “noncompromising, blaming one sideusually the motherfor the causes of the problems, demanding changes from one side to attain a solution and offering no compromise” in dealing with the conflict.BAmericans wear black for mourning. Chinese wear white. Westerners think of dragons as monsters. Chinese honor them as symbols of God. Chinese civilization has often shown such polarities with the West, as though each stands at extreme ends of a global string.? Now a University of California, Berkeley, Psychologist has discovered deeper polarities between Chinese and American culturespolarities that go to the heart of how we reason and discover truth.CDialectical thinking also has a Western version, which Americans often consider the highest, most sophisticated form of reasoning, said Peng. This type of reasoning allows people to proceed from thesis to antithesis, to synthesis. In Chinese folk wisdom, by comparison, people do not attempt to work through the contradictions, following a cultural tradition which holds that reality is “multilayered, unpredictable and contradictory,” and is in a constant state of change, Peng said.D“Americans have a terrible need to find out who is right in an argument.” said Peng. “The problem is that at the interpersonal level, you really dont need to find the truth, or may be there isnt any.” Chinese people, said Peng, are far more content to think that both sides have flaws and virtues, because they have a holistic awareness that life is full of contradictions. They do far less blaming of the individual than do Americans, he added.E“It can hardly be right to move to the middle when you have just read evidence for a less plausible view. Yet that is what the Chinese subjects did,”said Peng. He believes that this tendency to find the middle way has hampered Chinese efforts to seek out scientific truth through aggressive argumentation, the classic Western method for forging a linear path through contradictory information, which results in identifying right and wrong answers.FHis findings go far toward explaining why American cultures seem so contentious and Chinese cultures so passive, when compared to each other. More importantly, the research opens the way for the peoples of the East and the West to learn from each other in fundamental ways. The Chinese could learn much from Western methods for determining scientific truth,and Americans could profit enormously from the Chinese tolerance for accepting contradictions in social and personal life. said Kaiping Peng, a former Beijing scholar, who is now a UC Borkeley assistant professor of psychology. GCompared to this angry, blaming American stance, the Chinese were paragons of compromise, finding fault on both sides and looking for solutions that moved both sides to the middle. In tests of scientific thinking, however, the Chinese came up short. Asked to determine which statement was truewhether, for instance, smoking makes people gain or lose weightChinese respondents took the middle road, even when they believed one statement to be less true than another.Bfdagec考研新题型巡礼之段落排序题-2本期推荐:排序题具体的解题方法1.从已知段落出发，提炼全文主线不管给出的段落是文章中的第几自然段，考生都应该认真研究，准确把握这些段落的意思，因为这里才是考生可以着力的地方。段落中一般都会有主题句，而这些主题句的位置又经常出现在段首或段尾，所以，考生一定要重点阅读已知段落的首尾句。即使没有明显的主题句，考生也应该自己概括，因为这两、三个“路标”是太重要了。2.概括各段大意，标出重点内容备选的段落有长有短，不管情况如何，一定要概括出段落大意，如有可能，可以用汉语迅速地将大意简明扼要地写下来。另外，如果时间紧张，考生也可以将重要的句子划出来，但千万不要划得过多，否则，连自己都不知道哪个句子是重点了。3.尊重行文规范，把握不同文体答题时一定要考虑不同文体的行文思路，这对答题的速度很有帮助。记叙文、说明文、议论文各有各的写作方法，那么，我们在重新组装它们的时候也应该将上文所讲的各种文体的行文特征考虑进去。4.坚持主题连贯性，段落之间有脉络一篇文章中主题的阐述有其一定的连贯性，比如，如果第一段落的主语是they或任何一个其他名词，第二段中的主语也可能还是该词，而不会变来变去。段落之间的主题是相对稳定的。考生完全可以循着“主题”这根线索摸下去，中间尽量不要更换，如果讨论该主题的几个段落都已选完，再考虑其他的主题。5、弄懂各段首尾句，单独拿出读一读在时间非常紧的情况下，考生也可以尝试着利用下面这个“歪门邪道”试上一试，那就是只读每段的段首和段尾句，利用段落连贯性的特点来简化自己的阅读任务。这种阅读方法虽然省时间，但是准确率不高，考生应谨慎使用。对于第一期时,大家要求对文章做以讲解,我想说,因为是模拟题,没有必要了解的过细,只要从大师们的方法中体会如何做题就可以了,最终形成一些我们的体系和方法,这样我们才不可能害怕这样的题,当然如果对题目有疑问,可以随时和我讨论. AWebsite blocking is nothing new-services like Net Nanny and programs like Cyber Patrol and Guard Dog have been around for a few years now,protecting children and reassuring parents that only wholesome websites are accessed by the youngsters.Net Nanny and Cyber Patrol will prevent access to any questionable sites when the program is in place.BIn short,Norton Internet Security (NIS),as the program is called,is designed to serve as the guardian of your digital health,keeping the bad things out and the private things in.CThe system is not perfect,however.Limited testing found the blocking of some questionable sites was not comprehensive.Trying to get access to a well-known US site such as Playboy results in an immediate blocking message with a standard invitation to report anincorrectly categorized site.By contrast,you could find in other countries such as New Zealand a sex site which declared itself to bededicated to providing sexual material,imaged,and anything a little bit unusual for sex enthusiasts all over the country.DComputer users can also refresh the address list online with the Live update feature which is used by Norton Anti-Virus (which is bundled with NIS) to load the latest virus definitions.This service is free for the first year but,including virus definition updates,it costs $US 19.95 a year thereafter.EThe Symantec program can be configured in many ways, the website blocking,for example,can be set to be either selectively permissive or total in its banning of websites,or switched off entirely.Also,Symantecs list of no-go areas,which on the CD now stand at around 36,000 addressed,is not confined to sex sites.The team in Virginia is also on the lookout for sites advocating drugs,or which contain references to violence or gambling,and keeps a watch on chat rooms,e-mail services,entertainment portals-even job search and financial pages.These sites can be blocked by the program.FAt an office in Hampton,Virginia,in the east of the United States,a team of ten net savvy workers scours the web for sexual content,from basic sex education to sex acts.This quality assurance team is making sure that the blocking component of Symantecs Norton Internet Security 2000 computer program remains effective.This is because there is widespread parental concern about blocking websites with sexual content from children.GNow Symantec says it has created a new category in consumer software with a package that combines website blocking with a firewall,protecting your computer from hackers,snoopers and viruses,as well as preventing inadvertent disclosure of personal data.段落排序:首尾两段已经排出:F,_,_ ,_,_,_,CA G B E D考研新题型巡礼之段落排序题-3排序题具体解题对于上一期的几个问题,我有话要说,对于为什么g要放到b的前边,大家出现了一些争端,其实我本人是主张b在前,因为就像有的朋友说的那样,b与a的观点基本一致;然而官方的观点是,g是a段的一个让步补充,是一个事例说明,所以直接放到a的后边.我想,答案选什么并不重要,关键我们能够从中得到一些方法,并加深自己的理解,在今后选出一条适合自己做题的方法.习题来源于各个培训机构的网站A For the first time in Olympic history, Afghan women made their appearances in the most celebrated global sporting carnival as sprinter Robina Muqimyar and judoka Friba Razayee, both 18, represented their nation, which was welcomed back to the international fold for the first time since the fall of the Taliban regime. Iraq received one of the loudest cheers from the crowd. One and a half years after the U.S.led invasion which led to the downfall of Saddam Hussein, Iraq sent a delegation of 46 to Athens to demonstrate their faith in peace, friendship and a better future for the warravaged country. B In the parade of athletes, 202 delegations filed into the Olympic Stadium in Greek alphabetical order. The holy flame, after 78 days covering a distance of more than 78,000 km in its first ever global relay and lighting every prefecture of Greece, came into the stadium. Atlanta Olympics Mistral gold winner Nikolaos Kaklamanakis lit the Olympic cauldron which will be burning for 16 days. C The Olympic rings are lit up as fireworks explode during the opening ceremony of the Athens 2004 Olympic Games August 13, 2004. Four hundred drummers made the sound of a human heart-beat across the stadium before a flame raced across the stadiums 80meter-high roof to light the logo of the modern Olympicsthe five interlocking ringson a man-made lake in the arena, symbolizing the Aegean Sea. A boat carrying a child boy glided across the lake to be greeted by President Stefanopoulos and International Olympic Committee President Jacques Rogge as well as the Athens 2004 chief Gianna Angelopoulos Daskalaki.D It is so true that the Games, trying to make man the measurement of all things as in the organizers vision, encouraged the whole world to bury hatred and prejudice.E Then came the centerpiece of the ceremony as a dreamlike and colorful parade depicted stylized figures that looked as though they were brought to life from Greek frescoes, mosaics, sculptures and paintings. The performance displayed a chronological procession of images ranging from prehistoric to modern times. Following was the parade of athletes, representing the strengths and vitality of their home countries. F The joy of reunion also belonged to the Koreans when athletes from the DPR Korea and South Korea marched together under the Peninsula flag, reminding everyone of that very same touching moment in Sydney four years ago. And the two sides may even go one step further in the next Olympics in Beijing as they are discussing the possibility of having a unified delegation. G After 108 years away from its ancient birthplace and the city of its revival, the Olympic Games is home. When the Athens Olympics lifted its curtain Friday night, a success seemed to be in the making just as the organizers promised as all the unpleasant memories of long debates and construction delays faded out in the spectacular opening ceremony. 段落排序:首尾两段已经排出:G,_,_ ,_,_,_,F其实我是不想放上出题者的解释的,因为这个只是他们的自圆其说.41答案C解析看到第一段G最后一句话，你是不是期望能在接下来的叙述中了解到这个opening ceremony是如何spectacular的？好，带着这个想法，到剩下的几个选项中找有用的信息吧！当然这个时候需要的还有你对奥林匹克运动会开幕场面的一些程序的了解，回忆一下你记忆中的场景吧！首先是Olympic rings are lit up，接着上场的是four hundred drummers以及a boat carrying a child boy忆起了这些场景，答案自然就是C了。42答案E解析这里提醒你注意，一个Then就明显提示了本段是接着上面继续介绍opening ceremony的，这次上场的是一个dreamlike and colorful parade。然后就是生机勃勃、精神焕发的运动员出场the parade of athletes。43答案B解析紧随上段的描述（in the parade of athletes），随着运动员队伍的到来，奥运圣火holy flame再次燃烧在雅典城的上空。到此为止，对奥运开幕式的介绍暂告一个段落，下面应该开始的是一个不同的话题。这里就要考验考生的逻辑思维能力了：看下面两段的叙述，哪一个更有可能排在另一个前面？44答案D解析正如上面所讲，从这一句话中说到的to bury hatred and prejudice，聪明的你一定可以推测后面可能要讲到雅典奥运会是如何“化解仇恨结束偏见”的。那就找找看吧。45答案A解析对雅典奥运会有所了解的你一定还记得首次亮相的Afghan女性运动员以及萨达姆倒台后参加奥运会的Iraq运动员均验证了奥运会“化解仇恨结束偏见”的宗旨。那自然A就是紧随D后的解释性介绍了。文中出现的难词:1. carnival n.狂欢节, 嘉年华会；大会2. sprinter n. 赛跑选手3. judoka n. 柔道运动员4. regime n.政体, 政权, 政权制度5. invasion n.入侵6. ravage n.破坏, 蹂躏 v.毁坏, 掠夺7. relay n. 接力赛跑8. logo n. 标识语9. arena n.竞技场, 舞台10. glide v. 滑行11. depict vt. 画, 刻画; 描绘, 叙述12. fresco n.壁画13. mosaic n. 镶嵌, 镶嵌图案14. chronological adj. 按年代顺序排列的15. prefecture n. 地方官的任期, 辖区C B D A E考研新题型巡礼之段落排序题-4段落排序题的测试要点是：理解文章结构，主要考查考生把握篇章结构的能力，要求考生在阅读各个段落时要把握它们的中心大意，并且将各段的段落大意整合，理清它们之间的逻辑顺序，然后按照文章的内容和结构进行排序。此题型的解题思路为：1首先读文章中指定的首尾段，了解文章的主要内容,并以此为基础判断文章基本的逻辑关系。注意首段的最后几句可能给出的线索。2通读其余五段，留意各段中富有暗示性的词语或句子。尤其不要忽视在各段中出现频率比较高的词汇，它们经常是解题的关键所在。3初步排列五个段落，结合各段所给的暗示以及上下文的逻辑关系进一步调整各段顺序。给在各段的关键词或重复出现的词标注下来，尤其注意可能出现相同词语或有明显逻辑词语相连接的上下两段话。4把排列好顺序的文章通读一遍，从整体上对段落的顺序进行最后的确认。注意检查段与段之间的内容与结构是否符合逻辑的发展开始新一期：A These studies focused on working hours but not on working conditions. Are such qualitative factors also important? A 1996 study explored the possibility. Researchers observed over 12,500 men for a 14year period. The scientists evaluated the psychological and physical demands of each mans job; they also collected information about the age, smoking history, exercise habits, educational level and social class of each individual. When the results were analyzed, two occupational factors emerged as risk factors for death from cardiovascular disease. Men who had low control over the demands of their jobs were 1.8 times more likely to die from heart disease than men with more control; men who experienced a low level of social support from coworkers were 2.6 times more vulnerable to cardiovascular death.B What accounts for the increased risk of heart attack among Japanese men who work very long hours? Mental stress is a logical explanation, but psychological factors, as measured by the “burnout index,” did not completely account for the trend. Nor did established risk factors. High blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, smoking, diabetes and obesity were linked to heart attack, but even after taking these variables into account, workinghour itself was still closely related to heart attack.C The Japanese think so; in fact, “death from overwork,” is a recognized diagnosis that qualifies survivors of its victims to receive employee compensation payments. A 1998 survey of 526 Japanese men, aged 30 to 69, supported the idea that long working hours can be hazardous to a mans health. The subjects of the study included men who had been hospitalized with a heart attack as well as healthy men of similar ages and occupations. The results were striking: men from both groups who put in more than 11 hours of work on an average day were 2.4 times more likely to have a heart attack than were those worked “just” seven to nine hours a day.D These heartstopping results do not stand alone. An earlier study of 2,465 bus drivers linked the intensity of traffic on the drivers routes to a twofold increase in the risk of death and heart attack; lack of social support compounded the problem. Job strain was implicated as a predictor of mortality in a sevenyear study of 500 Swedish men; high demands and low control combined to explain this effect as well. In a related survey, researchers who evaluated 99,029 railway workers found that the combination of high job responsibility and low level of physical work was associated with an increased risk of heart attack.E The Japanese are notorious workaholics, but working conditions in Japan are actually designed to minimize stress among employees. In 1997 an international team addressed the question by examining the results of over a dozen earlier studies on work and health, which looked at conditions ranging from heart attacks to exhaustion and mental stress. Analysis of the data confirmed a correlation between hours of work and ill health; the effect was consistent and significant.F More research will be needed to verify these observations. Even now, however, there is enough evidence to suggest that job stress may increase a mans risk of dying from heart disease. The combination of high mental demands, low personal control and inadequate social supports is particularly worrisome.G According to Sigmund Freud, a mans mission in life is “to work and to love.” In this modern world, an excess ofor, at least, unprotectedlove can be hazardous indeed. But what of work? Can a man literally work himself to death? 段落排序:首尾两段已经排出:G,_,_ ,_,_,_,F作者解释 41答案C解析按照提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的思路，容易看出，文章第一段G段结尾用疑问句的形式提出了本文的论题：人们会因为工作而死亡吗？接下来的段落中应该是对该问题的回答。C段开头：日本人认为是这样的。其中的so自然应该有一个前指成分才不会显得唐突。因此拿出C段放到首段的后面是再合适不过了。42答案B解析接着上面的分析，这里谈到了导致日本工人心脏病发作的各种因素：精神压力、心理压力、冒险因素、血压过高、胆固醇高、抽烟、心血管病以及肥胖症，但这些都不及工作时间过长带来的几率更高。从而引出文章下面关于长时间工作的问题的讨论。43答案E解析习惯长时间工作的日本人是尽人皆知的工作狂（workaholics）。早期对工作和健康关系的一些研究结果表明：工作时间对健康的影响具有持续性，值得注意。44答案A解析本段首句中的These studies显然指的是上段中提到的a dozen of earlier studies。这样，注重的是工作时间而非工作条件，那么工作条件和人的健康有什么关系呢？下面介绍中提到的另一项研究的分析结果证明了这种可能性：不能很好地控制工作要求的工人比其他工人得心血管疾病的几率高出1.8倍，而工作中与同事社会关系不好的工人比起那些关系好的工人，其得心血管疾病死亡的几率要高出2.6倍。45答案D解析上面的研究分析结果是不是令人heartstopping？然而，这样的结果却不是孤立的，D段给出的其他三项分别对2,465公共汽车司机、500名瑞典人以及99,029名铁路工人的研究也得出了类似的结果。问题似乎比较严重，解决起来也不是轻而易举的事，现在能做的就是开展广泛的研究，努力找出更有效的解决方法。这也是在最后一段中提到的。我发现，找关键词和衔接词最重要考研新题型巡礼之段落排序题-5排序题具体解题：ASome volcanoes have stopped throwing out hot rock, but they still smoke a little now and then. They are “sleeping”volcanoes. Sometime they may “wake up”. A volcano named Vesuvius slept for a thousand years. But it woke up and threw out so much hot melted rock that it buried the buildings of two cities.BThere are different kinds of volcanoes. Some explode so violently that the rock goes high into the air and falls miles away. A volcano may shoot out ashes so high that they float all the wa