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动词一概念:表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。 二分类:a根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词(NotionalVerb)、系动词(LinkVerb)、助动词(AuxiliaryVerb)、情态动词(ModalVerb)。 说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如 Wearehavingameeting.我们正在开会。(having是实义动词。) HehasgonetoNewYork.他已去纽约。 (has是助动词。) b动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词(TransitiveVerb)、不及物动词(IntransitiveVerb),缩写形式分别为vt.和vi.。 说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如: Shecandanceandsing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。) ShecansingmanyEnglishsongs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。) c根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词(FiniteVerb)、非限定动词(Non-finiteVerb)例如: Shesingsverywell. 她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。) ShewantstolearnEnglishwell. 她想学好英语。(tolearn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词。 说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式、动名词、分词。 d根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是:单字词、短语动词、动词短语。例如: TheEnglishlanguagecontainsmanyphrasalverbsandverbalphrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。(contains是单字动词。) Studentsshouldlearntolookupnewwordsindictionaries. 学生们学会查字典。(lookup是短语动词。) Theyoungoughttotakecareoftheold. 年轻人应照料老人。(takecareof是动词短语。) 一系动词 系动词亦称联系动词(LinkVerb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。 说明: 有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如: Hefellillyesterday. 他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。) 1)状态系动词 用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如: Heisateacher.他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。) 2)持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如: Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.他开会时总保持沉默。 3)表像系动词 用来表示看起来像这一概念,主要有seem,appear,look,例如: Heseems(tobe)verysad.他看起来很伤心。 4)感官系动词 感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如: Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft. 这种布手感很软。 5)变化系动词 表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run. 例如: Hebecamemadafterthat.自那之后,他疯了。 6)终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove,trunout,表达证实,变成之意,例如: Therumorprovedfalse.这谣言证实有假。 Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.他的计划终于成功了。(turnout表终止性结果)二助动词 1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词。助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如: HedoesntlikeEnglish.(doesnt是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义) 2)助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来: a.表示时态,例如: Hehasgotmarried.他已结婚。 b.表示语态,例如: HewassenttoEngland.他被派往英国。 c.构成疑问句,例如: Doyoulikecollegelife?你喜欢大学生活吗? d.与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如: Idontlikehim.我不喜欢他。 e.加强语气,例如:Hedidknowthat.他的确知道那件事。 3)最常用的助动词有:be,have,do,shall,will,should,would1助动词be的用法 1)be+现在分词,构成进行时态,例如: Theyarehavingameeting.他们正在开会。 2)be+过去分词,构成被动语态,例如:ThewindowwasbrokenbyTom. 3)be+动词不定式,可表示下列内容: a.表示最近、未来的计划或安排,例如HeistogotoNewYorknextweek.他下周要去 b.表示命令,例如: Youaretoexplainthis.对此你要做出解释。 c.征求意见,例如: HowamItoanswerhim?我该怎样答复他? d.表示相约、商定,例如: Wearetomeetattheschoolgateatseventomorrowmorning.2助动词have的用法 1)have+过去分词,构成完成时态,例如: HehasleftforLondon.他已去了伦敦。 2)have+been+现在分词,构成完成进行时,例如: IhavebeenstudyingEnglishfortenyears. 我一直在学英语,已达十年之久。 3)have+been+过去分词,构成完成式被动语态,例如: EnglishhasbeentaughtinChinaformanyyears. 中国教英语已经多年。3助动词do的用法 1)构成一般疑问句,例如: DidyoustudyGerman?你们学过德语吗? 2)do+not构成否定句,例如: Hedoesntliketostudy.他不想学习。 3)构成否定祈使句,例如: Dontgothere.不要去那里。 4)放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气,例如: Idomissyou.我确实想你。 5)用于倒装句,例如: NeverdidIhearofsuchathing.我从未听说过这样的事情。 说明:引导此类倒装句的副词有never,seldom,rarely,little,only,so,well等。6)用作代动词,例如Heknowshowtodriveacar,doesnthe? 他知道如何开车,对吧?4助动词shall和will的用法 shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时,例如: IshallstudyharderatEnglish.我将更加努力地学习英语。 HewillgotoShanghai.他要去上海。 说明: 在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will只用于第二、第三人称。现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较: Heshallcome.他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。) Hewillcome.他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。)5助动词should,would的用法 1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称,例如: ItelephonedhimyesterdaytoaskwhatIshoulddonextweek.比较: WhatshallIdonextweek?Iasked. 我下周干什么?我问道。(可以说,shall变成间接引语时,变成了should。) 2)would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称,例如: Hesaidhewouldcome.他说他要来。 比较: Iwillgo,hesaid.他说:我要去那儿。 变成间接引语,就成了: Hesaidhewouldcome. 原来的will变成would,go变成了come.。 6短语动词 动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词(PhrasalVerb)。例如: Turnofftheradio.把收音机关上。(turnoff是短语动词) 短语动词的构成基本有下列几种: 1)动词+副词,如:blackout; 2)动词+介词,如:lookinto; 3)动词+副词+介词,如:lookforwardto。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词7非谓语动词 在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式,动名词,和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。 1)不定式 时态语态主动被动 一般式todotobedone 完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone 2)动名词 时态语态主动被动 一般式doingbeingdone 完成式havingdonehavingbeendone 3)分词 时态语态主动 被动 一般式doing beingdone 完成式havingdone havingbeendone 4)否定形式:not+不定式,not+动名词,not+现在分词 三、动词八种时态、语态和几种变化形式 八种时态 主动语态 被动语态一般现在时 (经常,反复,爱好,特点,条件,真理) do; does amisaredone一般过去时 (过去发生的事,不强调现在的结果) did; -ed wasweredone一般将来时 (将要发生的事) will do will be done现在进行时 (现在正在发生的事) am;is;are doing am;is;are being done过去进行时 (当时正在发生的事) was;were doing was;were being done现在完成时 (过去发生的事,强调现在的结果) have;has done havehas done过去完成时 (过去完成的事;过去以前发生的事) had done had been done过去将来时 (过去将要发生的事) would do would be done第一 动词过去式变化规则及其读音规则规则动词的过去式变化如下:1、一般情况下,动词词尾加 -ed ,如: work -worked play-played wanted-wanted act-acted 2、以不发音的 -e 结尾动词,动词词尾加 -d,如: live-lived move-moved taste-tasted hope-hoped 3、以辅音字母 + y结尾的动词,把-y变为-i 再加-ed,如: study-studied copy-copied cry-cried carry-carried 4、以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写词尾辅音字母,再加 -ed,如: stop -stopped 5、不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强,须多加记忆。 go went make made get got buy - bought come - came fly-flew 不规则动词的过去式的构成 :1把动词原形中的i改为a,变成过去式。如: beginbegan,drinkdrank,givegave,ringrang,singsang,sitsat,swimswam 2把重读开音节中的i改为o,变成过去式。如: drivedrove,riderode,writewrote 3改动词原形中的aw ow为ew,变成过去式。如: drawdrew,growgrew,knowknew,throwthrew(动词show除外,showshowed) 4动词原形中的e改为o,变成过去式。如: getgot,forgetforgot 5动词原形中的ee改为e,变成过去式。如: feedfed,meetmet 6动词原形中的eep改为ept,变成过去式。如: keepkept,sleepslept,sweepswept 7动词原形中的eak改为oke,变成过去式。如: breakbroke,speakspoke 8动词原形中的ell改为old,变成过去式。如: sellsold,telltold 9动词原形中的an改为oo,变成过去式。如: standstood,understandunderstood 10以ought和aught结尾,且读音是 :t的过去式。如: bringbrought,buy bought,thinkthought,catchcaught,teachtaught 11以ould结尾且读音为ud的情态动词过去式。如: cancould,shallshould,willwould 12把动词原形中的o改为a,变成过去式。如: comecame,becomebecame 13在动词原形后加d或t变成过去式,并且发生音变。如: hearhi heardh :d, sayseisaidsed,meanmi:nmeantment 14动词的过去式与动词原形一样。如: letlet,mustmust,putput,readreadred 15不符合上述规律的动词过去式。如: am,iswas,arewere,buildbuilt,dodid,eatate,fallfell,feelfelt,findfound,flyflew,gowent,have has had,holdheld,leaveleft,makemade,maymight,runran,seesaw,taketook 过去式“-ed”的发音规则 (1)动词词尾为“t,d”时,发/ id /音, want wanted (要)need needed (需要) (2)动词词尾为清辅音时,发/ t / 音。 help helped (帮助)laugh laughed (笑)look looked (看) kiss kissed (吻)wash washed (洗) watch watched (注视) (3)动词词尾为t,d以外之浊辅音或元音时,发/ d /音。 call called (叫)staystayed (停留)crycried (哭) 第二 动词第三人称单数的变化规则及发音规律1、大多数动词在词尾加“S”在清辅音后发音为s,在浊辅音及元音后发音为 z。如:stopstops s ; makemakes s readreads z ; playplays z2、以辅音字母加“y”结尾的,要先将“y”变为“i”,然后在加“es”读iz 如:flyflies z; carrycarries z studystudies z; worryworries 3、以“s, x, ch, sh”结尾的,在词尾加“es”,发音为iz 如:teachteaches iz; watchwatches iz4、以“o”结尾的动词,加“es”,读z 如: gogoes z dodoes z 下面几个动词变为单数时,原词的元音部分的发音发生了较大的变化,请注意记忆。 如:1、do du:does dz 2、say seisays sez以不发音字母“e”结尾的开音节词,如果尾音是s,z时,加“s”后字母“e”发音, 与所加“s” 一起读做iz。 如: closecloses iz 第三 动词现在分词的变化规则一1一般情况下,动词后面直接加ingread-reading look-looking2以不发音e结尾动词,去掉e,然后加ingtake-taking have-having3以辅音字母+元音字母+辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节,双写末尾辅音字母,然后加ing sit-sitting run-running4 4 以ie结尾的动词,把变成y再加ing lie - lying tie - tying die - dying 句式变化:肯定句 be doing 否定句be not doing 一般疑问句be动词提前到句子开头常与现在进行时态连用的词:now, listen, look等go-going callcalling read-reading writewriting take-taking comecoming sing-singing playplaying open-opening close-closingshop-shopping run-running swim-swimming sit-sitting 二、一般将来时1.用法:表示在将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。2.构成:will + 动词原形 be going to + 动词原形be随主语人称和数的变化而变化,而going to 固定不变3.句式变化:a. be going to 结构 变疑问句时,将be提至主语之前;变否定句在be后加notb. will 结构 变疑问句时,将will提至主语之前;变否定句在will后加not4.常用于一般将来时的时间状语有:tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next, in ten years, in the future等。5. will 与be going to的区别:如果表示的不是打算,意图或计划,而是未来的事实或对将来的预测等,就要用“will+动词原形”来表达( c ) 1. There _ a meeting tomorrow afternoon. A. will be going to B. will going to be C. is going to be D. will go to be( d ) 2. Charlie _ here next month. A. isnt working B. doesnt working C. isnt going to working D. wont work( d ) 3. He _ very busy this week, he _ free next week. A. will be; is B. is; is C. will be; will be D. is; will be第四 过去分词不规则变化一、AAA型,即原形、过去式和过去分词三者都相同。(共7个) costcostcost cutcutcut hithithit hurthurthurt letletlet putputput readreadread 二、ABB型,即过去式、过去分词相同。(共41个) 1.过去式和过去分词都含有 -ought。(3个) bringbroughtbrought buyboughtbought thinkthoughtthought flight-fought-fought 2.词尾有-ild,-end时,只需把d变为t。(4个) buildbuiltbuilt lendlent lent sendsentsent spendspent spent 3过去式、过去分词都含有 -aught。catchcaughtcaught teachtaughttaught 4把-eep变为-ept。3个keepkeptkept sleepsleptslept sweep sweptswept 5把-ell变为-old。(2个) telltoldtold sellsoldsold 6过去式、过去分词都含有-elt或-ilt。(4个) smellsmeltsmelt spellspeltspelt feelfelt felt spillspiltspilt 7过去式、过去分词都在原形词尾加t。(3个) learnlearntlearnt meanmeantmeant spoilspoiltspoilt 8过去式、过去分词词尾去y变-id(4个) saysaidsaid paypaidpaid laylaidlaid hearheardheard 9改变元音字母。(11个) meetmetmet getgotgot sitsatsat findfoundfound holdheldheld spitspatspat shineshoneshone winwonwon hanghunghung dig dugdug loselostlost 10改变辅音字母。(1个) makemademade 11改变元、辅音字母。(4个) leaveleftleft standstoodstood have(has) hadhad understandunderstoodunderstood 三、ABC型,即原形、过去式、过去分词都不相同。(共35个) 1.iau变化。(6个) beginbeganbegun drinkdrankdrunk sing sangsung ringrangrung swimswamswum sink sanksunk 2.词尾为-ow,-aw时,过去式将其变为-ew,过去分词在其原形后加n。(5个) blowblewblown drawdrewdrawn grow grewgrown knowknewknown throwthrewthrown(show除外) 3.词尾为“i辅(1个)e”,过去式将i变为o,过去分词多在原形后加n,若那个辅音字母为d或t,须双写d或t后加n。(4个)(give,hide除外) drivedrovedriven writewrotewritten ride roderidden riseroserisen 4.过去分词在过去式后加(e)n。(5个) breakbrokebroken choosechosechosen freezefrozefrozen speakspokespoken wakewoke woken 5.过去分词由过去式加-ten构成。(1个) forgetforgotforgotten 6.过去分词由原形加(e)n构成。(6个) bewas(were)been eatateeaten fallfellfallen givegavegiven seesawseen hidehidhidden(hid) 7.词尾为-ake时,过去式将其变为-ook,过去分词在原形词后加-n。(2个) taketooktaken mistakemistookmistaken 8.原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同。(6个) dodiddone flyflewflown gowentgone lielaylain showshowedshown wearworeworn 四、AAB型,即过去式和原形相同。(1个) beatbeatbeaten 五、ABA型,即过去分词和原形相同。(3个) comecamecome becomebecamebecome run ranrun 六、情态动词型,只有原形和过去式,没有过去分词。(4个) cancould maymight willwould shallshould 初中英语语法练习动词时态专项训练一、用所给词的适当形式填空:1He_swimming in the river every day in summer. (go)2.It_you are right. ( seem )3.Look, the children_ basketball on the playground. ( play )4.He_to the radio when I came in, ( listen )5.It is very cold .I think it_ . ( rain )6. I need some paper . I_ some for you . ( bring )7.I cant find my pen . Who_it ? ( take )8.He said that he_back in five minutes . ( come )9.I didnt meet him. He_ when I got there. ( leave )10.I_my bike, so I have to walk to school. ( lose )11.He_down and began to read his newspaper. ( sit )12.He is very hungry. He_ anything for three days. ( not eat )13.I_with you if I have time . ( go )14.We will go to the cinema if it_fine . (be )15.I will tell her the news when she_to see me next week. (come)16. “ When_you_the car ?” “ In 1998 . ”( buy )17.We_good friends since we met at school . (be)18.What_you_ at five yesterday afternoon ? (do)19.The bike is nice . How much_it_? (cost)二、选择最佳答案填空( )1.Well go swimming if the weather_fine tomorrow. A. is B.was C. will beD.is going to be ( )2.It_five years since he has left for Beijing. A. was B. has been C isD. is going to be( )3.Please dont leave the office until your friend_back. A.came B.comesC.have come D.will come( )4.By the end of last year he_about 1500 English words. A. learnsB.learnedC.was learning D.had learned( )5.Listen ! Someone_in the next room . A.cried B.crying C.is crying D.has cried ( )6.You must tell him the news as soon as you_him. A.see B.sees C.will see D.is seeing( )7.He told me that he_to see us the next day. A.comes B. came C. will come D. would come( )8.We cant find him anywhere . Perhaps he_home. A. is goingB. wentC. has come D. would come( )9.The teacher told us that the sun_bigger than the earth. A. is B. was C. has been D.will be( )10.Could you tell me where the railway station_? A. was B. is C. will be D. would be( )11.We_to the Great Wall several times. A. go B. were going C. have gone D.have been( )12.It seemed that the old man_for something over there. A. looksB. lookedC. was looking D. has looked( )13.He was sure that he_his wallet in the office . A. leftB. would leave C. had left D. has left( )14.You must study hard if you_ want to fail the exam. A. wont B. dont C. havent D. hadnt( )15. Im afraid you cant sit here . Sorry , I_know. A. dont B. wontC. cant D. didnt( )16. As she_the newspaper , Granny_asleep. A. read , was falling B. fell C. was reading , was falling D.read , fell( )17. Jim is not coming tonight . But he_ !A. promises(许诺) B. promised C. will promise D. had promised( )18. Whats her name? I_.A. forget B. forgot C. had forgotten D. am forgetting三、动词时态能力综合测试( )1.He often_his clothes on Sundays. A. washing B. washes C. has washed D. wash( )2.Im Chinese. Where_from? A. do you come B. you are coming C. you come D. are you coming( )3.May_to school. A. never walks B. is never walking C. walk never D. never is walking( )4.We will start as soon as our teacher_ . A. comes B. will come C. come D. is coming( )5.How long ago_playing football? A. have you stopped B. had you stopped C. did you stopD. do you stop( )6.It_ hard when I left my house . A. is raining B. rains C. was raining D. will rain( )7.I think this question_to answer. A. easy B. is easy C. was easy D. will easy( )8. Dont talk so loudly . Your father_. A. sleeps B. is sleeping C. slept D. had slept ( )9.How many people does the doctor know who_of the disease (疾病)? A. are dying B. is dying C. has died D. dies( )10.I_my homework now. A. finish B. finished C. have finished D. had finished( )11.He_for three years. A. has joined B. has been in the army C. joined D. has served the army( )12.His grandfather_for thirty years. A. died B. was dead C. has been dead D. has died( )13.I_ from my brother for a long time. A. not have heard B. have not heard C. have heard not D. do not hear( )14.Maths, one of the most important subjects, _always interested him. A. has B. have C. are D. is ( )15.Did your brother go to America last year? _. A. No , he did never go there B. No , he has never gone here C. No , he never was there D. No , hes never been there( )16.He_ that fac

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