英语专四学习.doc

徐 州 工 程 学 院 教 案 2012 年至 2013 年 第 一 学期 第 周 星期 课题名称（含教材章节）： 习题与测试（四级）写作 教学目的和要求：(a) 掌握短文写作部分文体为议论文，一般采用三段式的结构，第一段为论点，第二段为论据，第三段为结论；段落的组织主要是通过扩展句对主题句的支持或说明来进行的；严谨完整的结尾； （b）便条写作最主要的是注意格式正确，交待清楚;能做到格式正确，语言得体。 教学重点： 英语专业四级写作要求；议论文的三段式结构；审题准确；写作的答题技巧和应对方法；句子多样化、生动化；图表提纲式写作 教学难点： 作文开头法；句间关系过渡词，主题句，扩展句等 教 学 内 容 （ 要 点 ）测试要求 (period1-2)测试形式(period1-2)测试目的(period1-2)写作的答题技巧和应对方法(period1-2)英语专业四级写作的评分标准(period3-5)模拟题解析(period3-5)练习(period3-5)徐 州 工 程 学 院 教 案 纸Period 1-21.测试要求:(a) 作文:能根据所给的作文题目，提纲或图表，数据等，写一篇200个单词左右的作文。能做到内容切题完整，条理清楚，结构严谨，语法正确，语言通顺，表达得体。考试时间35分钟。(b) 便条:能根据所给提示写50至60个单词的便条：通知、请贴等。能做到格式正确，语言得体。考试时间10分钟。2.测试形式: 本部分分为主观试题，分两节:Section A和Section B.Section A: Composition本题是命题作文，文章体裁主要属于说明文，议论文或记叙文的范围。 Section B: Note-Writing本节是写便条。3.测试目的: 按照的要求测试学生书面表达的能力。4写作的答题技巧和应对方法：写作包括两部分，一是要求在35分钟内写一篇150字左右的短文，二是要求在10分钟内写一个5060字的便条。这两部分均为命题作文，作文内容与大学生的日常生活、学习都密切相关，另外也有社会热点问题，比如环保、旅游、健身等，题目理解起来都比较容易。短文写作部分文体为议论文，一般采用三段式的结构，第一段为论点，第二段为论据，第三段为结论。最高要求为文章内容切题，思想表达清楚，论据充分，论证严密，基本无语言错误。要想写好一篇文章，应该注意一下写作步骤：（1）. 审题：作文评分的第一个要求就是内容切题，因此审题特别关键。专业四级作文都是命题作文，而且多有中文提示或提纲，所以你首先应了解命题的基本要求，理解题目的真正意图，然后确定提纲中的关键词及各要点间的逻辑，整理自己的思路，对自己所想到的内容进行组织和全面安排。尤其对要讨论的问题，该涉及的内容，所需的事实、例证、阐述、说明和总结等，在头脑中形成一个整体的构思。（2）. 组织段落：构思好之后，根据构思的提纲，运用选好的材料，恰当地运用连词，合理安排段落，使文章条理清楚、内容连贯。段落的组织主要是通过扩展句对主题句的支持或说明来进行的。各段的主题句在审题构思时就应基本形成，主题句确定下来，接着就是通过一系列的扩展句，来说明、论证或阐述主题句的思想。常见的段落展开方法有列举、举例、比较和对比、因果、叙述、归类、下定义等，考试时应灵活运用。（3）. 修改：也就是说要删除与主题不相干的内容，检查句子时态、语态等。特别应注意单词的正确拼写；字母大小写和标点符号；数的一致性（包括主语与谓语以及名词与其限定语的单复数一致性）；指代关系（包括指代的一致性和代词的选用）；动词形式（时态、语态、语气）等方面。关于考试过程中短文写作的时间分配问题。我们知道，短文写作的时间为35分钟，要力争写完写好，这就要求考生做到有条不紊，忙而不乱，充分发挥自己应有的水平。建议按照如下的方案分配时间：审题12分钟；组织素材，细节和关键词：45分钟；起草：2025分钟；修改定稿： 45分钟。最后要说明的是，从某种意义上来说，专业四级考试作文有其固定的写作格式、结构，而对于固定的题型，有固定不变的表达法。因此，大家有理由相信只要训练方法得当，搞好写作是不难的。大家不妨试试多背范文和常用句型，包括各类型作文的开头、结尾句、中间展开、过渡句，以及比较、图表说明等的常用句型和表达法，然后自己多动笔写一写，只要按这样的方法进行练习，相信在一定时间内就可以在写作上取得满意的分数。因为是三段式作文，写作的时候一定注意第一段提出的论点要简洁明了，开门见山；第二段的论据要能充分说明论点，论证条理清楚；第三段的结论要水到渠成，切忌草率，严谨完整的结尾是取得高分的保证。便条写作最主要的是注意格式正确，交待清楚，比如请柬、贺信、道歉函等，要注意称呼、正文、签名等的格式，一定要把相关的时间、地点、原因及主要事件内容交待清楚。专题一：写作好词（1）一些可以替换good或者wonderful的词，比如fantastic, fabulous, marvelous, superb, magenificent等等。（2）表示“繁荣”：prosper(v.) prosperity(n.) affluent(足够的） thriving(兴旺的） flourishing(繁荣昌盛）（3）表示“处理问题”：deal with cope with(成功处理）handle with(巧妙处理） tackle with(经过困难的过程）（4）表示“晚会，演出”：festival carnival(嘉年华）gala(大型晚会） spectacle(壮观的景象） celebration(庆祝仪式） extravaganza(铺张华丽的表演）（5）表示“阔绰”：luxurious copious affluent extravagant(铺张浪费） wealthy（6）表示“迷人”：fascinate entrall allure captivate appeal to sb.(appeal表示呼吁，恳求）（7）表示“虚幻”：fanciful romantic idealistic unrealistic（8）表示“现实”：realistic pragmatic(实用的） rational materialistic down-to-earth （9）表示“能力”：ability capability faculty competence（10）表示“出名”：reputation fame prestige popularity eminencemake a name for oneself/make a noise in the world/hit the headline/set the world on fire（11）表示“熟悉”：familiarize sb.with/sb.is familiar with/be acquainted with（12）表示“变化”：vary various variety variation variable（13）表示“人体”：cap-头 -ee-眼睛 sn-鼻子 mouth嘴 -nect脖子 waist腰 wirist腕部 -derm皮肤 corporeal肉体的 manual体力的 physical身体的 mental精神的 spiritual精神的 intellectual智力的（14）表示“急促，泼溅”：dash（猛冲） smash（压碎） mash捣碎 crash撞击 clash冲突 splash泼溅（15）表示“人性善恶”：tender温柔的 cordial热忱的 amiable和蔼的 passionate热情的affectionate柔情似水专题二：英语写作：如何使句子多样化、生动化句子是由词或短语按语法规则组成，表达一个完整意思的语言单位。好的英语句子应该是结构意思正确完整，连贯流畅，言简意赅。但是如果一篇文章中所有的句子都是结构单一(以主语开头，采用“主-谓-宾”或“主-谓-表”的结构)、长短均等的话，句子写得再好，文章也是单调呆板，缺乏生气。要克服这种句式“单一”现象，可以通过变换句子开头以及句式两种手段。一、句子开头多样化写作时最常见的是用名词或代词构成的主语作为句子的开头。除了主语外，句子中还有以下几种成分可以作为句子的开头。1. 以同位语作为句子的开头。试比较下列两个句子：A. Xiao Wang, our monitor, will attend the meeting. B. Our monitor, Xiao Wang, will attend the meeting. 句A以主语Xiao Wang开头，句B以同位语Our monitor开头。2. 以单个修饰语作为句子的开头。这个修饰语可以是形容词、分词或副词。试比较下面几组句子：A. She is young and ambitious, she works hard to get the job. B. Young and ambitious, she works hard to get the job. 句A以主语She开头，句B以形容词短语Young and ambitious开头。C. The girl entered the room gracefully. D. Gracefully, the girl entered the room. 句C以主语The girl开头，句D以副词Gracefully开头。E. The students reached the top of the mountain exhausted. F. Exhausted, the students reached the top of the mountain. 句E以主语The students开头，句F以过去分词exhausted开头。3. 以短语修饰语作为句子的开头。短语修饰语可以是介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语以及独立主格结构。试 比较下列各组句子：A. A beautiful girl stood in front of me. B. In front of me stood a beautiful girl. 句A以主语A beautiful girl开头，句B以介词短语In front of开头。C. The students worked hard to pass the exam. D. To pass the exam, the students worked hard. 句C以主语The students开头，句D以不定式短语To pass the exam开头。E. He was confused about the problem and went to ask for his teacher. F. Confused about the problem, he went to ask for his teacher. 句E以主语He开头，句F以过去分词短语Confused about开头。G. You may go home after you finish your homework. H. Your homework finished, you may go home. 句G以主语You开头，句H以独立主格结构Your homework finished开头。4. 用从句作为句子的开始。试比较下列句子：A. I will attend your lecture if I am free. B. If I am free, I will attend your lecture. C. We all know she is famous. D. That she is famous is known to us all. 句A和句C以主语开始，句B和句D以从句开始。值得注意的是句子的开头与句子所需强调的意义密切相关。改变词序有时会导致句子意义的细微变化。因此，在特定的上下文中决定是否改变某一句子的词序时，不仅要考虑我们所要表达的意思(如为了强调句子中的某个成分，将正常语序中较晚出现的成分移到句首)，还要考虑是否有利于上下文的衔接过渡以及句子是否均衡等。二、句式的多样化句式多样化是对一篇好的文章的基本要求。要做到这一点，首先要对英语句子有充分的了解。英语句子种类很多，句法结构丰富多彩。通常可以按照以下标准对英语句子进行分类：1. 根据使用目的的不同，将句子分为陈述句，疑问句，祈使句和感叹句。(1)陈述句说明一个事实或是陈述说话人的看法。例如：A. He must have finished his homework. B. She is a diligent student. (2)疑问句提出问题。例如：A. Does she know English?B. What did you do last night?(3)祈使句用来表示请求，命令，叮嘱，邀请，劝告等。例如：A. Have a cup of tea. B. Dont smoke. (4)感叹句表示说话时的惊讶，喜悦，气愤等情绪。例如： A. What an interesting film!B. How beautiful it is!2. 根据语法结构的不同，将句子分为简单句，并列句，复合句以及并列复合句。(1)如果一个句子只有一个主谓结构，这个句子是简单句。例如：A. She has finished her homework. B. Both my brother and sister are teachers. (2)如果一个句子包含两个或两个以上的互不依从的主谓结构，这个句子是并列句。并列句中的两个或两个以上的主谓结构通常由逗号和并列连词来连接。例如：A. Honey is sweet, but the bee stings. B. Type O is the most common blood type in the world, and type AB is the rarest. (3)如果一个句子包含两个或两个以上的主谓结构，其中一个或一个以上的主谓结构充当另一个主谓结构中的某一(些)成分，如主语，宾语，定语等，该句为复合句。例如：A. Because the luxury liner was traveling so fast,it was impossible to avoid the ghostly looking iceberg. B. Some people say that it may result in some social problems in the future. (4)当一个并列句中的一个(或更多的)主谓结构中包含有一个(或更多的)主谓结构时，这种句子为并列复合句。例如：A. He was watching me or something for an hour or two, drawing back the curtain so little lest I catch him, but I saw his face, and I think I can see the anxiety upon it, the worried impatience. B. I have brought what you need, but you havent brought what I need. 3. 根据不同的修辞功能，句子可分为松散句，圆周句，对偶句，平行结构句，长句和短句。(1)松散句和圆周句。在一个句子中，先介绍主要的信息，再介绍次要的信息，这样的句子叫松散句。松散句的结构比较松散，其各个部分往往能独立表示某一意义。在一个句子中先介绍次要的信息，再介绍重要的信息，即要到句子的末尾，句子的意思才完全表达清楚，这样的句子叫圆周句。圆周句的结构紧凑，只有读完整个句子，全句的整体意思才能显现出来。例如：A. The workers here are mostly diligent, though not all. B. The workers here are mostly, though not all, diligent. C. He will go abroad if he has enough money. D. If he has enough money, he will go abroad. 句A和句C为松散句，句B和句D为圆周句。一般来讲，按正常语序排列的简单句、并列句，主句在前从句在后的复合句都属于松散句。松散句便于组织，便于理解，便于使用，是人们常用的句式。修饰语(尤其是状语)位于句首的简单句以及从句在前主句在后的复合句属于圆周句。圆周句的重心在后，可以造成一种悬念，抓住读者的注意力，因而可以收到一种特殊的效果。但圆周句不能使用太频繁，因为没有人愿意一直处于等待和悬念当中。(2)对偶句是在句中用平对或对称的结构来表现两种相反的意思。由于其结构匀称整齐，前后两层意思相反，可达到强调的效果。例如：A. What is written without effect is in general read without pleasure. B. Deeds show what we are; words what we should be. (3)平行结构句就是把两个或两个以上的结构相同，意义并重，语气一致的词、短语或句子排列成串形成一个整体，以加强语气，达到强调的目的。例如：A. We can gain knowledge by reading, by reflection, by observation or by practice. B. I have a dream that my four children will someday live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. (4)长句和短句。根据句子的长短，句子可分为长句和短句。例如：A different form of reading might also be done, as it was in the past: reading aloud. Few pastimes bring a family closer together than gathering around and listening to mother or father to read a good story. The quite hour could become the story hour.该段中前两句为长句，第三句为短句。一般来讲，短句短小精悍，可达到强调的目的，长句修饰成分多，可以清楚准确地表达复杂的思想。短句多运用于日常谈话，演讲，少儿作品或人物对话中；长句常用于政论文，科技文章以及文学作品的叙述描写等。 专题三：写作绝招Task 1如何写好开头和结尾 一 开头万能公式：1. 开头万能公式一：经典句型A proverb says, “ You are only young once.” （适用于已记住的名言）It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. （适用于自编名言）更多经典句型：As everyone knows, No one can deny that2. 开头万能公式二：数字统计原理：According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.Honesty 根据最近一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由中78%都是假的。Travel by Bike根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。Youth根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。更多句型：A recent statistics shows that 3. 作文开头法（三）1）. 正反表态法：在第一段中把正反观点都表达出来，最有一句写自己的观点。1-2句对主题的介绍，3-4句正反两种观点，看法做一个描述，5句表达自己的看法。 2）. 让步法：先把反方观点引出来，做一个肯定的评价，然后笔锋一转，回到自己的观点上来。3）. 背景法：适用于对一个现象分析时，至少为2句话。原因，后果，背景。背景介绍用3-4句话，第一段最后一句用几个单词概括一下。4）. 提问式：要讨论什么就先把话题以问句形势提出。回答问题表达自己的观点，对自己的观点做个理由概述/先写出反方观点，对其做一个反驳，顺势提出自己的观点。二 结尾万能公式：1. 结尾万能公式一：如此结论Obviously（此为过渡短语）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.To sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thusThus, it can be concluded that, Therefore, we can find that2. 结尾万能公式二：如此建议Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.Task 2 英语写作常用句型汇总1. It must be pointed out that it is one of our basic State policies to control population growth while raising the quality of the population. 2. It is (has been) estimated that the worlds population could reach 6 billion by the end of the century. 3. It must be kept in mind that there is no secret of success but hard work. 4. It can be seen from this that there is no difficulty in the world we can overcome. 5. As is known man is the product of labor. 6. It is a common saying that man who has a settled purpose will surely succeed. 7. It is clear that the enemy has no desire for peace. 8. It is hard to imagine how Edison managed to work twenty hours each day. 9. Its hard to say whether the plan is practicable. 10. There is no doubt that others will help you if you have any difficulties. 11. It seems certain that they have made a series of experiments. 12. It is said that bats have been using radar for millions of years. 13. To tell the truth, many mistakes we made could have been avoided. 14. As we know, it was not until recently that the problem was solved. 15. It must be admitted that you havent done what you promised to do. 16. In my opinion, this computer is different from that one you saw. 17. It is certain that we have a long way to go. 18. All this shows that nothing can prevent us from reaching our aims. 19. As far as we know, it took him more than a year to write the book. 20. It has been proved that every substance, no matter what it is, is made up of atoms. 21. It has been decided that we are going to build a railway whose base must be completed within his year. 22. It is obvious (evident) that the success of the innovation depends on our concerted efforts. 23. To be frank, whether you like it or not, you have no other choice. 24. It is natural that one may have trouble expressing complicated ideas in simple English. 25. What is more important, the agreement they have negotiated is being carried out. 26. We will be successful as long as we persevere. 27. Frankly speaking, what you call the truth may not apply to things happening here. 28. It is true that we must redouble our efforts; otherwise we cannot catch up with the developed countries. 29. I take it for granted that they will support this idea. 30. In a certain sense, a successful scientist is a person who is never satisfied with what he has achieved. 31. There is no denying the fact that the new management method has greatly increased the production. 32. Upon hearing the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he couldnt utter a word. 33. As the saying goes, nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it. 34. No matter how difficult English may be, you should do your best to learn it. 35. It can be said that without knowledge of science and technology, it is impossible to build socialist modernizations. 专题四：句间关系为了正确标识句与句之间的关系，就需要恰当运用合适的连接词或短语。下面是常用意念的多种表达方式，在使用时一定要注意词汇的多样性，避免表达过于单一。添加and, also, in addition, besides, as well, additionally递进furthermore, moreover, whats more, equally important列举next, another, first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), finally说明namely, that is, I mean, in other words类同likewise, similarly, in the same way, just as转折but, yet, however, nevertheless, despite让步though, although, given that, admittedly, of course选择or, alternatively更正in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, instead, rather比较on the contrary, on the other hand, by contrast, likewise, similarly, by comparison原因because of, for this reason, on account of, owing to推论so, thus, hence, therefore, accordingly结果as a result, consequently, in consequence目的for this purpose, to this end总结to sum up, to summarize, in conclusion, to conclude, in short, in a word, in brief, all in all举例for instance, for example, takefor example假设if, provided, suppose, imagine专题五：妙方指点Introduction1. The issue of may raise much controversy among people of diverse backgrounds. Although many people believe that , I believe that .2. ( ). When faced with the decision of A or B, quite a few would deem that , but others, in contrast, believe A/B as the premier choice and that is also my point. Among countless factors, which influence A/B, there are three conspicuous aspects as follows.3. Some people argue as if it is a general truth that a . But to be frank, I cannot agree with them. There are numerous reasons why I hold confidence in them, and I would explore only a few primary ones here.4. Some people prefer A. Others believe B. A/B is also my point. There are numerous reasons why , and I would explore onlya few of the most important ones hers.Body1. First of all, I would examine . In addition, I would consider lengthening the time of the study . I would also examine what else was occurring in the region. .2. The main reason for my inclination for is that . The second reason can be seen by every person that . In addition, these reasons are also usable when we consider that . There are some disadvantages in (另一个观点的缺陷).3The main problem with this argument is that it is ignorant of the basic fact that (解释本段中心). Another reason why I disagree with the above statement is that I believe that .Conclusion1In sum, its unwise to make rash decision on . Instead, more detailed survey of and other important factors should be taken.2. In a word, (重复观点句并缩写理由).3. From the above you might get idea that I agree . So, it is sagacious to support the statement that it is better to .4. Taking into an account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that .Period 3-55.1 Section A评分标准 1. 作文的评分标准 (1) 文章内容切题、丰富，文章通顺，表达清楚。 (2) 行文流畅。 (3) 组织严密，逻辑性强。 (4) 句型多样化，句法结构正确。 (5) 用词得体、恰当、丰富。 (6) 语法正确。 (7) 拼写及标点正确，书写整洁。 2. 评分标准分数评分标准14-15内容切题、完整、条理清楚，文章结构严谨，语法正确，语言通顺恰当、句式、用词富有变化，有“闪光点”，基本无语言错误。11-13内容切题、完整、条理清楚，文章结构比较清晰，语法正确，语言比较通顺，有少量语言错误。8-10内容基本切题、完整、条理比较清楚，文章结构严谨，语法基本正确，语言比较通顺，有少量严重语言错误，一些词使用不当。5-7内容基本切题，表达不够清楚，条理不够清晰，有较明显的母语痕迹，有较多的语言错误，单词使用单调且基本上是些高频词，许多词拼写错误。2-4内容偏题，不完整，思路混乱，充斥语言错误，语句不完整，只有少数句子可以理解，词汇拼写错误严重。5.2 Section B评分标准要求学生仔细阅读和分析所给的情景，确定便条所涉及的内容 ，如写便条者与便条接收者的身份、两者之间的关系及情景的正式程度等。便条的特点在于内容简短，大多是临时性的询问、留言、通知、要求等。与正规书信相比，便条的语言更为口语化。有急事需告诉别人而又不能面谈时，就可以写便条，如请假条、留言条等。一般不写地址，与普通书信基本相同。结尾时也无需要结尾礼词，只需要写上便条者姓名。便条的日期一般只要写上星期几，也可以写明上午、下午的具体时间。便条具有用途广泛、形式简单、文字要求不十分严格的特点。6.1 Section A模拟题解析SECTION A COMPOSITION 35 min.People in modern society live under a lot of pressure, from education, career, or family. So it is important for them to keep a good mood under whatever circumstances.Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:THE IMPORTANCE OF KEEPING A GOOD MOODYou are to write in three parts.In the first part, state specifically what your view is.In the second part, support your view with one or two reasons.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusionor a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.Sample 1: (4分)The Importance of Keeping a Good MoodIn the age, we have a lot pinch, and more and more people got hypochondria. So we should find the best way to release them. Somebody choice cry to release the feeling. But I dont think so cry is the best way. Some come to see doctor, let the doctor to help them, if you come to see doctor, you need long time. And somebody choice suicide, death can not solve the question.However, unhappy is a stupid thing. Keeping a good mood