数据仓库专业术语表.doc

数据仓库专业术语表AAccess Path The path chosen by a database management system to retrieve the requested data. Access Provider A company which provides its customers a service whereby they can access the Internet.The user normally connects to the access providers computer via a modem using a dial up connection. Active Attack A persistent security assault by someone trying to gain restricted access by altering data.There are multiple techniques,decryption for example,which can be used to lead the attack.Active Server Pages (ASP) Active server pages are a set of software components that run on a Web server and allow Web developers to build dynamic Web pages.Activity-Based Costing (ABC) Activity-based costing (ABC) is an information system that maintains and processes data on a firms activities and products.It identifies the activities performed,traces cost to these activities,and then uses various cost drivers to trace the cost of activities to products.Activity-Based Management (ABM) Activity-based management(ABM) is the use of the activity-based costing tool by process owners to control and improve their operations.Because process analysis is conducted in the building of an activity-based cost model,management knows its business much better and can consequently evaluate value-added and non-value-added activities.Because a certain volume of work produces a certain outcome,What ifanalysis can be conducted to determine what resources are required of operations are scaled back or expanded.Ad Clicks Also called clickthroughs.The number of times a user clicks on an online ad,often measured as a function of time(ad clicks per day).Ad Hoc Query Any query that cannot be determined prior to the moment the query is issued. A query that consists of dynamically constructed SQL,which is usually constructed by desktop-resident query tools.Ad Hoc Query Tool An end-user tool that accepts an English-like or point-and-click request for data and constructs an ad-hoc query to retrieve the desired result.Administrative Data In a data warehouse,the data that helps a warehouse administrator manage the warehouse.Examples of administrative data are user profiles and order history data. Aggregate Data Data that is the result of applying a process to combine data elements.Data that is taken collectively or in summary form.Aggregator This is an e-commerce business model in which the Web site sells products or services which it does not produce or warehouse.An aggregator creates an environment where multiple providers (sellers) must compete on terms determined by the use. Alerts A notification from an event that has exceeded a pre-defined threshold. Analyst Someone who creates views for analytic interpretation of data,performs calculations and distributes the resulting information in the form of reports. Analytic Applications Packaged software that meets three distinct conditions:process support,separation of function and time-oriented,integrated data.Analytic applications expand the reach of business intelligence to an extended user base,packaging these technologies in a business context. Analytics The process and techniques for the exploration and analysis of business data to discover and identify new and meaningful information and trends that allow for analysis to take place.Applet A small Java program that can be embedded in an HTML page.They cannot access certain resources on local computers such as files and serial devices and are prohibited from communication with most other computers across a network. Application Service Provider (ASP) ASPs provide the infrastructure needed to deliver reliable application access,including enterprise applications,hardware platforms,operating systems,database systems,network hardware as well as the technical expertise to make it all work for a monthly service charge. ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange.An eight-bit code for character representation,includes seven bits plus parity. ASP Application Service Provider.A company that offers access over the Internet to application programs and related services that would otherwise have to be located in other own personal or enterprise computers. Atomic Data Data elements that represent the lowest level of detail.For example,in a daily sales report,the individual items sold would be atomic data,while rollups such as invoice and summary totals from invoices are aggregate data. Attribute A field represented by a column within an object (entity).An object may be a table,view or report.An attribute is also associated with an SGML(HTML) tag used to further define the usage. Authorization Request A request initiated by a consumer to access data for which the consumer does not presently have access privileges. Authorization Rules Criteria used to determine whether or not an individual,group,or application may access reference data or a process. Availability User access to applications and/or data stores that reside and execute on computing systems accessing information that resides in files and databases supported by an organizations various operating environments. BB2B Business-to-business commerce conducted over the Web. B2C Business-to-consumer commerce conducted over the Internet.It links consumers to commercial entities in one-way networks. Balanced Scorecard A comprehensive,top-down view of organizational performance with a strong focus on vision and strategy.In 1992 the founding fathers of the Balanced Scorecard,Drs.Robert Kaplan and David Norton,debuted their methodology in the Harvard Business Review.Then,in 1996,they released The Balanced Scorecard Translating Strategy into Action,the so-called bible of the Balanced Scorecard. Balanced Scorecard Collaborative A professional services firm dedicated to the worldwide awareness,use,enhancement and integrity of the balanced scorecard as a value-added management process. Balanced Scorecard Collaborative Certification An industry-standard certification offered to software providers whose balanced scorecard applications meet the functional standards of Kaplan and Norton.These are applications that will enable end users to achieve the benefits of the balanced scorecard management process. Baldrige Criteria for Performance Excellence Criteria providing a systems perspective for understanding performance management.They reflect validated, leading management practices against which an organization can measure itself.With their acceptance nationally and internationally as the model for performance excellence,the criteria represent a common language for communication among organizations for sharing best practices. Banner A picture or graphic that stretches horizontally across a Web page.These can be used to title the Web page,start or separate different sections,create links to other Web pages,or provide a place for advertisements. Banner Advertising A marketing mechanism that contains strips of advertisements that are sporadically positioned on a web page and are extremely popular on the World Wide Web.These types of ads generally take up a considerable amount of bandwidth and are sometimes disturbing to the Web user. Base Tables The normalized data structures maintained in the target warehousing database.Also known as the detail data. Basel II New Accord (Basel 2,New Accord) This is a set of banking standards,which will regulate finance and banking for countries in the European Union.The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision is tasked with the goal to complete the New Accord by mid-year 2004,with implementation to take effect in member countries by year-end 2006.To that end,work already has begun in a number of countries on draft rules that would integrate Basel capital standards with national capital regimes.Basel II is focused specifically on global banks and financial institutions and ensures liquidity of those institutions for the protection of public trust. Benchmarking A point of reference for measurement. Benefit Segmentation The process of grouping customers into market segments according to the benefits they seek from the product.Refers to their needs and wants only.Best Practices A case study considered to be a good example of a business discipline. Bidirectional Extracts The ability to extract,cleanse and transfer data in two directions among different types of databases,including hierarchical,networked and relational databases. Braking Mechanism A software mechanism that prevents users from querying the operational database once transaction loads reach a certain level. Bricks and Mortar Refers to businesses that exist in the real world as opposed to just the cyber world such as bricks-and-mortar retail outlets,bricks-and-mortar warehouses,etc. Browser The generic term for software programs that retrieve,display and print information World Wide Web.The most popular browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer,Netscape Navigator and Mosaic.Mosaic was the first browser to introduce graphics.Previously,users were only allowed to view the text of Web pages.Currently,Microsoft Outlook is the most popular browser in the world. Bulk Data Transfer A software-based mechanism designed to move large data files.It supports compression,blocking and buffering to optimize transfer times. Business Activity Monitoring (BAM) BAM is a business solution that is supported by an advanced technical infrastructure that enables rapid insight into new business strategies,the reduction of operating cost by real-time identification of issues and improved process performance.Business Architecture One of the four layers of an information systems architecture.A business architecture describes the functions a business performs and the information it uses. Business Continuity The degree to which an organization may achieve uninterrupted stability of systems and operational procedures. Business Data Information about people,places,things,business rules,and events,which is used to operate the business.It is not metadata.(Metadata defines and describes business data.) Business Drivers The people,information,and tasks that support the fulfillment of a business objective. Business Intelligence (BI) Business intelligence is actually an environment in which business users receive data that is reliable,consistent,understandable,easily manipulated and timely.With this data,business users are able to conduct analyses that yield overall understanding of where the business has been,where it is now and where it will be in the near future.Business intelligence serves two main purposes.It monitors the financial and operational health of the organization(reports,alerts,alarms,analysis tools,key performance indicators and dashboards).It also regulates the operation of the organization providing two-way integration with operational systems and information feedback analysis. Business Intelligence Platform A foundation of enabling tools and technologies necessary for the development and deployment of business intelligence and business performance management applications.Business Intelligence Service Provider (BISP) A natural extension of the ASP,application of data warehousing and business intelligence (BI) methodologies and technologies to the ASP model.BISPs tie into information systems behind a corporations firewall,providing traditional data warehouse and analytic application capabilities for Internet-based e-businesses,especially e-commerce Web sites and are hosted off site. Business Intelligence Software A category of software that enables companies to access,analyze and share information to understand how the business is performing and to improve decision making. Business Intelligence Tools The tools and technologies used to access and analyze business information. They include online analytical processing(OLAP) technologies,data mining and advanced analytics;end-user tools for ad hoc query and analysis,enterprise class query,analysis and reporting including dashboards for performance monitoring;and production reporting against all enterprise data sources. Business Model A view of the business at any given point in time.The view can be from a process,data,event or resource perspective,and can be the past,present or future state of the business. Business Performance Calibration (BPC) The continuous,near real-time forecasting and analysis of related performance metrics to achieve balanced performance,i.e.,efficient growth and the optimal management of resources. Business Performance Intelligence (BPI) A subset of the BI market and involves planning and budgeting,Balanced Scorecard performance management and activity-based costing. Business Performance Management (BPM) Applications that help direct modeling or scenario exploration activities.Rather than simply exploring what happened and why,the application can help the user consider the implications of alternative courses of action before they become operational.Performance management suggests an explicit relationship to action,and modeling is the key link to do this. Business Performance Measurement Applications that provide support for specific KPIs(key performance indicators) enable a business to measure their performance.This is often coupled with comparative information from industry sources,so a company can compare their performance against that of others in their industry.Business performance measurement applications support the analysis phase of the business improvement cycle. Business Transaction A unit of work acted upon by a data capture system to create,modify,or delete business data.Each transaction represents a single valued fact describing a single business event. CC-Commerce (Collaborative-Commerce) A business strategy that motivates value-chain partners with a common business interest to generate value through sharing information at all phases of the business cycle (from product development to distribution). C2B The financial interaction,initiated by a consumer,between a consumer and business. Cache Pronounced cash. The storage of recently visited sites and data which can be accessed from computer memory instead of linking the server each time you return to the site.This speeds the access time, but does not reflect any changes to the site while in the cache.On rapidly changing sites you may need to click the reload button in order to read the most recent changes. Call Center The part of an organization that handles inbound/outbound communications with customers. Campaign Management Detailed tracking, reporting and analysis that provides precise measurements regarding current marketing campaigns,how they are performing and the types of leads they attract. Cartesian product A Cartesian join will get you a Cartesian product.A Cartesian join is when you join every row of one table to every row of another table.You can also get one by joining every row of a table to every row of itself. Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) Cascading style sheets is a style sheet language that enables authors and users to attach style(fonts,spacing and aural cues) to structure that include HTML and XML applications. CASE Computer Aided Software Engineering. CASE Management The management of information between multiple CASE encyclopedias, whether the same or different CASE tools. Catalog A component of a data dictionary that contains a directory of its DBMS objects as well as attributes of each object. Cell Data point defined by one member of each dimension of a multidimensional structure.Often,potential cells in multidimensional structures are empty,leading to sparse storage. Central Warehouse A database created from operational extracts that adheres to a single,consistent,enterprise data model to ensure consistency of decision-support data across the corporation.A style of computing where all the information systems are located and managed from a single physical location. Change Data Capture The process of capturing changes made to a production data source.Change data capture is typically performed by reading the source DBMS log.It consolidates units of work,ensures data is synchronized with the original source,and reduces data volume in a data warehousing environment. ChurnDescribes customer attrition.A high churn rate implies high customer disloyalty. Classic Data Warehouse Development The process of building an enterprise business model,creating a system data model,defining and designing a data warehouse architecture,constructing the physical database,and lastly populating the warehouses database. Clicks and Mortar A business that has successfully integrated its online existence with its offline,real-world existence.For example,a retail store that allows customers to order products online or purchase products at its store location. Clickthrough The percentage of advertisements or other content a user clicks on or chooses to view. Client A software program used to contact and obtain data from a server software program on another computer.Each client program is designed to work with one or more specific kinds of server programs, and each server requires a specific kid of client. Client/Server A distributed technology approach where the processing is divided by function. The server performs shared functionsmanaging communications,providing database services,etc.The client performs individual user functionsproviding customized interfaces,performing screen to screen navigation,offering help functions,etc. Client/Server Architecture A networked environment where a smaller system such as a PC interacts with a larger,faster system.This allows the processing to be performed on the larger system which frees the users PC