词汇、句法、语义变异..ppt

2 3lexicaldeviation词汇变异 Lexicaldeviationinliteraturerefersalmostexclusivelytoneologismsorthecoinageofnewwords 1 新造词 neologism 2 临时造词 nonceformation Incoiningnewwords itmaybesaidthattheliterarywriterisnotsomuchbreakingrulesofword formationasextendingtherules Inthecoinageofnewwords theliterarywriterusuallyextendsthreemajorrulesofword formation affixation compoundingandconversion 2 3 1AffixationAffixationistheadditionofaprefixorsuffixtoanitemwhichalreadyexistsinthelanguage Thefollowinglinescontainsometypicalexamplesofwordscoinedbyextensionofthisrule 1 Therewasabalconyfulofgentlemen Chesterton 2 Weleftthetownrefreshedandrehatted Fotherhill 后缀 ful经常与bowl basket spoon等表示容器的名词连用 表示 满 的 此处与balcony连用 生动形象地描绘出 阳台好像容器一样挤满了人 这样一幅画面 英语是形合型语言 对词汇的形态变化有严格的要求 为了使表达更形象生动 直接在名词后添加形容词词尾 使描述更具物象感 也起到了填补词汇缺项的作用 3 Itiseasiertomarrythanunmarry 这一句中的unmarry是根据marry创造出来的 意思是divorce 但作者没有用divorce 却用了临时词unmarry 这不仅与marry押韵 而且生的地说明了在作者所处的时代离婚是一件非常困难的事 修辞效果不言而喻 E g thewidow makingunchildingunfatheringdeeps 英国十九世纪诗人霍普金斯描写大海的诗 widow making 大海吞噬了妻子的丈夫 unchilding 夺去了老人们的孩子 unfathering 葬送了孩子们的父亲 E g 4 Theorangemostestdrinkintheworld orange一词后面连续用了两个最高级词缀most和est 给人以深刻的印象 广告商为了体现广告语言的表意功能 使用词汇变异手段来实现广告的注意 兴趣和记忆的语用目的 例 满心 婆理 而满口 公理 的绅士们的名言暂且置之不论不议之列 鲁迅 2 3 2CompoundingCompoundingisthecombinationoftwoormoreitemstomakeasinglecompoundone Considerthefollowingexamples 1 Theywereelse mindedthen altogether themen G M Hopkins 2 Theylowedaboutherwhomheknew dewsilkycattle JamesJoyce Ulysses 这是小说 尤利西斯 中描写一群奶牛的语句 在这里 乔伊斯巧妙地将dew和silky组合在一起 形成了一个新奇而又自然的复合词dewsilky 简洁生动地为读者传达了 露水 和 丝绸般光亮 这两个意象 形象地描绘出清晨奶牛身有耳目一新的感觉 3 thewagonbeginningtofallintoitsslowandmileconsumingclatter WilliamFaulner 4 Tolightentheburdenofwomankind 5 Theymy lovedandmy dearedeachother WilliamThackeray 作者创造了my loved my deared两个临时用的复合动词 句子即变得妙趣横生 2 3 3ConversionConversion whichisoftendescribedas zeroaffixation istheadaptationofanitemtoanewgrammaticalfunctionwithoutchangingitsform 1 Don tbesuchaharshparent father Don tfatherme H G Wells E g 2 Mymotherandfathertotedtheluggagefromcartocottage exclaimingoverhowwelltheplacehadwintered nobrokenwindows winter通常作名词使用 此处则将它们用作动词 winter意为 经受了冬天的考验 3 Thecoffee ercoffee 此广告把名词coffee当形容词用 别出心裁地使之有了比较级形式 coffee er 用以表达 咖啡千杯好 此品味更浓 的意思 4 Aworldofmadeisnotaworldofborn 创造的世界并非是原生的世界 动词转名词 卡明斯这句诗意在把物化的文明世界与原始的世界进行对比 表达了他对文明世界的一些创造物如摧残人性的机器的真实感觉 5 Fainter dimmer stiller eachmoment nownight 愈近黄昏 暗越暗 静越静 每刻每分 已入夜境 night 这儿用作动词使这首小诗意蕴深远 在读者面前展现了一幅夜暮时分 万籁寂静 万物沉寂的恬淡的画面 如在雅虎网站的一则广告语 DoyouYahoo Yahoo 一词就被前景化或凸显 foregrounded 因为此词的词性发生了偏离 再如一则宣传食用油的广告 馋在眼里 香在心里 用了非常规的词语搭配 从而勾起了人的无限联想和欲望 其他方法 谐音造词法英语中有时利用一些发音相同或相近的字母或字母组合互相替代 来临时创造一些词语 用以表达原词所无法表达的含义 比如 一则低价销售冬装的广告为 GoodBuyWinter 100 CottonKnitwear 49 95 E g BritainniaRuestheWaves这是一篇文章的标题 诙谐模仿英国海军进行曲中歌词BritanniaRulestheWaves所产生的变异效果 将 rule 调换成 rue 意思从 统领 转为 懊悔 叹息 这样的标题有吸引力 耐人寻味 另一方面 如果新造的词汇在形式上背离常规 那么往往能产生奇特的艺术效果 可令读者体会到一种全新的 陌生的 甚至是扭曲的美 例 Itsoared abird ithelditsflight aswiftpurecry ofthehighvastirradiationeverywhereallsoaringallaroundabouttheall theendlessnessnessnessness JamesJoyce Ulysses 小说中布鲁姆在一家酒吧里想入非非 而他想象中的情人玛莎正在众人面前展现她那美妙的歌声 显然 endlessnessnessness 一词是作者利用英语后缀的习惯新造的词 ness 的四次重复似乎能产生一种听觉上的艺术效果 让读者也感受到歌声的美妙悠扬 余音缭绕 回味无穷 同时 读者似乎也能切身体会到布鲁姆那虚无缥缈的精神世界以及他在优美歌声中浮想联翩的心理状态 分析 E g Don tdearme E g Youhavealovelywife Sheisaworkholic 这几种词汇变异都超越了正常语言的词汇 这些词汇使诗人的想象得以自由发挥 纵横自如 不受现有词汇的束缚和限制 变异只是一种手段 不是目的 在任何变异的背后 总是隐藏着作者或说话人的意图 了解语言使用中的变异 对于我们进行文体分析会起到很大的帮助作用 也在不知不觉中提高了文学鉴赏能力 2 4SyntacticDeviation Syntacticdeviationreferstodeparturesfromnormal surface grammar Theseincludeanumberoffeaturessuchasunusualclausethemes unusualphrasestructures 2 4 1UnusualClauseThemeTheinitialunitofaclausemaybecalleditstheme Apartfromthelaststressedelementoftheclausestructurewhichmostnaturallybearstheinformationfocus thethemeisthemostimportantpartofaclausefromthepointofviewofitspresentationofamessageinsequence Thethememaybecharacterizedasthecommunicativedeparturefortherestoftheclause InEnglish theexpectedor unmarked theme 无标记主位 ofamainclauseis 1 Subjectofanindicativeclause E g She gotanewdress 2 Auxiliaryinayes noquestion E g Did shegetanewdress 3 Wh elementinawh question e g Which dressdidsheget 4 Mainverbinanimperativeclause e g Get anewdressforher However theliterarywritercangobeyondthisandmayplaceanyoftherestofclauseelementsinthethematicpositioninordertoachievecertainliteraryeffect Thethemethusproducedisunusualandisthereforecalleda marked theme 有标记主位 因此 在句法上 较为常见的变异 或偏离 是违反常规的句子结构 e g 1 Myopinionofthecoaltradeonthatriveris thatitmayrequiretalent butitcertainlyrequirescapital TalentMr Micawberhas capitalMr Micawberhasnot Dickens DavidCopperfield 此句为强调宾语talent和capital 并用排比的方法将其自然地进行对比 表达了Mr Micawber徒有才华却缺乏资金的遗憾 Adverbialsintheinitialposition E g 2 Aloneshecutsandbindsthegrain Andsingsamelancholystrain Notes Theuseofalonefirstmakesitpossibleforthelinetorhymewiththenextone andbestowa musical qualitytothepoem Secondly thisfrontingoftheadjunctmakestheelementhighlynoticeableandreinforcethethemeofthepoem 2 4 2DeviantPhraseStructureToemployphrasesthatarestructurallydeviantforthepurposeofcertaincommunicativeeffects e g DonotGoGentleintothatGoodNight DonotGoGentleintothatGoodNight DylanThomas DoNotGoGentleintoThatNight GoodnightheremeansdeathGentleheremeansoneshouldnotacceptdeathwithoutresistance Suchdeviantuseofgentleattractsmuchattentiontothelineitselfandmakesthereaderpausetothinkseriouslyaboutthemeaningofthelineandmeaningofdeath 分析 语序混乱MeupatdoesoutofthefloorquietlyStareapoisonedmousestillwhoaliveisaskingWhathaveidonethatYouwouldn thave e e cummings MeupatDoes Thisisashortpoemcontainingonly8linesand26wordsandiscomposedexclusivelyofeverydaywordsandexpressions Nevertheless itisnoteasytounderstandatafirstreading Thedifficultyinunderstandingthepoemiscausedbytheextremityinsyntacticdeviationinthefirstpartofthepoemandbythegraphologicaldeviationasismanifestinthecapitalizationofthefirstletterofcertainwordsandthede capitalizationofthepronouni Thereisalottobesaidaboutthesyntacticdeviationherebutforthemomentletussimplyrearrangetheorderofsomewordsandlinessoastogivesomeideaofwhatthepoemisabout realizingthoughthatanyalterationinsyntaxwouldmeansomechangeinmeaning apoisonedmousewhostillalivedoesStarequietlyoutofthefloorupatMeisaskingwhathaveidonethatYouwouldn thave Fromthisrearrangement wemayseethatMeinthepoemisahumanbeingandtheaddresserofthepoemfromwhosepointofviewthissceneispresented ItisperhapsthisMethathaspoisonedthemouse WemayalsonoticethatWhathaveidonethatYouwouldn thaveisinfactacaseoffreedirectspeech Forclarity letustransformitintodirectspeechbyputtingitintoapairofquotationmarks isasking WhathaveidonethatYouwouldn thave ItisclearthenthatireferstothepoisonedmouseandYouthehumanbeing Me Nowwehavecometothepoint Accordingtotheconventionofversecomposition thefirstletterofeachlineshouldbecapitalized However cummingsherebreachestheconventionbyonlycapitalizingthefirstletteroftheopeninglineandthatoftheclosinglinesothatthetwowordsMeandYoustandoutandbecomestylisticallyprominent MeandYouarealsoinstrongcontrastwithi Thus theyhaveacquiredgreatsignificanceinthispoem Howmightweinterpretthecapitalizationandde capitalizationofthepronounsinthepoem ApossibleinterpretationforcapitalizingthefirstletterofMeisthatthepoetmayintendtohavethereaderseethattheaddresserconsidershimselftobesuperiortothemouse However theaddresserdoesnotseemtobesocalmandsoberasthepoisonedmouse forthemousespeaksmuchmoregrammaticallythanhedoes Thisthenshowssatiricallythefactthatthosewhoappeartobeimportantandpowerfulandareinapositiontomanipulateothers destiniesmayinfactbeveryweakinwardly Inotherwords whentheydoevilagainsttheirownconscience theycannothelprevealingtheiruneasyfeelings Sinceiistheself addressofthemouse thedecapitalizationmaydemonstratethatthemousewishestoshowitshumbleness ThecapitalizationofYouontheotherhandmanifeststhatthemousepaysmuchrespecttotheaddresser thehumanbeing Me atleastoutwardly 分析 1 BusStopAnonymousIranupthedoorOpenthestairs SaidmypajamasAndputonmyprayers TurnoffmybedTumbleintothelight AndallbecauseYoukissedmegoodnight 分析 2 E g Iseeinthestreetwherestrongmenarediggingbread e e cummings 2 2 5SemanticDeviationSemanticdeviationbelongstodeep structuredeviation whichmaybedefinedas linguisticeffectsinvolvingsomethingoddinthecognitivemeaningofacertainlinguisticunit e g awordorphrase Leech 1969 131 E g Thechildisthefatheroftheman E g Morehaste lessspeed 欲速则不达 Figuresofspeechusuallyusedinsemanticdeviationare Oxymoron Paradox Irony 1 Oxymoron矛盾修辞法Oxymoronisafigureofspeechinwhichapparentlycontradictorytermsarecombinedtoproduceanepigrammaticeffect 所谓矛盾修辞法是指将语义截然相反对立的词语放在一起使用 来揭示某一项事物矛盾性质的一种修辞手法 换言之 它使用两种不相协调 甚至截然相反的特征来形容一项事物 以增强语言感染力 E g Hepassedanexistenceofcompetitivetranquility E g Partingissuchasweetsorrow E g Canenemiesbecomemortalfriends E g Hesatthereandwatchedthem sochangelesslychanging sobrightanddark sograveandgay E g NewYork hasthepoorestmillionaires thelittlestgreatmen thehaughtiestbeggars theplainestbeauties thelowestskyscrapers thedolefulestpleasuresofanytownIeversaw O Henry 这座城市 指纽约 里有心里最空虚的百万富翁 人格最渺小的伟人 最目空一切的草包 最使人瞧不上眼的美女 最卑鄙龌龊的摩天大楼 和最令人悲哀的娱乐 比我所见到过的任何城市都有过之而无不及 E g awisefoolidioticwisdomcruelkindnessvictoriousdefeatcrowdedsolitude bitterlyhappytearfuljoyproudhumilitylovinghate 2 Paradox隽语ParadoxisaGreekwordmeaningcontrarytoexpectation apparentlyabsurdoraself contradictorystatement Inrhetoric paradoxisastatementthatappearstobelogicallycontradictory apparentlyabsurdorself contradictoryandyetmaybetrue Itspurposeistoprovokefreshthought E gFailureisthemotherofsuccess Themoreyougive themoreyouhave 多施多得 E gThissuspenseisterrible Ihopeitwilllast E gCheapestisthedearest E gEverybody sbusinessisnobody sbusiness E g Nurse HisnameisRomeo andaMontague Theonlysonofyourgreatenemy Juliet MyonlylovesprungfrommyonlyhateTooearlyseenunknown andknowntoolate Prodigiousbirthofloveitistome ThatImustlovealoathedenemy Shakespeare 乳媪 他的名字叫罗密欧 是蒙太古家里的人 咱们仇家的独子 朱丽叶 我钟情所致的是我唯一