选修7 Unit 1 Living well——Grammar动词不定式.doc

年 级高二学 科英语版 本人教新课标版课程标题选修 7 Unit1 living well Grammar 动词不定式编稿老师冯振宇一校林卉二校黄楠审核刘晓军一、学习目标1. 学习动词不定式的用法。2. 掌握几种非谓语动词的区别。二、重点、难点1. 动词不定式与动词的ing形式作宾语的区别。2. 动词不定式与分词作状语的区别。三、考情分析作为非谓语动词的一种，动词不定式是英语学习中的难点，也是高考中的重点，虽然只是表现在单项选择题中的一个小题与非谓语动词有关，但是在阅读理解、完形填空等题型中，含有非谓语动词的复杂句子结构往往是解题中的难点。四、知能提升（一）知识讲解【认知讲解】 教材原句呈现Unfortunately, the doctors dont know how to make me better.My ambition is to work for a firm.To look after my pets properly takes a lot of time but I find it worthwhile.I have to work hard to live a normal life.对比分析第一个句子中的how to make me是疑问副词+动词不定式，在句中相当于一个名词。第二个句子中出现的to work for则是动词不定式作表语。第三个句子中的To look after my pets properly是不定式作目的状语。【重、难点】. 动词不定式的构成动词不定式由“to+ 动词原形”构成，如：to study, to play，动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用，但仍留着动词的特征，它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语，如：to study hard, to play table tennis。动词不定式的形式变化： 语态一般式完成式进行式完成进行式主 动to buildto have builtto be buildingto have been building 被 动to be builtto have been builtII. 动词不定式的句法作用动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。（1）作主语：例句To see is to believe. 眼见为实。To help each other is good. 互相帮助是对的。【考点】动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：It is good to help each other.【考题链接】_ is better to love than _ . A. That, to be loved B. That, be loved C. It, be loved D. It, to be loved答案：D解题思路：这里it为形式主语，而than连接的是两个动词不定式。（2）作表语：例句My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 【考点】动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语，与表示将来时的“be + 动词不定式”结构有所区别。例句Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants children.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的谓语动词为is，动词不定式to set up 为表语，主语为plan，但plan并不是动词不定式的逻辑主语，即动词不定式 to set up所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。）例句We are to set up another middle school for the peasants children.我们将为农民子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的are to set up整个结构为句中的谓语，主语为we，同时也是动词不定式to set up所表示的动作的逻辑主语，即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作是由we发出的）。（3）作宾语：作及物动词的宾语。例句She wishes to be a musician.作某些形容词的宾语：可以由动词不定式作宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等。例句I am determined to give up smoking.【考题链接】We were astonished _ the temple still in its original condition.A. finding B. to find C. find D. to be found答案：B解题思路：考查非谓语动词。be astonished 后应接动词不定式作状语。句意：我们吃惊地发现那座庙仍然还是原来的状况。动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语。例句Can you give us some advice on what to do next? 【考题链接】I really dont know _ . A. to swim B. how to swim C. to swim how D. how swim答案：B解题思路：这里考查连接副词how加动词不定式作宾语。【考点】动词不定式与动名词作宾语的区别1）在like后用动名词作宾语，表示“习惯或爱好”，时间不明确。其后接动词不定式作宾语，表示“喜欢要做的某一特定动作”，时间明确。 例句He likes playing basketball. 他喜欢打篮球。（指爱好） We dont like to play football today. 我们今天不想踢足球。（指活动）2）在like，hate后接动名词作宾语时，动名词这个动作的发出者，可能是句子的主语或是指其他人。例句My friend likes singing. 我的朋友喜欢唱歌。（可能自己喜欢唱，也可能喜欢别人唱） My friend likes to sing. 我朋友喜欢唱歌。（自己喜欢唱） I hate to smoke. 我不喜欢吸烟。（指自己不吸烟） My mother hates smoking. 我母亲反对吸烟。（自己不吸，也反对别人吸）3）在部分动词后用动名词作宾语或不定式（不再是宾语），其意思是不同的：在stop、try、cant help 、go on后用动名词或to do （不定式），其意思不一样。 在stop后面用动名词说明动名词所表示的动作终止；用动词不定式则不再是宾语，是作目的状语，以表示动词不定式所表示的动作的开始。 例句They stopped talking as soon as they saw me.他们一看见我，就停止了谈话。（talking终止） They stopped to talk with me as soon as they saw me.一看见我，他们就停下来与我交谈。（开始了to talk with me）【考题链接】Although in a hurry, Wilson _.A. couldnt stop walking B. couldnt help the strangerC. stopped to help the stranger D. didnt answer the stranger答案：C解题思路：这里的stop to do意思是停下来帮助某人。当remember，forget，regret后用动名词作宾语时，动名词一般指早于这些动作而发生的动作；用动词不定式时，一般指晚于这些动作而发生的动作。 例句I remembered seeing him somewhere. 我记得在什么地方见过他。（seeing早于remember发生） I remembered to see the film. 我记得要看这部电影。（remember发生时，to see还未发生） I forgot teaching the students the words. 我忘记了曾教过学生们这些词。（已经教过） I forgot to teach the students the words. 我忘了教学生们这些词。（未教）【考题链接】Dont forget _ the light when you leave. A. turn off B. to turn off C. turning off D. turned off答案：B解题思路：是提醒别人“不要忘记去关灯”，“关灯”动作未发生，所以用不定式结构。When asked by the police, he said that he remembered _ at the party, but not _.A. to arrive, leaving B. to arrive, to leaveC. arriving, leaving D. arriving, to leave答案：C解题思路：根据句意“他记得到达晚会”，可知第一空用arriving，排除A、B两项。再由他是“忘记了离开时的情景”而不是“忘记了离开”，所以第二空用leaving。故选C项。（4）作宾语补足语：例句Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去。例句I saw a little girl run across the street.【考点】高考英语不定式、现在分词和过去分词作宾补的区别当宾语与作宾补的动词在逻辑上是主动关系时，用不定式(未来或全过程）或现在分词(正在进行或一直处于某种状态）；当宾语与作宾补的动词在逻辑上是被动关系时，用过去分词。通常用带to的不定式作宾补的动词这类动词很多，常见的有：ask, invite, tell, want, encourage, wish, expect, beg, request, require, advise, order, force, cause, allow, permit, forbid, warn, remind, teach, send, call on, wait for, would like / love / prefer等表示劝请、要求类动词后，用带to的不定式作宾补。【考题链接】My advisor encouraged _ a summer course to improve my writing skills. A. for me takingB. me taking C. for me to takeD. me to take 答案：D解题思路：本题考查固定短语encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事。在使役动词后作宾补的不定式不带to在使役动词make, let, have后，一般用不带to的不定式作宾补，但在其被动式后作主语补足语时，要加上to。【考题链接】Excuse me sir, where is Room 301?Just a minute. Ill have Bob _you to your room.A. show B. shows C. to show D. showing答案：A解题思路：本题考查have sb. do sth. ,have 是使役动词，后跟不带to 的不定式。在感官动词后作宾补的非谓语动词形式感官动词feel, listen to, hear, see, look at, watch, notice等后面的宾语与作宾补的非谓语动词在逻辑上是主动关系时，用不带to的(在被动式后作主补时要加to）不定式(全过程）或者现在分词作宾补(正在发生），是被动关系时，用过去分词作宾补。【考题链接】They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow答案：A解题思路：作宾补不能用谓语动词，排除B和C；感观动词see后要用不带to的不定式作宾补，表示整个过程，排除D。The missing boy was last seen _ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play答案：A解题思路：指片断，看到时，他正在河边玩，而不是玩的整个过程。句意为：人们最后一次看到那个失踪的男孩的时候，他在河边玩。用现在分词。The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _ the next year. A. carried out B. carrying out C. carry out D. to carry out答案：A解题思路：句中that引导一个定语从句，它代表the plan并在从句中作see的宾语，宾语that(the plan）与宾补carry out是被动关系，因此，用过去分词作宾补，即see the plan carried out the next year. （5）作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后。例句Is this the best way to help him? 【易错点】作定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后就要添加必要的介词。例句He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way，不定式后面的介词，习惯上可以省去。例句The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.【考点】不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系 一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例句Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？ Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗？Do you want to see the doctor sent for from Beijing ?你想见那位从北京请来的医生吗？【考题链接】Because of air pollution being greatly reduced, this city is still _. A. a good place which to be lived in B. lived as a good place C. a good place to live in D. living in as a good place答案：C解题思路：不定式要放在所修饰名词之后，而且live 后的in 也不能丢掉，选C项。So far nobody has claimed the money _in the library.A. discovered B. to be discovered C. discovering D. having discovered答案：A解题思路：该空在句中作后置定语修饰the money，根据the money与discover的被动关系，排除C、D两项。B项表示的是“将要被发现”的意思，根据句意“到目前为止还没有人来认领在图书馆所发现的钱”可判断选A项。（6）作状语：动词不定式可作下列状语：目的状语：例句Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 【考点】为了强调不定式表示目的的作用，可在不定式前加in order (to)或so as (to)（以便或为了），但应注意in order to位于句首或句中均可，而so as to不能位于句首。例句She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to） improve her English.将表示目的的不定式置于句首，有强调目的的作用。例句To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. 【考题链接】With Fathers Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank_ presents for my dad.A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to have bought答案：B解题思路：本题考查动词不定式的一般式作目的状语。“买礼物”发生在“从银行取了一些钱”后，所以C、D不选。句意：父亲节将要到来，为了给爸爸买礼物我已经从银行取了一些钱。应用不定式作目的状语。结果状语：例句They hurried to the railway station, only to find the train had left.他们匆忙赶到火车站，结果发现火车已经开走了。【考题链接】The news reporters hurried to the airport, only_ the film stars had left. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told答案：B解题思路：reporters与tell之间为被动关系，从B、D中选。再由过去分词不能作结果状语，而不定式可以，故B项正确。too + 形容词或副词 + 动词不定式，表示“足能”的结果。例句You are old enough to take care of yourself now.【考点】动词不定式和分词作状语的区别 1）分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常表示目的。 例句They stood by the roadside talking about the plan他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随） They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的） 【考题链接】We worked all night, _ for the coming procession. A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing 答案：B解题思路：这里不要错选A项，如果是表示目的，一般不用逗号隔开。2）分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外，有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。 例句Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因） Walking in the street , he met with an old friend.在大街上走的时候，他遇到了一位老朋友。(时间） His family was too poor to support him他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果） The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf这男孩个子不够高，手够不着书架。(结果） We are glad to hear the news听到这消息我们很高兴。(原因） III. 动词不定式的几个相关问题1. 复合结构不定式：由“for + 名词（或代词宾格）+ 动词不定式”即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语，这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语。例句It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等。例句It is very kind of you to help him every day.【考题链接】Its very foolish _ it. A. for you to say B. of you to say C. with you saying D. in your saying答案：B解题思路：foolish是表示不定式逻辑主语特征的词，后面要用介词of。2. 动词不定式的否定式：动词不定式的否定式是由not + 动词不定式构成。例句Its wrong of you not to attend the meeting.3. 动词不定式的时态形式及其所表示的时间关系：（1）一般式：动词不定式的一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，但在多数情况下，是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生。例句We decided to plant more trees this spring.（其后）They often watch us play table tennis.（同时）（2）完成式：动词不定式的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例句I am sorry to have kept you waiting.（3）进行式：动词不定式的进行式所表示的动作正在进行中，而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。例句She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.【考题链接】The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported _ the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race. A. breaking B. having broken C. to have broken D. break答案：C解题思路：be reported 后应接动词不定式，而在报道之前刘翔就已经打破了世界记录，所以应用不定式的完成式。4. 动词不定式的被动语态用法：如果动词不定式的逻辑主语为这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般就用被动语态形式。例句What is to be done next hasnt been decided yet.【考题链接】His first book next month is based on a true story. A. published B. to be published C. to publish D. being published答案：B解题思路：非谓语动词作后置定语，由时间状语next month可知所填非谓语动词表示将来的动作，用动词不定式，其逻辑主语是所修饰的名词book,不定式与逻辑主语是被动关系，故用不定式的被动式，选B。5. 动词不定式的省略同一结构并列由and或or连接。例句I want to finish my homework and go home.Im really puzzled what to think or say.特例：To be or not to be, this is a question.It is better to laugh than to cry.(表示对比）不定式作表语，其前的主语从句中含有do时，后面的to省略。例句What he did was lose the game.句中含有动词do时，but、except、besides、such as等后面的to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。例句Dont do anything silly, such as marry him.主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than后省to。例句I would like to stay at home rather than go to the cinema.Why not、had better、would rather、cant but等词后省to。例句He could not but walk home.【考题链接】I dont know her and I dont _ . A. want B. want to C. want it D. to want答案：B解题思路： 用一个to来代替前面的整个动词不定式。（二）提分技巧非谓语动词相关的习题，难度主要集中在动作的主动与被动以及动作的时间概念。一般说来，动词不定式往往是表示的将来的时间概念，而现在分词往往表示与句子的谓语动词同时发生，而过去分词则往往表示被动或者被动且完成的动作，所以同学们在解答三种非谓语动词混在一起的题目时，要综合考虑主、被动关系以及时间概念，这样才能准确作答。（三）即学即练1. On my way home, I stopped _ some food.A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. bought2. One learns a language by making mistakes and _ themA. correct B. correcting C. corrects D .to correct3. Im afraid they would not allow him _ here.A. to smoke B. smoking C. smokes D. smoke4. Dont forget _ the letter .A. to send B. send C. sending D. being sent5. The chair looks very old, but in fact it is very comfortable to _ .A. sit B. sit on C. be sat D. be sat on 选修7 Unit 2 Robots一、预习新知1. 重点单词desire, alarm, sympathy, favour, accompany. affair, declare, state, bound, junior, talent, divorce, obey2. 重点短语test out, ring up, turn around, leavealone, set aside, in all3. 重点句型1) he seemed more like a human than a machine.2) As she turned around, there stood Gladys Claffern.3) Tony told her and suggested that she invite Gladys and her friends4) It was then that Claire realized that Tony had opened the curtains二、预习点拨思考问题一：借助词典或其他工具书查询以下同义词的区别。affair/business/matter思考问题二：你对机器人了解多少？（答题时间：50分钟）一、单项选择1. When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there _ for a space flight. A. training B. being trained C. to have trained D. to be trained2. _ the safety of gas, the government has checked the citys gas supply system thoroughly.A. To ensure B. Ensuring C. Having ensured D. To have ensured3. He hurried to the station only_ that the train had left.A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found4. Sandy could do nothing but _ to his teacher that he was wrong.A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit5. Helen had to shout_ above the sound of the music.Amaking herself hearB. to make herself hear C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard6. There is nothing more I can try_ you to stay, so I wish you good luck.A. being persuaded B. persuading C. to be persuaded D. to persuade7. The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported _ the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race.A. breaking B. having broken C. to have broken D. to break8. There are five pairs_, but Im at a loss which to buy.A. to be choose B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing9. I suggested the thief_ into prison.A. referred to being put B. referred be put C. referred to be putD. referred should be put10. His feature story opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each_ one major point in contrast with the other.A. makes B. made C. is to make D. making11. Special attention should be paid_ our earth from_.A. to prevent; being pollutedB. to prevent; pollutingC. to preventing; being pollutedD. to preventing; polluted12. Mr. Ham felt that he himself, rather than Alice and Lisa,_for the coldness that had grown between them.A. were to blame B. was to be blamed C. were to be blamed D. was to blame13. My sister couldnt help jumping with joy at the news.Why not? One cant imagine what it feels like_ the first prize.A. winning B. to win C. win D. having won14. As they are retired, Mr. and Mrs. Scott prefer a house in the country to _ their late years there.A. spend B. spending C. spent D. spends15. This company was the first_ portable radios as well as cassette tape recorders in the world.A. producing B. to produce C. having produced D. produced二、完形填空“Hey, Dad, are you going to come to my award ceremony tonight?” I 16 asked my father. “I have to work late tonight. I doubt Ill be able to 17 it on time. I am just too busy right now,” he replied. My mind could not 18 the idea that he would be too busy working late. He was also too busy to 19 my horse show and the 15th birthday party. He always used the same 20 . Why had I even bothered to ask? 21 , there was always a slight hope that tonight would be 22 . As my mother and I arrived at school, two friends 23 me. “Jill, meet my dad. Dad, this is my friend Jill.” I shook the hand of a tall man. Camera flashes lit up the room, and claps filled the 24 as students accepted their awards. My name was finally called, 25 three others. I followed my classmates to the 26 . When I reached out my hand to shake the 27 , a big smile lit up her face. The blinding flash from my mothers camera 28 my eyes and I knew my dad wasnt there. I walked back to my seat 29 . Back at home, seeing my dads car in the garage, I told myself he would not be 30 . But the strong smell of alcohol hit me as soon as I 31 inside, and I could feel my tears 32 . I followed the sound of his drunken words and saw him 33 on the couch. 34 did father lie to me? I threw my award on the floor, walked to my bedroom, and shut the door. Tears rolled down my face. I wondered if I would ever be more 35 than his whiskey bottle. 16. A. confidentlyB. eagerlyC. proudlyD. casually 17. A. reachB. keepC. takeD. make 18. A. createB. supportC. appreciateD. accept 19. A. watchB. avoidC. attendD. speed 20. A. excuseB. problemC. promiseD. trick 21. A. BesidesB. ThusC. OtherwiseD. However 22. A. activeB. formalC. differentD. serious 23. A. recognizedB. greetedC. encouragedD. showed 24. A. airB. audienceC. schoolD. playground 25. A. up toB. other thanC. out ofD. along with 26. A. stageB. positionC. officeD. exit 27. A. JillsB. teachersC. mothersD. fathers 28. A. fixedB. touchedC. hurtD. inserted 29. A. successfullyB. disappointedlyC. delightedlyD. hopefully 30. A. drunkB. wokenC. forgivenD. hidden31. A. steppedB. noticedC. examinedD. glanced32. A. getting offB. taking downC. building upD. turning around33. A. leaningB. lyingC. movingD. crying34. A. HowB. WhereC. WhyD. Whether35. A. perfectB. comfortableC. fortunateD. important三、