普通心理学 期末复习资料.doc

1 Five perspectives (p411 figure7)Personality Theory: System of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles proposed to explain personality; includes five perspectives:l Trait Theories: Attempt to learn what traits make up personality and how they relate to actual behaviorl Psychodynamic Theories: Focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and strugglesl Behaviorist Theories: Focus on external environment and on effects of conditioning and learningl Social Learning Theories: Attribute differences in perspectives to socialization, expectations, and mental processesl Humanistic Theories: Focus on private, subjective experience and personal growth2 Psychodynamic TheoryPsychodynamic Theory: Freuds theory that unconscious forces act as determinations of personality.l Personality theories contending that behavior results from psychological forces that interact within the individual, often outside conscious awareness. l That unconscious forces act as determinants of personality.Unconscious theory Unconscious: a part of the personality of which a person is not aware and which is a potential determination of behavior. Conscious Freuds first level of awareness, consisting of the thoughts, feelings, and actions of which people are aware. Preconscious Freuds second level of awareness, consisting of the mental activities of which people gain awareness by attending to them. Unconscious Freuds third level of awareness, consisting of the mental activities beyond peoples normal awareness.The approximate relationship between the id, ego, and superego, and the levels of awareness Personality structure Id: In Freuds theory of personality, the collection of unconscious urges and desires that continually seek expression. Pleasure principle: According to Freud, the way in which the id seeks immediate gratification of an instinct. Ego: Freuds term for the part of the personality that mediates between environmental demands, conscious, and instinctual need; now often used as a synonym for self. Reality principle: According to Freud, the way in which the ego seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely and effectively in the real Super ego: According to Freud, the social and parental standards the individual has internalized; the conscious and the ego ideal. Ego ideal: The part of the superego that consists of standards of what one would like to be. How personality develops Libido: According to Freud, the energy generated by sexual instinct. Fixation: According to Freud, a partial or complete halt at some point in the individuals psychosexual development. Oral stage: First stage in Freuds theory of personality development, in which the infants erotic feelings center on the mouth, lips, and tongue. Anal stage: Second stage in Freuds theory of personality development, in which a childs erotic feelings center on the anus and on elimination. Phallic stage（性征期） : Third stage in Freuds theory of personality development, in which erotic feelings center on the genitals. Oedipus complex and Electra complex（恋母情节期和恋父情节期）: According to Freud, a childs sexual attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and jealousy toward the parent of the same sex; generally occurs in the phallic stage. Latency period（性潜伏期） : In Freuds theory of personality, a period in which the child appears to have no interest in the other sex. Genital stage（性成熟期） : In Freuds theory of personality development, the final stage of normal adult sexual development, which is usually marked by mature sexuality. 3 The Neo-Freudian psychoanalysts The Neo-Freudian psychoanalysts: Psychoanalysts who were trained in traditional Freudian theory but later rejected some of its major points. Carl JungCollective unconscious(集体无意识): A common set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that we inherit from our ancestors, the whole human race, and even animal ancestors from the distant past. Personal unconscious: In Jungs theory of personality, one of the two levels of the unconscious; it contains the individuals repressed thoughts, forgotten experiences, and undeveloped ideas. Collective unconscious(集体无意识) : The level of the unconscious that is inherited and common to all members of a species. Archetype （原型）: In Jungs theory of personality, thought forms common to all human beings, stored in the collective unconscious. Persona （角色）: According to Jung, our public self, the mask we wear to represent ourselves to others. Extrovert （性格的外向）: According to Jung, a person who usually focuses on social life and the external world instead of on his or her internal experience. Introvert: A person who usually focuses on his or her own thoughts and feelings. Alfred Adler Compensation: According to Adler, the persons effort to overcome imagined or real personal weaknesses. Inferiority: In Adlers theory, the fixation on feelings of personal inferiority that results in emotional and social paralysis. Other major approaches to personality:Trait approaches: placing label on personalityLearning approaches: We are what weve learnedBiological and Evolutionary Approaches: Are we born with personality?Humanistic Approaches: the Uniqueness of youGordon Allport and traits Common Traits: Characteristics shared by most members of a culture Individual Traits: Describe a persons unique personal qualities Cardinal Traits: So basic that all of a persons activities can be traced back to the trait Central Traits: Core qualities of a personality Secondary Traits: Inconsistent or superficial aspects of a personRaymond Cattle and traits Surface Traits: Features that make up the visible areas of personality Source Traits: Underlying traits of a personality; each reflected in a number of surface traits Cattell also created 16PF, personality test Gives a “picture” of an individuals personality4 Social learning theory Definition: An explanation that combines learning princip