研究生英语精读教程 Two.ppt

研究生英语精读教程 第三版下 中国人民大学出版社 UnitTwo ActiveandPassiveEuthanasia 1 Text 2 Exercise 3 SupplementaryReading ActiveandPassiveEuthanasia JamesRachels Menu Translation euthanasian thepainlesskillingofpeoplewhoareincurablyillorveryold安乐死crucial adj ofdecidingimportance决定性的ethicsn thesciencewhichdealswithmorals伦理学withhold v tokeepbackonpurpose orrefusetogive抑制 制止 不给予 Menu 1 Thedistinctionbetweenactiveandpassiveeuthanasia isthoughttobecrucial formedicalethics Theideaisthatitispermissible atleastinsomecases towithhold treatmentandallowapatienttodie butitisneverpermissibletotakeanydirectactiondesignedtokillthepatient Thisdoctrineseemstobeacceptedbymostdoctors anditisendorsed inastatementadoptedbytheHouseofDelegatesoftheAmericanMedicalAssociationonDecember4 1973 Theintentionalterminationoflifeofonehumanbeingbyanother mercykilling iscontrarytothatforwhichthemedicalprofessionstandsandiscontrarytothepolicyoftheAmericanMedicalAssociation endorse v toexpressapprovalorsupportof支持 赞同 Menu Translation Thecessation oftheemploymentofextraordinarymeanstoprolong thelifeofthebodywhenthereisirrefutableevidencethatbiologicaldeathisimminent isthedecisionofthepatientand orherimmediatefamily Theadviceandjudgmentofthephysicianshouldbefreelyavailabletothepatientand orhisimmediatefamily cessation n ashortpauseorastop停止prolong v tomakelonger lengthen延长imminent adj whichisgoingtohappenverysoon即将发生的 Menu However astrongcasecanbemadeagainstthisdoctrine InwhatfollowsIwillsetoutsomeoftherelevantargumentsandurgedoctorstoreconsidertheirviewsonthismatter Menu Translation 2 Tobeginwithafamiliartypeofsituation apatientwhoisdyingofincurablecancerofthethroatisinterriblepain whichcannolongerbesatisfactorilyalleviated Heiscertaintodiewithinafewdays evenifpresenttreatmentiscontinued buthedoesnotwanttogoonlivingforthosedayssincethepainisunbearable Soheasksthedoctorforanendtoit andhisfamilyjoinsintherequest alleviate v tomake pain sufferings etc less缓和 减轻 疼痛 痛苦等 Menu Translation 3 Supposethedoctoragreestowithholdtreatment astheconventionaldoctrine sayshemay Thejustificationforhisdoingsoisthatthepatientisinterribleagony andsinceheisgoingtodieanyway itwouldbewrongtoprolonghissufferingneedlessly doctrine n aprincipleorsomethingthatistaught教义 教agony n verygreatpainorsufferingofmindorbody极度的痛苦 Menu Butnownoticethis Ifonesimplywithholdstreatment itmaytakethepatientlongertodie andsohemaysuffermorethanhewouldifmoredirectactionweretakenandlethal injectiongiven Thisfactprovidesstrongreasonforthinkingthat oncetheinitialdecisionnottoprolonghisagonyhasbeenmade activeeuthanasiaisactuallypreferabletopassiveeuthanasia ratherthanthereverse lethal adj ableorcertaintokill致死的 Menu Tosayotherwiseistoendorsetheoption thatleadstomoresufferingratherthanless andiscontrarytothehumanitarianimpulse thatpromptsthedecisionnottoprolonghislifeinthefirstplace option n thefreedomtochoose选择的自由impulse n asuddenwishtodosomething愿望 激情 Menu Translation 4 Partofmypointisthattheprocessofbeing allowedtodie canberelativelyslowandpainful whereasbeinggivenalethalinjectionisrelativelyquickandpainless Letmegiveadifferentsortofexample IntheUnitedStatesaboutonein600babiesisbornwithDown ssyndrome syndromen acollectionofmedicalsymptoms 医 综合征 Menu Mostofthesebabiesareotherwisehealthy thatis withonlytheusualpediatric care theywillproceedtoanotherwisenormalinfancy Some however arebornwithcongenital defectssuchasintestinal obstructions thatrequireoperationsiftheyaretolive pediatricadj ofthebranchofmedicineconcernedwithchildrenandtheirdiseases小儿科的infancy n earlychildhood幼年 幼稚期congenitaladj med ofdiseaseexistingatorfromone sbirth先天性的 疾病 intestinaladj oforconcerningtheintestine肠的obstruction n blockingup梗阻 阻塞 Menu Sometimes theparentsanddoctorwilldecidenottooperate andlettheinfantdie AnthonyShawdescribeswhathappensthen Whensurgeryisdenied thedoctor musttrytokeeptheinfantfromsufferingwhilenaturalforcessap thebaby slifeaway sapv toweakenordestroyduringalongtime腐蚀 使衰弱 耗竭 Menu Translation Asasurgeonwhosenaturalinclination istousethescalpel tofightoffdeath standingbyandwatchingasalvageable babydieisthemostemotionallyexhaustingexperienceIknow Itiseasyataconference inatheoreticaldiscussion todecidethatsuchinfantsshouldbeallowedtodie inclinationn atendency倾向 意愿scalpeln asmalldelicateknifeusedbyadoctorin医用小刀salvageable adj abletosave可救的 Menu Itisaltogetherdifferenttostandbyinthenurseryandwatchasdehydration andinfection witheratinybeingoverhoursanddays Thisisaterribleordeal formeandthehospitalstaff muchmoresothanfortheparentswhoneversetfootinthenursery dehydrationn removingallthewaterfromsb orsth 脱水patentlyadv clearlyandplainly明显地ordealn adifficultorpainfulexperience严酷的考验 Menu Translation Icanunderstandwhysomepeopleareopposedtoalleuthanasia andinsistthatsuchinfantsmustbeallowedtolive IthinkIcanalsounderstandwhyotherpeoplefavordestroyingthesebabiesquicklyandpainlessly Butwhyshouldanyonefavorletting dehydrationandinfectionwitheratinybeingoverhoursanddays Menu Thedoctrinethatsaysthatababymaybeallowedtodehydrateandwitherbutmaynotbegivenaninjectionthatwouldenditslifewithoutsufferingseemssopatently cruelastorequirenofurtherrefutation Thestronglanguageisnotintendedtooffendbutonlytoputthepointintheclearestpossibleway patentlyadv clearlyandplainly明显地refutationn proofthatsomethingisuntrue反驳 辩驳 Menu Translation 5 Mysecondargumentisthattheconventionaldoctrineleadstodecisionsconcerninglifeanddeathmadeonirrelevantgrounds 6 ConsideragainthecaseoftheinfantswithDown ssyndromewhoneedoperationsforcongenitaldefectsunrelatedtothesyndrometolive Sometimes thereisnooperation andthebabydies butwhenthereisnosuchdefect thebabyliveson Menu Now anoperationsuchasthattoremoveanintestinalobstructionisnotprohibitivelydifficult Thereasonwhysuchoperationsarenotperformedinthesecasesis clearly thatthechildhasDown ssyndromeandtheparentsanddoctorjudgethatbecauseofthatfactitisbetterforthechildtodie Menu Translation 7 Butnoticethatthissituationisabsurd nomatterwhatviewonetakesofthelivesandpotentialsofsuchbabies Ifthelifeofsuchaninfantisworthpreserving whatdoesitmatterifitneedsasimpleoperation Or ifonethinksitbetterthatsuchababyshouldnotliveon whatdifferencedoesitmakethatithappenstohaveanunobstructedintestinaltract absurd adj againstreasonorcommonsense clearlyfalse荒谬的 可笑的 Menu Ineithercase thematteroflifeanddeathisbeingdecidedonirrelevantgrounds ItistheDown ssyndrome andnottheintestines thatistheissue Themattershouldbedecided ifatall onthatbasis andnotbeallowedtodependontheessentiallyirrelevantquestionofwhethertheintestinaltractisblocked Menu Translation 8 Whatmakesthissituationpossible ofcourse istheideathatwhenthereisanintestinalblockage onecan letthebabydie butwhenthereisnosuchdefect thereisnothingthatcanbedone foronemustnot kill it Thefactthatthisidealeadstosuchresultsasdecidinglifeordeathonirrelevantgroundsisanothergoodreasonwhythedoctrineshouldberejected Menu Translation 9 Onereasonwhysomanypeoplethinkthatthereisanimportantmoraldifferencebetweenactiveandpassiveeuthanasiaisthattheythinkkillingsomeoneismorallyworsethanlettingsomeonedie Toinvestigatethisissue twocasesmaybeconsideredthatareexactlyalikeexceptthatoneinvolveskillingwhereastheotherinvolveslettingsomeonedie Menu Then itcanbeaskedwhetherthisdifferencemakesanydifferencetothemoralassessments Itisimportantthatthecasesbeexactlyalike exceptforthisonedifference sinceotherwiseonecannotbeconfidentthatitisthisdifferenceandnotsomeotherthataccountsforanyvariationintheassessmentsofthetwocases So letusconsiderthispairofcases Menu Translation 10 Inthefirst Smithstandstogainalargeinheritance ifanythingshouldhappentohissix year oldcousin Oneeveningwhilethechildistakinghisbath Smithsneaksintothebathroomanddrownsthechild andthenarrangesthingssothatitwilllooklikeanaccident inheritancen theactofreceivingfromone sparents遗传 Menu Translation 11 Inthesecond Jonesalsostandstogainifanythingshouldhappentohissix year oldcousin LikeSmith Jonessneaksinplanningtodrownthechildinhisbath However justasheentersthebathroomJonesseesthechildslipandhithishead andfallfacedowninthewater Menu Jonesisdelighted hestandsby readytopushthechild sheadbackunderifitisnecessary butitisnotnecessary Withonlyalittlethrashing about thechilddrownsallbyhimself accidentally asJoneswatchesanddoesnothing thrash about v tomovewildlyandviolentlyabout猛烈地移动 Menu Translation 12 NowSmithkilledthechild whereasJones merely letthechilddie Thatistheonlydifferencebetweenthem Dideithermanbehavebetter fromamoralpointofview Ifthedifferencebetweenkillingandlettingdiewereinitselfamorallyimportantmatter oneshouldsaythatJones sbehaviorwaslessreprehensible thanSmith s reprehensibleadj deservingtobeblamedorscolded应受谴责的 应受责难的 Menu Butdoesonereallywanttosaythat Ithinknot Inthefirstplace bothmenactedfromthesamemotive personalgain andbothhadexactlythesameendinviewwhentheyacted ItmaybeinferredfromSmith sconductthatheisabadman althoughthatjudgmentmaybewithdrawnormodifiedifcertainfurtherfactsarelearnedabouthim forexample thatheismentallyderanged derangedadj beingputintoastateofdisorder insane错乱的 Menu Translation ButwouldnottheverysamethingbeinferredaboutJonesfromhisconduct Andwouldnotthesamefurtherconsiderationsalsoberelevanttoanymodificationofthisjudgment Moreover supposeJonespleaded inhisowndefense Afterall Ididn tdoanythingexceptjuststandthereandwatchthechilddrown Ididn tkillhim Ionlylethimdie plead v togiveasanexcuseforanaction辩护 Menu Again iflettingdiewereinitselflessbadthankilling thisdefenseshouldhaveatleastsomeweight Butitdoesnot Sucha defense canonlyberegardedasagrotesque perversion ofmoralreasoning Morallyspeaking itisnodefenseatall grotesqueadj strongandunnatural古怪的perversionn turningawayfromwhatisrightandnatural颠倒 歪曲 Menu Translation 13 Now itmaybepointedout quiteproperly thatthecasesofeuthanasiawithwhichdoctorsareconcernedarenotlikethisatall Theydonotinvolvepersonalgainorthedestructionofnormalhealthychildren Doctorsareconcernedonlywithcasesinwhichthepatient slifeisofnofurtherusetohim orinwhichthepatient slifehasbecomeorwillsoonbecomeaterribleburden Menu However thepointisthesameinthesecases thebaredifferencebetweenkillingandlettingdiedoesnot initself makeamoraldifference Ifadoctorletsapatientdie forhumane reasons heisinthesamemoralpositionasifhehadgiventhepatientalethalinjectionforhumanereasons humaneadj showinghumankindness仁慈的 人道的 Menu Ifhisdecisionwaswrong if forexample thepatient sillnesswasinfactcurable thedecisionwouldbeequallyregrettablenomatterwhichmethodwasusedtocarryitout Andifthedoctor sdecisionwastherightone themethodusedisnotinitselfimportant Menu Translation 14 TheAMApolicystatementisolatesthecrucialissueverywell thecrucialissueis theintentionalterminationofthelifeofonehumanbeingbyanother Butafteridentifyingthisissue andforbidding mercykilling thestatementgoesontodenythatthecessationoftreatmentistheintentionalterminationoflife Menu Thisiswherethemistakecomesin forwhatisthecessationoftreatment inthesecircumstances ifitisnot theintentionalterminationofthelifeofonehumanbeingbyanother Ofcourseitisexactlythat andifitwerenot therewouldbenopointtoit Menu Translation Exercise Comprehension Vocabulary Close Translation EnglishtoChinese Translation ChinesetoEnglish Writing Menu Comprehension Answerthefollowingquestions Whatisthedistinctionbetweenactiveandpassiveeuthanasia WhatistheattitudeofAMAtowardtheproblemofeuthanasia Whatisalethalinjection Whydoestheauthorthinkthedoctorshouldgiveittothehopelesspatient Whatisthemostpainfulthingtodoforasurgeon Why Whyaresomepeopleopposedtoallkindsofeuthanasia Menu Answers Comprehension Whydoestheauthorsaytheconventionaldoctrineleadstodecisionsconcerninglifeanddeathmadeonirrelevantgrounds Iskillingsomeonemorallyworsethanlettingsomeonedie Canyougiveanyotherexampletoproveyouropinion Whatisthedifferencebetweenthedoctor sroleinactiveeuthanasiaandthatofsomeoneinacriminalcaseofkilling Aremercykillingandconventionaleuthanasiathesamething Whyorwhynot WhatisthemistakeAMAmadeinthestatement Whyisitamistake Answers Menu Vocabulary A IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA B C orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase 1 Parentsheartilyendorsedtheplanforaschoolplayground A adoredB admiredC supportedD denied2 Blackclouds thunderandlightningshowthatastormisimminent A comingB IrremediableC unavoidableD irresistible Menu Answers Vocabulary A IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA B C orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase 3 Shehadupsetsomeboilingoilonherarmandwasinagony A greatpainB SufferingC dangerD despair4 Thewallsoftheboathousehadbeensappedawaybythewaves A carriedawayB destroyedC washedupD stricken Answers Menu Vocabulary A IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA B C orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase 5 Youmustalwaysbereadytosacrificeinclinationtoduty A likingB tendencyC interestD career6 Agehadwitheredtheoldlady sface A destroyedB hurtC madedecrepitD flecked Menu Answers Vocabulary A IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA B C orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase 7 Unabletosleep thepatientthrashedaboutinbed A twistedB TwitchedC tossedaboutD tossedoff8 Thecommittee splansaresetoutinthereportmadebythechairman A mentionedB intendedtodoC arrangedD madeknownandclear Answers Menu Vocabulary A IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA B C orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase 9 Theirrequestwasabsurdandconsequentlyrejected A ridiculousB excessiveC feasibleD harsh10 Hewasgivenimprisonmentwithouttheoptionofafine A punishmentB requestC demandD freedomtochoose Menu Answers Vocabulary A IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA B C orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase 9 Hesufferedalongperiodofdepressionbeforehisfirstsuicideattempt InoculationB hypertensionC ailmentsD dejection10 Hewasneverabletoenjoythemetropolitandelightsofcinemasandtheatres artisticB modernC urbanD various Answers Menu Vocabulary B Choosethecorrectanswer Onlyoneansweriscorrect 11 Therewasnoschoolplaybecausetheprincipal hisconsent A tooksilenceforB withheldC rewardedD awarded12 Inmanycountriesnow smokingisnot inpublicplaces A permissiveB permissibleC permutableD pernicious Menu Answers Vocabulary B Choosethecorrectanswer Onlyoneansweriscorrect 13 Theboy scuriosity himtoaskendlessquestions A madeB helpedC confusedD prompted14 Condemnedtodeath Socratescouldhaveescapedbutchosetodiebydrinking poison seekingtrutheventotheend A strongB deadC dyingD lethal Answers Menu Vocabulary B Choosethecorrectanswer Onlyoneansweriscorrect 15 Webelievein treatmentofprisonerssothattheycanturnoveranewleaf A humanB humaneC cruelD stern16 Beingacommander heshouldremaincalmatthe moment A criticB crispC crucialD crinkly Menu Answers Vocabulary B Choosethecorrectanswer Onlyoneansweriscorrect 17 Healthwithoutrichesis toricheswithouthealth A preferableB betterC desirableD desirous18 ThedecisionmadebythepartyrecentlygoesagainsteverythingI A standinwithB standfastC standinaweofD standfor Answers Menu Vocabulary B Choosethecorrectanswer Onlyoneansweriscorrect 19 The ofill feelingfromtheTreatyofVersaillesmadeHitlermoredeterminedtotakerevengeonFranceinWorldWarTwo A inheritanceB resultC wishD desire20 Medical donotpermitdoctorsandsurgeonstoadvertise A dutiesB standardsC lawsD ethics Menu Answers Close ReadthepassagethroughandchooseonesuitablewordorphrasemarkedA B CorDforeachblankinthepassage Onanaverageofsixtimesaday adoctorinHollandpractices active euthanasia intentionallyadministeringalethaldrugtoaterminallyillpatientwhohasaskedtoberelievedofsuffering Twentytimesaday 1treatmentsarewithheldorwithdrawnwhenthereisnohopethatitcaneffectanultimatecure A life prolongedB life prolongingC life longedD life longing Answers Menu Close Active euthanasiaremainsa2ontheDutchstatutebooks punishableby12yearsinprison Butaseriesofcourtcasesoverthepast15years3itclearthata4physicianwhocarriesitoutwillnotbeprosecuted A crimeB controversyC problemD questionA madeB makesC hasmadeD hasbeenmakingA seriousB kind heartedC strictD competent Menu Answers Euthanasiaisacrime5inWesternEurope ButmoreandmoredoctorsandnursesinBritain WestGermany Hollandandelsewherereadilyadmit6 mostofteninthe passive formofwithholdingorwithdrawingtreatment Thelongsimmeringeuthanasiaissuehaslately7intoasometimesfiercepublicdebate withbothsidesclaimingthemantleofultimaterighteousness A whereB elsewhereC everywhereD nowhereA topracticingitB topracticeitC tohavepracticeditD havingitpracticedA brokeB boiledoverC brokeoutD boileddown Answers Menu Thoseopposed8thepracticeseethemselvesupholdingsacredprinciplesofrespectforlife whilethose9favorraisethebannerofhumanetreatment Afteryearsonthedefensive theadvocatesnowseem10ground A toB ofC onD withA ofB forC inD againstA togainB tobegainingC gainD havegained Menu Answers RecentpollsinBritainshowthat72percentofBritish11favoreuthanasiainsomecircumstances Anastonishing76percentofrespondentstoapollinFrancesaidtheywouldlikethelaw12 Euthanasiahasbeenatopicofcontroversysince1936 whenabillwasintroducedintheHouseofLordsthat13mercykillingsunderverytightlysupervisedconditions A peopleB votersC candidatesD subjectsA changedB tochangeC changingD changeA wouldlegalizeB wouldhavelegalizedC shouldlegalizeD willlegalize Answers Menu Thatbillfailed 14havethreeothersintroducedintheLordssincethen Butmosteuthanasiaadvocatesarguethateveryhumanbeingshouldhavetherightto die15dignity toescapethehorrorsofapainfulordegradinghospitalization A likeB soC suchasD asA ofB fromC withD for Menu Answers Translation EnglishtoChinese Noyoungmanbelievesheshalleverdie Thereisafeelingofeternityinyouth whichmakesusamendforeverything TobeyoungistobeoneoftheImmortalGods Onehalfoftimeindeedisflown theotherhalfremainsinstoreforuswithallitscountlesstreasures forthereisnolinedrawn andweseenolimittoourhopesandwishes Wemakethecomingageourown Answers Menu Translation EnglishtoChinese Thevast theunboundedprospectliesbeforeus Welookroundinanewworld fulloflife andmotion andceaselessprogress andfeelinourselvesallthevigorandspirittokeeppacewithit anddonotforeseefromanypresentsymptomshowweshallbeleftbehindinthenaturalcourseofthings declineintooldage anddropintothegrave Menu Answers Translation ChinesetoEnglish 1