Issue高频题目120道.doc

Issue题库：1030; 3050; 50100; 100Paul Czanne, French painter, one of the greatest Postimpressionists, whose works and ideas were influential in the aesthetic development of many 20th-century artists and art movements, especially Cubism, could be mentioned as a paradigmatic example. His father once designated him as the heir of large amount of assets, and warned him (I paraphrase), “Whereas a person might die of his interest and talents, he must live on money.” Although risking forfeiting good living condition, however, Paul still insisted on his ideal, regardless of the probable consequences of his tenacity. Considering his constancy, no one could argue that if not Cezannes idealism, the development of modern painting would be retarded. Czannes art, misunderstood and discredited by the public during most of his life, grew out of Impressionism and eventually challenged all the conventional values of painting in the 19th century through its insistence on personal expression and on the integrity of the painting itself. He has been called the father of modern painting.Howard HodgkinHoward HodgkinBorn in 1932, Sir Howard Hodgkin is a preeminent contemporary British artist. He won the Turner Prize in 1985 and was knighted in 1992. In addition to those national honors, his paintings and prints have received worldwide acclaim. They are created from a mixture of memory and reality, with strong abstracted patterns in brilliant colors. He has had numerous museum exhibitions throughout the world, most recently in New York at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Although his great repute and world wide acclaim, few could understand what his paintings mean. As far as I am concerned, his famous painting, “Into the Woods”, means nothing, notwithstanding it was valued as much as 35,000 U.S. dollars. Jackson Pollock is another paragon I should mention. Pollock, one of whose works, “No 5, 1948” became the worlds most expensive painting when it was sold for 73 million pounds, has initiated an art form called abstract expressionism. However glorious his achievements might be, I couldnt get anything from his works. Jackson PollockJackson Pollocks work might be high on innovation and style and low on conventional representational merit, but that has not stopped one of his works, No 5, 1948 becoming the worlds most expensive painting, when it was sold for 73 million by the Hollywood mogul David Geffen. However, he is famous for helping to create Abstract Expressionism, which is a whole new art movement. When he first began painting, Jackson Pollock painted representational objects such as people and animals. You might be surprised that even such an ingenious artist also need imitate at first. In my opinion, his imitation afforded him the basic rules about the likes of symmetry and colors, which was essential for his later creativity.Da Vinci draw eggs. Imitation is the foundation of creativity.1794年5月8日，一位51岁的学者被指控在士兵的烟草中掺水，而被押上断头台。临刑前，这位学者要求：情愿被剥夺一切，只要让我做一名普通的药剂师，做一点化学试验，就心满意足了。然而，他的要求根本就得不到批准。随着行刑官一声令下，学者的脑袋被砍了下来。 Scheele, one of the most influential chemists in 18th century, who discovered oxygen firstly, could be mentioned as a paradigmatic victim of conformity. When he discovered oxygen and found that oxygen could sustain combustion, he was actually touching the tail of truth. Unfortunately, owing to his conformity to the extant Phlogiston Theory, he distorted his discovery to conform to that Theory. It was not until 100 later the emergence of another great chemist, Lavosier, that we humans understood the real mechanism of combustion. Show the hoofVictor Hugo 雨果Romantic authorLes Miserables 悲惨世界#小说可以反映现实，感人，或者用于小说等比实事记录更有permanent influence,Arthur C. Clarke 埃瑟克拉克A great writer and scientist*International Telestar 国际通讯卫星*Scientific fiction 科幻小说#可以用于说明imagination的重要，或说明imagination也要有科学或经验基础才能合理，且才能被materializeVencent van Gogh 梵高Expressionism 印象主义Early abstraction 早期抽象主义Had little success during his lifetimeSunflower 向日葵The Red Vineyard 红色的葡萄园(the only painting he sold during his lifetime)#不被contemporary society认同，但后世给予了极高的肯定。可用于greatest artists are out of step of contemporary societyTibet *Tibetan antelopes 藏羚羊crocodile 鳄鱼Picasso GuernicaOne need go no further than Picassos masterpiece, Guernica, to see art works are the best indicator of a society. At first blush, those tortured objects in Guernica seem in great disorder. However, under further scrutiny, we find they were actually elaborated: the mother with a dead baby in arms, the floundering injured horse and the electric light over it, the woman who pokes her head out of window, and the desperately frightened man, all have their respective signification. Soon, this painting left indelible impression on me, and I am hard-pressed to think of another work that could show the enormity Nazi perpetrated more vividly. Guernica, a masterpiece of Picasso, which insinuates the enormity of Nazi, could be mentioned as a paradigmatic example. Although at first glance, the objects in that picture are peculiar to the genre of Picasso, however, after further scrutiny, all the images are based on tradition. That mother with dead child in her arms is derived from the image of virgin Mary; that woman holding oil lamp reminds us the statue of Liberty；the pose of the desperate man has affinity with the gesture of the patriotic martyr in Goyas painting. 那个高举双手仰天惊呼的形象，与戈雅画中爱国者就义的身姿不无相似之处； the image of that soldier lying on the ground has everything to do with images in Italian Renaissance paintings. The success of Guernica tells us nothing but the fact that modernization and tradition are not mutually exclusive. Modernization and tradition. When the critics were naming a masterpiece of Monet, “sunrise impression” as an art work of impressionism derisively, no one could anticipate those critics scored a lucky hitimpressionism is the very term we name this outstanding genre of art today. The Blind Men and the Elephant 盲人摸象A Hindoo fableSide wallTusk spearTrunk snakeKnee treeEar fanTail rope#a sense of the whole的重要性(教育让我们视角改变)Blackout on eastern coast 美国东海岸大停电In August, 2003Commuter be strandedBuses & ferries 还在运行Subway system 完蛋了#人类对科技的依赖Another potential hazard brought out by high technologies is our increasing reliance on them, as could be aptly illustrated by the blackout on eastern coast. That blackout in late 20th century damaged nearly every aspect of American society, especially subway system. The subsequent panic around the U.S. warned not only America but the world as a whole of the threat of blind reliance on technologies.Stephen Hawking 史蒂芬霍金The beginning of real time would have been a singularity.奇点Universe and time have a beginning in the Big Bang.大爆炸A Brief History of Time 时间简史#imagination and assumption 的重要性，但个人认为也不是毫无根据的，需要知识和实践基础。Chamberlain, who was the British Prime Minister in the decade before World War Two, committed to his belief that the major enemy of Great Britain was Soviet Union and Germany would play a key role at defending the Europe from the invasion of Soviet Union. He continued to believe in his own presumption that Germany was just seeking to be strong enough to defend Europe when Nazi Germany incorporate Austria, Hungary and Czech. He even played an important supporting role in it. Not until The WW2 brake out and the whole world, including Britain, was dragged into a catastrophe, he was disillusioned with Hitler. 忠诚，还有政见需改变Da Vinci, the most prestigious artist in Renaissance, was a case in point. He even used anatomical method to study human bodys proportion and structure, which is the very foundation of his later success, including the world-widely outstanding masterpiece, Mona Lisa. His success tells us that mastering science could benefit artists to a great extent.希尔伯特（Hilbert,1862-1943,德国）二十世纪最伟大的数学家之一，他最为有名的事迹之一是在二十世纪开端时提出了著名的二十三个数学问题，这些问题在相当程度上引导和促进了二十世纪数学的发展。同时他也是数学公理化方法的开拓者、倡导者、实践者之一。The same goes for the realm of Mathematics. It is the problems conjured up by the imagination of Hilbert, an outstanding German Mathematician, that infused great impetus in the development of Mathematics. Actually, imagination is just like the fruit on a high tree. When we try to touch it, we make progress.教育类：斯科拉里Scolari Luiz和罗马里奥Romario的故事。To find supporting examples, one need look no further than 2002 world cup. 5、A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer. Whether a nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college is a question that has aroused great dispute. In my opinion, all students should be inculcated some universal values. However, in other respects, the curricula should be adapted to different parts of a nation. No one could argue that every student, irrespective of his/her culture or nation, should be imparted such universal values as freedom, democracy, tolerance and respect. After all, students could be truly educated only when they have developed appreciation of their own culture, tolerance of ideas and opinions different from their own, and respect of other cultures, since these values are the foundation all democratic societies depend on. Undoubtedly, a national curriculum might facilitate this kind of education. Another compelling argument for the speakers assertion lies in that it could help professors in colleges or universities to build curricula that are neither below nor above their level of educational experience. This is understandable since colleges and universities would admit students from all over a country. Were their levels of educational experience to vary distinctly, to build a curricula suitable for all of them would be an uneasy or even impossible undertaking. Such could be aptly illustrated by my experience. In China, every province has its own curriculum. When registered as a Southeast University student, a classmate from Guizhou, a province in south of China, had difficulty in participating class discussion, and hence, his performance lagged behind. Obviously, his low level of educational experience could be inculpated for his difficulty.However beneficial a national curriculum might be, I think it is might be improper, or even impossible to build a national curriculum. Firstly, the sharp economic differences make a national curriculum impossible. Take China for example. The per capita income in Shanghai far exceeds that in western China. The affordable education in Shanghai might be prohibitive to those in western China. Whats more, the faculty in western China is not enough for them to take as high education as has Shanghai students.Aside for economic reasons, cultural diversity is another one important reason making a national curriculum improper. Such large countries as China and America have over 50 peoples. Every people has its own cultural tradition, mores, attitudes, and even language. How can a national curriculum be suitable for all the peoples? Moreover, such national curriculum might quash cultural diversity, which should be cherished by every nation.In conclusion, although a national curriculum has considerable merit, its potential cost might far outweigh its benefit. Maybe the optimal choice for us is to impose basic curriculum while leaving the other choices to each province or state, as adopted by Chinese educational system.50In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach.The speaker asserts that all faculty should be required to spend time working outside his own major to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level. While I basically agree that working outside ones major could benefit students in several critical respects, I would caution that extending this suggestion too far might defeat its own purposes.On one hand are arguments supporting this assertion. It is beneficial to the quality of instruction in the following aspects. First, their experience got from society could help directing their research programs. Secondly, their contact with society could afford students with job-hunting knowledge. Thirdly, when they apply their knowledge to society, they could find the significance of their programs, thus, they could instruct students more vividly.In addition, when professors work in professions relevant to the courses they teach, they are converting their knowledge to property of the society. In my view, most Chinese companies employed college professors as technocrats. Through this way, professors make contribution to society directly. I think this is another equally important responsibility of college and university, besides instructing students.However instrumental work for the society might be, extending the pursuit too much would defeat its purposes. Firstly, temptation of society. Secondly, bureaucracy.To sum up, when we appreciate the benefits of this assertion, we should also bear in mind the potential hazard it might cause. However, on balance, I think its benefits outweigh its cost, accordingly, I fundamentally agree with this assertion.51Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student. We have been groping for years about how could education be truly effective. The speaker asserts that education should be designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student, were it to be effective. While I agree that such education system could undoubtedly have profound benefits, I would caution that its application might encounter many untoward difficulties that might render it infeasible.The speakers assertion might be based on a common sense that every one has his own interest and need. The benefit of such system could be predicted by the following examples. Woodward, Draxler, Nanoscience.Beneficial as it is, the speaker might overlook one difficulty undermining its soundness. It might be impossible to find ones real interest. As could be illustrated by Kekule, Geissen UniversityAnother difficulty that might render this assertion improper lies in the resources it might cost. Such money and resources might be better used to address other more pressing social problems, such as poverty, unemployment, and crime.All in all, 94Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the students field of study because acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated.1、能够听取很多在于该学生研究方向之外的课程，对这个学生是有利的。一、对于任何一个学生，无论他学什么专业，他都要学习一些基本的价值观念，upon which our society thrive, and even survive. 例如，对自己的社会文化的欣赏，对其他观点的尊重，对其他文化的尊重和容忍。还有，可能也是最重要的一个，那就是一些基本的法律知识。如果一个学生毕业的时候脑子里没有任何基本法律知识的话，他很有可能被一些不法分子欺骗，或者更可怕的是对我们社会做出不利的行为。这些学科外的观点对每一个学生都是非常重要的。二、其次，学习学科外的一些知识，是能更好的解决实际问题的前提。目前，很多问题已经不再单纯的依靠某一个单独的学科就能完全解决的了，为了要解决某一个问题，或者更好的与别人合作，一个学生至少要懂得一点其他专业的知识。想象一个专业是药物化学的学生，他要想以后能够fulfill社会赋予他的责任-研发出新药，他必须还要懂一些其他知识。例如，他要懂得经济学知识，以了解巨大金额怎么分配，还要懂得一些统计学知识，来了解怎样处理数据，还要懂得一些法律学知识，来了解自己的药品有没有侵犯了别人的专利，甚至还要懂一些伦理学知识，以决定它的试验动物。如果一个学生仅仅懂得药物化学的知识，它能够起到很好的作用吗？或者说如果所有的学生只知道自己专业的知识，那么他们能够更好的合作吗？三、我们虽然看到了学习其他专业的知识的重要性，我们一定要谨慎，不能让所有那些学生在专业外的课程占据了他太多的时间，以至于他不能很好的学习本专业的知识。就举刚刚的那个例子，那个药物化学的学生当然要了解很多其他知识，可是，由于它的专业是药物化学，对于其他的知识他只要有一定的了解以能和别人交流就已经足够了。如果我们他对其他知识花费太多时间，我们就有可能培养出的学生都是dilettante。这对我们的社会明显也是不好的。总之，我们在培养学生的同时，一定不要忘记给他们灌输一些基本的价值观，以及他们以后在社会上可能要用到的知识，但是我们也不能过多的占用他们的时间。总之，大体上说，作者的观点是对的。104It is primarily through formal education that a culture tries to perpetuate the ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears.作者的观点是在某种程度上是对的。一个文化的确是依靠它的正统教育来perpetuate the ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears. 可是，我觉得除了这种方法以外，还有一些很重要的方法。一、正统教育在perpetuate the ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears这个作用上有很大的优势。第一，正统教育开始的时间早，正统教育往往是从一个人5岁的时候开始，在那个时候，人是没有辨别对错的能力的，他们能做的就是接受他们所教的任何东西，所以正统教育很容易达到他们的目的。第二，正统教育涉及的范围广，发达国家的所有儿童都要接受正统教育，而即使不发达的国家，接受正统教育的人也是非常多的，所以，通过正统教育，政府可以把他的思想传播给最多的人。第三，正统教育的时间长因为一个人的正统教育往往占据了他前20年的大部分时间。一般是12年到15年。在这么长的时间里，政府可以采用各种方法来达到它的目的。因为以上的优势，政府当然不会放过正统教育这个机会来塑造他的国民的思想。二、可是，与此同时，我们不能忘记其他很重要的，或者说是越来越重要的方法。第一、我想问在没有正统教育的古代，或者正统教育不流行的不发达国家，文化靠什么来perpetuate the ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears呢？是这个文化本身的魅力！这个魅力就是他的道德。我们可以想象，要是一种文化本身没有可取之处的话，无论我们怎么宣传，他也不会被人接受，从而注定要灭亡。文化的道德通过鼓励了做哪些对他的发展有利的，阻碍他们做哪些对他们发展不利的来perpetuate the ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears。这些道德准则主要是通过家长的教育，朋友的接触，和自己的经历获得的。考虑到一个人在接受正统教育之前总是会受到父母的教导，所以即使在如今的发达社会，一个文化的道德准则对他的繁荣也是至关重要的。第二、法律也是一个文化perpetuate the ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears的很有效的方法之一。通过定义什么能做，什么不能做，他们强迫了一个人只能做对这个社会有利的事情，借此来达到了自己的目的。通过一个国家的法律条款，我们也能明白那个文化的观点态度。例如，通过荷兰的法律，我们发现他们的文化是追求浪漫和人类权利的。第三、电视和网络也是一个非常重要的方法。随着通信技术的发展，越来越多的人可以方便的接触到电视和网络，并且依赖于电视和网络。国家自然不会放过这个机会来perpetuate the ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears，一个国家主流媒体所报道的，宣扬的内容基本上都是符合这个文化的长远利益的。总之。112Some educational systems emphasize the development of students capacity for reasoning and logical thinking, but students would benefit more from an education that also taught them to explore their own emotions.我同意作者的观点，要想成为一个对社会有用的人才，一个学生不但要学习理论和逻辑思考能力，而且也要学习情感方面的东西。Reasoning and logical thinking has been praised by too many people too many times. Generally speaking, there are three benefits of reasoning and logical thinking. Firstly, modem technologies are mainly based on Mathematics, Physics, and Chemistry, the rules of which necessitate reasoning and logical thinking to master. Secondly, reasoning and logical thinking make our choices advisable. After all, we always regret those choices based on emotion. Last