Chapter2 Phonology.doc

Chapter 2 PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary meaning.3. A phone is a phonetic until that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the type into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given21. A_ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22. A_phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23. The four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_sounds.24. Of all the speech organs, the t_ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_ of articulation.26. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s_.27. S_ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress tone, intonation, etc.28. The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s_ rules.29. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_ transcription.30. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_.31. P_ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_cavity and the nasal cavity.33. T_ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.34. Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.35. Of all the speech organs, the _ is/are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords36. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _ sounds. A. voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal37. _is voiced alveolar stop. A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D. /b/38. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones _. A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar39. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _. A. in phonemic contrast B. in complementary distribution C. the allophones D. minimal pair40. The sound /f/ is _-. A. voiced palatal affricate B. voice alveolar stop C. voiceless velar fricative D. voiceless labio-dental fricative41. A _ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A. back B. central C. front D. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called_. A. phonetic components B. immediate constituents C. suprasegmental features D. semantic features43. A(n) _ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. sound C. allophone D. phoneme44. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the _ of that phoneme. A. phones B. sounds C. phonemes D. allophones45. Which pair of words is NOT a minimal pair? A. cat / bat B. put / but C. jig /pig D. sit / bit46. If two sounds are in complementary distribution, they are _ of the same phoneme. A. symbols B. allophones C. phones D. signs47. Of the following sound combinations, only_ is permissible. A. kibl B. bkil C. ilkb D. ilbk48. Where are the vocal cords? A. In the mouth B. In the nasal cavity C. Above the tongue D. Inside the larynx.49. In the production of consonants at least _ articulators (发音器官) are involved. A. one B. two C. three D. four50. Which is not true for the voweli？ A. High B. Unrounded C. Middle D. Front.51. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in _. A. the place of articulation B. the obstruction of airstreams C. the position of the tongue D. the shape of the lips52. _ sounds are produced with the back of the tongue and the soft palate. A. Velar B. Palatal C. Glottal D. Alveolar53. Where is the primary stress of the word “phonology”? A. pho B. no C. lo D. gy54. Which is the common feature of the three sounds: b, p,m? A. Voiceless B. Voiced C. Nasal D. Bilabial.55. Which of the following English sounds is NOT bilabial? A. b B. m C. p D. f56. Which of the following is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. w B. m C. b D. p57. _ is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. A. Auditory phonetics B. Articulatory phonetics C. Acoustic phonetics D. Phonology58. /kuku:/ is a birds call. The name of such a bird is CUCKOO which is an example of _. A. language universals B. onomatopoeia C. teaching grammars D. morphs59. f,vare both labiodentals and_. A. nasals B. fricatives C. affricatives D. alveolar60. In the field of phonology, which of the following does NOT belong to the suprasegmental features? A. stress B. tone. C. intonation D. syllable.61. Classification of vowels is made up of the followings EXCEPT _. A. the position of the tongue B. the openness of the mouth C. the shape of the lip D. the width of the vowels62. A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a given language is a _. A. phoneme B. allophone C. phone D. allomorph63. /p,t,k/ are _. A. fricatives B. affricatives C. glides D. stops64. The vowel u:infu:d(food) is a _ vowel. A. back B. front C. unrounded