初中语法之介词、连词.doc

介词（prep.)一、介词按其构成可分为：1. 简单介词：at, in, on, to, since, until 等。 Hes worked there since 1998.2. 复合介词：into, onto, out of 等。 She is out of school. 3. 二重介词：from under, from behind, from out of, until after, except in 等。 Im from out of town. 4. 短语介词：because of, instead of, in spite of 等。Eg: I went back not because of the rain, but because I was tired.二、介词的作用：1. 表示地点：after, along, at, below, by, of, near, over, through, under 等。Eg: Near the village the boys are skating on the ice. They lay down under the shade of a tree. 2. 表示时间：about, after, across, at, during, for, in, of, till, until 等。Eg: After class he will tell us about the accident. The accident happened during the night. 3. 表示动作：at, across, around, on, over, under 等。Eg: The earth goes around the sun. The car is under repair. 4. 表示比较：as, like, above, over, with 等。如：Eg: She was something like her sister. Chinese is much more difficult in contrast with English.5. 表示原因：about, for, from, with 等。Eg: Dont worry about my lessons. Business kept me from coming. He was angry with what I did. 6. 表示条件：to, with, without 等。Eg: Without your advice, he would have failed. 7. 表示手段、方式：as, by, in, with 等。Eg: He behaved as a drunkard. Learn the new words by heart. We see with our eyes. 8. 表示距离、数量：from, in, within 等。Eg: My house is ten miles from the school. They were thirty in all. 9. 表示目的：as, for 等。Eg: I only said it as a joke. Its time for class. 10. 表示让步：for, with 等。Eg: For all his effort, he didnt succeed. With all his money, he is unhappy. 注：for 还可以引导插入语：I, for one, shall vote against the proposal. 三、介词的用法：1. 与形容词搭配的词组有：be afraid of(怕) be angry with(生某人的气) be away from(不在某地) be late for(迟到)be different from(与不同) be good at(善于) be good/ bad for (对有益/有害) be interested in(对感兴趣) be/get ready for(为作好准备) be sure of (对有把握) be worried about(为感到担忧)2. 介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词 -ing 形式3. 几组易混淆的介词 关于时间前介词的具体使用，如下：1）介词“on”表示在具体的某一天，某一天的上午、下午或晚上，或对某一天或某一天的上午、下午、晚上进行详细的描述：on Monday afternoon on Monday on that day on a sunny day in November on Sunday on May 1st On New Years Day on weekends on the morning of the fifteenth on a warm day 2)“in”表时间段，即指在较长的一段时间内，相当于during年份：in （the year) 2012季节：in spring/summer/autumn/winter月份：in August in August 2012上下午：in the morning/afternoon/evening其他：in the winter holiday（s);in the daytime注：“in + 一段时间”用于将来时（will + do),用how soon提问 “in/over the past + 一段时间”，常用于现在完成时（have done) “since + 过去时间点”，常用于现在完成时（have done) “after + 一段时间”常用于一般过去时(did)3)at表示在某一具体时刻或钟点，有时也表示在某一节假日：at 8:30 at noon at night at the beginning of at first at dinner time at Christmas at/on the weekend at breakfast/lunch/dinner at和in: at后常接小地点，如村庄、码头、机场、车站；in后常接大地点，如国家、城市、地区等 in, on, to, off: in在某区域范围内的位置；on表示紧挨着的位置；to表示有间隔的位置；off用于岛屿 after指顺序先后；behind指位置在某事物之后，相对于in front of而言 on，in：on表示在某事物表面上；如将事物看作空间，表示其内部，则用prep. in from, off：都表示“离开”，但二者用法不同，off常和v.连用：The train starts from BJ. fall off the. above, over, below, under: over, under表示垂直的上下位置关系，而above，below仅表示位置上的高低 between, among：between表示（两个事物）之间；among表示（三者或三者以上）之间 in front of, in the front of: on, onto: on表示“在.表面上”， onto表示“到.上”Eg: A boat is on the river.He jumped onto a table.4. 动词、形容词、名词等常和介词构成固定搭配，在这些词后常要用一定的介词，如： v. + prep.: laugh at, wait for adj./p.p. + prep.: be interested in n. + prep.: play a visit to, the key to 一些其他短语：to ones surprise/joy; instead of; in bed/hospital; in trouble; in a hurry; in surprise; with a smile; according to; at once; on time; in time; in all; at home/school/work; at last; at least; in the end; by the way; for example; at the same time; at the speed of; on ones way ; in the sun; on the football team; with the help of; in red; put on; look for; look after; run after; send for; pay for; show around; listen to; arrive at/in; agree with; succeed in; think of/about 连词（conj.）一、含义：连接词与词、短语与短语或引导从句的虚词叫连词。二、连词的分类：根据性质，conj.分为“并列conj.”和“从属conj.”1. 并列连词： 连接并列的词、短语、从句或句子。主要用来表示并列、转折、选择、因果推理关系等 表示并列关系的conj.主要含有“和”、“补充”、“增加”等含义。常见的有：and; both.and; either.or.; neither.nor.; not only.but also.; as well as 并列的双方是对等的，意义趋向一致的Eg: Robot as well as his parents_(be) going on holiday this summer. 表示转折关系的并列conj.有：but, yet, still, whileEg: The winter in BJ is very cold while that of Hangzhou is warm. We explained twice, still she couldnt understand. 表示选择关系的并列conj.有：or; or else; otherwise; neither.nor.; either.orEg: You can come either on Monday or on Tuesday. Neither you nor I believes such things. 表示因果关系的并列conj.有：so, for, then, therefore. 连接的双方互为因果，或前因后果，或前果后因Eg: We must be off now, for the match starts at 7:00.I had broken my glasses, so I couldnt see what was happening.注：并列conj.for引导的分句只能放在句尾，前面用逗号隔开，表示补充说明的微弱理由，只是为前面的内容提供判断的理由，有时译为并列的某种形式。2. 从属连词： 用于引导从句，种类繁多，主要有以下几种： 引导时间状语从句的从属conj.主要有when, while, as, the moment, before, after, till, until, since, as soon as等 1） 表示“当.时”或“每当”的时间conj.主要有when, while,as, wheneverEg: I jumped up when the phone rang. They listened while the teacher read.2) 表示“在.之前或之后”的时间conj.主要有：before, after3) “自从”或“直到”的时间conj.主要有：since, until, tillEg: He has lived here since he got married. Most men worked until(till) theyre 60.4) 表示“一.就.”的时间conj.主要有：as soon as; the moment; the minute; once; no sooner.thanEg: Tell him the news as soon as you see him. I recognized her the moment I saw her.5) 表示“上次”，“下次”、“每次”等的时间conj.主要有：every time; each time; (the)next/last/first timeEg: Last time I saw him, he looked ill. Do look me up next time youre in Lindon. 引导原因状从的从属conj.主要有：because, since（常译为“既然”）Eg: Because it was wet, he took a taxi. I will ask Tom to go with me since youre very busy. 引导条件状从的从属conj.主要有：if, unless, once等Eg: I will ring you up if he arrives on time. He didnt go to bed unless his father came back. 引导让步状从的从属conj.主要有：although; thoughEg: He passed the exams although illness prevented him from going to classes. 引导结果状从的从属conj.主要有：so; so.that; such.that; so thatEg: Jim made such a noise that his sister told him to be quiet. He gets up so ear