油菜的主要病虫害症状及防治.doc

/ / / / 油菜的主要病虫害症状及防治春季,是油菜病虫害的发生期,对油菜正常生长,稳产高产具有重要的意义。该季节油菜最易出现的病害有菌核病、霜霉病、蚜虫、菜青虫、黄曲条跳甲等。经过试验,总结出油菜病虫害的主要症状及防治如下。Spring, is rape plant diseases and insect pests occurrence period, to rape to normal growth, output has the vital significance. Rape is the season of disease is seen most sclerotinia, downy mildew, aphids, caterpillar, grasped a jump of first-class. After test, summed up the rape main symptoms and the prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests are as follows. (1)油菜菌核病。油菜菌核病是世界性病害,据资料统计,我国所有油菜产区均有发生,发病率为10%80%,产量损失5%30%。该病病原菌的寄主范围广,包括大豆、向日葵、花生、烟草和10多种主要蔬菜等。(1) rape sclerotium disease. Rape sclerotium disease is disease worldwide, according to statistics, all rapeseed production areas have occurred in our country, the incidence is 10% 80%, and 5% 30% yield loss. The disease pathogen of host range, including soybeans, sunflower, peanuts, tobacco and more than 10 kinds of main vegetables, etc. 症状:苗期在接近地面的根颈和叶柄上,形成红褐色斑点,后转为白色。病组织变软腐烂,有白色菌丝,重者可致苗死亡。成株期叶、茎、花、果和种子均可感病。叶感病后初生暗青色水渍状斑块,后扩展成圆形或不规则形大斑。病斑灰褐色或黄褐色,有同心轮纹,外围暗青色,外缘具黄晕。潮湿时病斑迅速扩展,全叶腐烂;干燥时则病斑破裂穿孔。病斑略凹陷,有同心轮纹,中部白色,边缘褐色,病健交界明显。病害严重时,病茎上长满絮状菌丝,故称为“白秆”、“霉秆”等。Symptoms: seedling stage in close to the ground on the root of the neck and petioles, form a reddish brown spots, transformed into white. Soft rot disease organizations, have white mycelium, the person that weigh can cause seedling death. To plant of leaf, stem, flowers, fruits, and seeds are epic. Leaf disease after dark cyan patches with particular shape, after expanded into round or irregular spots. Disease spot beige or brown, with concentric round grain, dark cyan, outer edge Huang Yun. Damp disease spot expanding quickly, when all the leaves decay; Dry the disease spot burst perforation. Disease spot slightly concave, with concentric round grain, middle white, margin brown, ill health border obviously. Flocculent in severe disease, disease stems covered with mycelium, therefore is called white stem, mould stem, etc. 防治方法:选用抗病品种。减少初浸染源。如水旱轮作:旱地油菜的轮作年限应在两年以上,且应大面积实施;选种和种子处理:选无病株留种,筛去种子中的大菌核,然后用盐水(5千克水加食盐0.50.75千克)或硫酸铵水(5千克水加硫酸铵0.51千克)选种,外用清水洗种;也可用50温水浸种1020分钟或1:200福尔马林浸种3分钟。油菜收后深耕,在油菜抽薹期培土。药剂防治。药剂种类与用量为:40%菌核净(原名纹枯利)可湿性粉剂10001500倍液12次,50%多菌灵粉剂或40%灭病威悬浮剂500倍液 23次,70%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂5001500倍23次,50%速克灵粉剂2000倍23次,50%氯硝胺粉剂100200倍液23次,50%朴海因粉剂10001500倍液。上述药液用量为每亩每次100125千克。油菜开花期,叶病株率10%以上,茎病株率在1%以下时开始喷药,每次间隔710天。生物防治。一般将生防制剂施入土壤中。防效较好的有盾壳霉、木霉等制剂。Prevention and treatment: (1) select disease-resistant varieties. (2) reduce the early disseminated source. Such as severe rotation: dry rapeseed crop rotation of the fixed number of year should be in more than two years, and should implement large-scale; Seedlings and seeds processing: choose no strain stallion, big screen to seed the sclerotium, and then use brine (0.5 0.75 kg 5 kg water to add salt) or ammonium sulfate water (0.5 1 kg 5 kg water with ammonium sulfate) seed selection, external use clean water; Also can use 50 warm water soaked 10 to 20 minutes or 1:0 formalin soaked in 3 minutes. Rape periods, the rape charge after subsoiling soil. (3) control. Reagent type and amount: 40% of sclerotium net (formerly known as withered the) wettable powder 1000 1500 times liquid 1 2 times, 50% carbendazim powder or 40% destroyed disease wei suspending agent 500 times liquid of 2 3 times, 70% mildothane wettable powder 500 2 3 times, 1500 times spirit 50% speed grams of powder 2 3 times, 2000 times 50% chlorine nitramine powder 100 200 times liquid of 2 3 times, 50% PiaoHai for powder fluid of 1000 1500 times. The liquid medicine dose for each time of 100 125 kg per acre. Rape flowering period, leaf strain rate more than 10%, stem begins when the strain rate under 1% spraying, every 7 to 10 days. 5. Biological control. The bio-control agents are applied into the soil. With better control effect such as shield shell mold and trichoderma viride. (2)油菜病毒病。又名花叶病,全国各产区均有发生,重病区流行年份产量损失20%30%。(2) rape virus disease. Aka Mosaic, the region have happened all over the country, and serious illness area popular year yield loss by 20% 30%. 症状:不同类型油菜上的症状差异很大。甘蓝型油菜苗期症状有:黄斑和枯斑。两者常伴有叶脉坏死和叶片皱缩,老叶先显症。前者病斑较大,淡黄色或橙黄色,病健分界明显。后者较小,淡褐色,略凹陷,中心有一黑点,叶背面病斑周围有一圈油渍状灰黑色小斑点。花叶。与白菜型油菜花叶相似,支脉和小脉半透明,叶片成为黄绿相间的花叶,有时出现疱斑,叶片皱缩。点状枯斑。茎秆上散生黑色针尖大的小斑点,斑周围稍呈油渍状,病斑连片后斑点不扩大。发病株一般矮化,畸形,薹茎短缩,花果丛集,角果短小扭曲,上有小黑斑,有时似鸡爪状。白菜型和芥菜型油菜的主要症状,苗期为花叶和皱缩,后期植株矮化,茎和果轴短缩。Symptoms: symptoms of different types of rape on difference is very big. B.napus rape seedling symptoms are: (1) the macula and dry spots. Both often accompanied by vein necrosis and leaves shrivel, old leaves show disease first. The disease spot is bigger, light yellow or orange-yellow, obvious boundary between ill health. Which is small, light brown, slightly concave, the center has a black spot, leaf disease spot surrounded by a circle on the back of oil film of small spots. (2) the Mosaic. Similar to cabbage type rape leaves, branches and small vein translucent, leaves become yellow and green leaves, sometimes appear blister spot, leaf shrivel. (3) dot dry spots. Is born black tip on stem, big of small spots, spots around it is a bit oily be soiled, disease spot shall after the spot not to expand. Strains typically dwarf disease, deformity, which shortening stem, flower cluster, the percentage of short and distort, has small black spots, sometimes like chicken feet. , the main symptom of cabbage and mustard greens colza seedling stage for Mosaic and shrinkage, the late plant dwarf, shortening of the stem and fruit axis. 防治方法:关键是预防苗期感病。选用抗病品种。适当推迟播种期。治蚜、驱蚜防病。在油菜出苗前和苗期,加强对油菜地附近十字花科蔬菜如白菜、萝卜等寄主上蚜虫的防治。也可在油菜地区没置黄板,诱杀蚜虫。具体防治措施见蚜虫部分。Method of prevention and cure: the key is to prevent seedling disease. 1) select disease-resistant varieties. (2) appropriate delay the seeding time. (3) prevention cure aphid, aphis displacement. In front of the rapeseed emergence and seedling stage, enhance the near YouCaiDe cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage, radish and other host aphids on prevention and control. Can also be used in area of rape dont buy yellow plate, luring the aphids. See aphids part specific prevention measures. (3)油菜霜霉病:该病在全国各油菜产区均有发生,流行年份或地区发病率在10%50%,严重的100%,单株产量损失10%50%。Rapeseed downy mildew (3) : the disease in rapeseed production areas have happened all over the country, and year of popular or regional incidence was 10% 50%, 100%, 10% 50% yield loss. 症状:油菜各生育期均可感病,为害油菜地上部分各器官。太阳能热水工程叶片发病后,初为淡黄色斑点,后扩大成黄褐色大斑,受叶脉限制呈不规则形,叶背面病斑上出现霜状霉层。茎、薹、分枝和花梗感病后,初生褪绿斑点,后扩大成黄褐色不规则形斑块,斑上有霜霉病菌。花梗发病后有时肥肿、畸形,花器变绿、肿大,呈“龙头”状,表面光滑,上有霜状霉层。感病严重时叶枯落直至伞株死亡。防渗膜价格Symptoms: rape each growth period were sensible, rapeseed different organs above ground. Leaf after onset, early for light yellow spots, expand into yellow-brown spots, restricted by the veins become irregular shape, leaf disease spot appeared frosty mildew layer on the back. Stem, after which, branches and pedicels, primary faded green spots, expand into irregular patches of brown, after on the spot with downy mildew disease germs. Peduncle sometimes swollen fat after onset, deformity, flower implement green, swelling, tap shaped, smooth surface, frosty mildew on floor. Feeling serious when leaf blight fall until the umbrella plant death. 防治方法:选用抗病品种。三大类型油菜中。甘蓝型油菜较抗病,芥菜型次之,白菜型最易病。同一类型油菜中品种间抗性差异也较大。无病株留种或种子处理。如用10%盐水处理种子,再清洗种子,或用25%瑞毒霉浸种、拌种,用量为种子重量的1%。栽培防病。塑料土工格栅与禾本科作物轮作12年或水旱轮作,施足基肥,增施磷钾肥,窄畦深沟,清沟防渍,适当晚播,摘除黄病叶等。药剂防治。25%瑞毒霉粉剂600800倍液,80%乙磷铝500倍液,50%托布津10001500倍液,50%退菌特粉剂1000倍液,65%代森锌500倍液,于初花期叶病株率10%以上开始喷药,每7天1次,喷23次,每次每亩喷药液100千克。起重机配件Prevention and treatment: (1) select disease-resistant varieties. In the three major types of rape. Findings and the type of b.napus rape is disease resistance, mustard cabbage typ