真题翻译.doc

94年真题第二句In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.句子主干：the scientific revolution was largely the improvement and invention and use . 主系表结构其他成分： In short 状语 a leader of the new school contends 主谓做插入语 as we call it 定语做插入语 of a series of instruments 定语 that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.定语从句翻译点拨：对于词汇的处理： in short 简言之 as we call it 我们所谓的 new school 新的学派； contend 坚持认为 the reach 范围；范畴 对于定语的处理： of a series of instruments 通常前置 对于定语从句的处理： 可以前置也可以单独成句，但是这里最好是单独成句，因为前面有了一个定语了，再倒就繁琐了；参考译文：新学派的一位领军人物坚持认为：简而言之，我们所谓的科学革命主要是指一系列工具的改进，发明和使用，这些改进发明和使 用在无数个方向扩展了科学的范畴。（使得科学在各个领域无所不及/使得科学涉及到了无数个方向的各个领域）根据昨天的句子造的一个句需要大家翻译一下，背一下：In many cases,nowadays,the environment is usually changed not so much to benefit human life as to bring disastrous momentsto our future generations.Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary thingslike improved techniques and tool.句子主干：Science moves forward；其他成分： they say 插入语 not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improvedtechniques and tool.状语；难点分析： 难点在于对状语的分析，而其中较麻烦的就是对比较结构的处理： not so much.as. 这个结构我们之前讲过：与其说.不如说. 这样状语可以翻译为： 与其说是通过：the insights of great men of genius不如说是因为：more ordinary things like improvedtechniques and tool.翻译点拨： 先翻插入语：他们说， 再翻主干：科学的发展/前进/进步/,但不要翻译为：往前移动； 最后赋予状语中某些表达具体的中文含义： the insights of great men of genius 伟人和天才的洞察力/远见/真知灼见等 智慧的伟人的 天才的伟人的 以上都可以接受； more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool. 还是先翻定语：像提高的工具和方法/技法/技术/等更为普通的东西； 也可以是：更为普通的东西像提高的方法/技法/技术/和工具； through和because of 相对应因此可以翻译为：通过/源于/由于/因为/参考译文： 他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说是由于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。94年的第三题；句子本身理解不难， 翻译也不难关键是需要自己写出来哦：）73) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.这两句话比较简单：73) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.主干识别：tools and technology have been ignored.其他成分：over the years 状语 themselves 反身代词作同位语 as a source of fundamental innovation 定语 by historians and philosopher 状语翻译点拨：定语前置： 作为基本发明源泉的工具和技术本身； 词的处理： philosophers of science 科学哲学家/科学思想家参考译文：多年来，作为基本发明源泉的工具和技术本身在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们所忽视了。昨天的参考翻译：In many cases,nowadays,the environment is usually changed not so much to benefit human life as to bring disastrous moments to our future generations.现在很多情况下，人们改变环境与其说给我们的生活带来了好处，不如说为后人带来了灾难。（moments 可以不翻译）翻译是一种再创造，在保证语义正确的情况下需要符合中文表达的习惯。94年第五句：Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.主干识别：Whether+主语从句 depends on the issue其他成分： the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa（主语从句） of which is seen as the driving force.of 短语 of + which 引导的宾语句子翻译点拨：先翻译主语从句，再用代词“这”代替； 词的处理： increase the financing of pure science 增加对纯理论科学的经费投入 at the expense of technology 减少对技术经费的投入 the driving force 动力，驱动力量 the issue of 可以不翻译： 比较两种翻法： 1.哪一方被看做是驱动力的问题 2.那一方面被看做是驱动力 第二种更加符合中文的表达。政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。昨天句子的答案：有时候不费钱的来的东西反而最贵主句：sometimes one pays most for the things定语从句省略了that:(that) one gets for nothingthat 指代前面的things做宾语完整就是：one gets the things for nothing直接翻译就是：有时候，一个人为不费任何代价而得来的东西支付了最多；转译：有时候不费钱的来的东西反而最贵关注指代！同时觉得翻译难的同学其实是不习惯这类型的中文：）加油！How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.主干识别：How +主语从句 depends upon the the amount，reliability，and appropriateness and on the skill and wisdom.其他成分：of the information used 定语 with which it is interpreted定语 主语从句主干： the predictions will be validated by later performance. how well 状语翻译点拨：validated 证实 how well 多好.但是直译过去就是会多好的被证实。中文的习惯是：多大程度被证实； with which it is interpreted定语从句前置 确定最后的it的指代应该是information；信息；则可以主动变为被动：解释这些信息时的.参考译文：这些预测在多大程度上会被之后的表现所证实则依靠于所用信息的数量，可靠性和适合性，同时取决于解释这些信息时的技巧和智慧。今天早一点：）这个句子关注并列，同时both作为代词的用法：）Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both in a particular situation depends，therefore，upon the evidencefrom experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.主干识别：Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both depends，therefore，upon the evidence and upon such factors.其他成分：or both = or tests and other kinds of information (both 指代前面） in a particular situation 状语 therefore 状语 from experience concerning comparative validity 定语修饰 evidence as cost and availability 定语修饰factors翻译点拨：in a particular situation 在某一特定情况下 the evidence from experience 经验依据（来自经验的证据） comparative validity 相对效度 concerning 与有关的 availability 能否获得（有无来源）参考译文：所以在某一特定的情况下，是否使用测试以及其他的各种信息或者两者使用，取决于有关相对效度的经验依据， 也取决于诸如经费（多少），有无来源等因素。95年的出题是爱极了并列：）这也是好事，可以多练习，多琢磨。In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined.主干识别：the tests work其他成分：most effectively 状语 when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined状语从句 （the qualities can be most precisely defined 主干； to be measured 定语修饰 qualities） least effectively状语 when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined状语从句 （what is to be measured or predicated状语从句中的主语）翻译点拨：the tests work 测试有效 be most precisely defined 很精确界定（most =very；the most才是最高级） measured 测量参考译文：一般的说，当所要测定的素质/性质/特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地被界定时， 测试的效果则最差。95年的最后一句，依然出现了并列，注意虚拟语气的省略现象。For example，the tests do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.主干识别： the tests do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how+从句其他成分： how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. how 引导一个宾语从句，其主句为how able an underprivileged youngster might have been； 还原为中文的语序为：an underprivileged youngster might have been how able; 条件状语从句：had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.（if被省略，had提前） 还原为：if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances.翻译点拨：compensate for 弥补 gross social inequality 明显的社会不公 and thus 因此 tell 说明 underprivileged 贫困的、物质条件不好的 under more favorable circumstances 在较好的环境下 本句只要能识别出句子结构翻译就比较容易了。参考译文：测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。96年第一句：Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accel