河南理工第三届模联英文场背景定稿.doc

河南理工大学2014模拟联合国大会The HPU Model United Nation 2014 英文组English Group背景文件Background Guide河南理工大学外国语学院学生会编写TOPIC: Ukraine CrisisCONTENTS Introduction-3Background-4The reason for Ukraine crisis-8Current situation-10International reaction-13Focus on the topic-18Relevant papers-19MUN resources-21Introduction:TheCrimean crisisis an ongoinginternational crisisprincipally involvingRussia and Ukraine. Most developments apply to theCrimean Peninsula, formerly a multi-ethnic region ofUkrainecomposed of theAutonomous Republic of Crimeaand the administratively separate municipality ofSevastopol; both are populated by anethnic Russianmajority and a minority of both ethnicUkrainiansandCrimean Tatars.The crisis unfolded in late February 2014 in the aftermath of theUkrainian Revolutionwhich ended withPresidentViktor Yanukovichs impeachment by theVerkhovna Rada, his subsequent flight from the capital, and the interim appointment of the Yatsenyuk Government with Oleksandr Turchynov named the from German Chancellor Angela Merkel,and U.S.Vice President Joe Biden. However, the Russian government held that Yanukovych(亚努科维奇） was illegally impeached and continues to regard him as Ukraines legitimate president,while considering the Yatsenyuk（阿尔谢尼亚采纽克，乌克兰议会前议长）government illegitimate and the result of a coup detat, on constitutional grounds. Beginning on February 26, pro-Russian forces begun to gradually take control of the Crimean peninsula. At first the gunmen, wearing masks and unmarked uniforms, seized government buildingsbut by no later than the 24th of March had occupied all Ukrainian military bases in Crimea, forcing the Ukraine armed forces to withdraw from the peninsula.During this time, the question of secession was put to a referendum, which resulted in a 96% affirmative votebut has been condemned by the EU, USA, and the interim Ukraine government as unconstitutional and thus illegal.Despite international opposition, on 17 March the Crimean parliament declared independence from Ukraine and asked to join the Russian Federation. As a result, on March 27 theU.N. General Assemblypassed a non-binding resolution 100 in favor, 11 against and 58 abstentions in the 193-nation assembly that declared invalid Crimeas Moscow-backed referendum.Background TheCrimean Khanate, avassalof theOttoman Empire, wasconqueredby theRussian Empirein 1783. Following its incorporation into the Russian Empire, Crimea became the heart ofRussian Romanticism and the region continued to attract vacationers well after the Russian Empire was replaced by theSoviet Union.Thedemographics of Crimeahave undergonedramatic changesin the past centuries. Crimea had autonomy within theRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republicas theCrimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republicfrom 1921 until 1945, whenJoseph Stalindeported the Crimean Tatarsand abolished Crimean autonomy.In 1954, the Soviet Union underNikita KhrushchevtransferredtheCrimean Oblastfrom theRussian SFSRto theUkrainian SSR, in a symbolic gesture that seemed insignificant at the time, since both republics were a part of the Soviet Union.Crimeas pre-1945 autonomy was re-established with theCrimean sovereignty referendumin 1991, thefinal year of the Soviet Unions existence. In 1992, the Crimean Parliament voted to hold a referendum to declare independence, while the Russian Parliament voted to void the cession of Crimea to Ukraine. In 1994, Russian nationalistYuri Meshkovwon the1994 Crimean presidential electionand organized areferendum on Crimeas status. Later in that same year, Crimeas legal status as part of Ukraine was recognized by Russia, which pledged to uphold the territorial integrity of Ukraine in the Budapest memorandumsigned in 1994. This treaty (orexecutive agreementfor purposes of US law), was also signed by the United States, United Kingdom, and France. Ukraine revoked theCrimean constitutionand abolished the office ofCrimean Presidentin 1995.75Crimea would gain a newconstitutionin 1998 that granted the Crimean parliament lesser powers than the previous constitution,including no legislative initiative.Crimean officials would later seek to restore the powers of the previous constitution. The further developments in Crimea and the future of theRussian navalbase inSevastopolthere have been a point of contention in Russian-Ukrainian relations. Under the now defunct Russian-Ukrainian Partition Treatydetermining the fate of the military bases and vessels in Crimea signed in 1997 and prolonged in 2010 - Russia was allowed to have up to 25,000 troops, 24 artillery systems (with a caliber smaller than 100mm), 132 armored vehicles, and 22 military planes, on the Crimean peninsula. The Russian Black Sea fleet was given basing rights in Crimea until 2042. Moscow annually wrote off $97.75 million of Kievs debt in return for the right to use Ukrainian waters and radio frequencies, and to compensate for the Black Sea Fleets environmental impact. According to the2001 census,ethnic Russiansmake up about 58% of the two million residents of Crimea. In Sevastopol, which houses a base for theRussian Navys Black Sea Fleet, ethnic Russians make up 70% of the citys population of 340,000，Ukrainiansmake up 24% of the Crimean population, while 12% areCrimean Tatars.Ethnic Russians did not become the largest population group in Crimea until the 20th century, after Soviet leader Joseph Stalin ordered the deportation of the Crimean Tatars in 1944 for alleged collaboration with Nazi invaders in World War Two. Crimean Tatars were not permitted to return to Crimea after their deportation in 1944, and became an internationalcause clbre,until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The continuing return of Crimean Tatars to their homeland in Crimea since the Soviet collapse has caused persistent tensions with the Russian population of the peninsula.A news report claimed pro-Russian forces marking X on the doors of houses of Crimean Tatars.The leader of theMejlis of the Crimean Tatar PeopleRefat Chubarovprotested against the intervention of Russia. In the 2010 local parliamentary elections, theParty of Regionsreceived 357,030 votes, while the second-placed Ukrainian Communist Partyreceived 54,172 votes. Both parties were targeted by protesters during the2014 Ukrainian revolution. In July 2011,Yuriy Olexandrovich Meshkovthe former president of Crimea (19941995) called for a referendum on restoring the 1992 version of theConstitution of Crimea. The District Administrative Court of Crimea responded by deporting Meshkov（elected president of Crimea in 1994） from Ukraine for a period of 5 years. According to the International Centre for Defense Studies, since theOrange Revolutionin 2004, Russia has pressured Ukraine for its preferences to associate itself with the West.It has been stated that the information campaign in Crimea has become especially proficient and systematic, becoming particularly intense during the 200608Ukraine bid for NATO membership. Each of Ukraines attempts to achieveEuropean integrationhas led to increased Russian hostility to the idea via its use of information campaign. Russia opposes Ukrainian integration with the West for various reasons, including a fear ofNATOexpanding to Russias Western borders and Russias claimed desire to include Ukraine in anEurasian Union. According toTaras Kuzio, during the Viktor Yushchenko presidency (20052010),Russias relations with Ukrainedeteriorated, prompting the Russian security service (FSB) and Russian military intelligence (GRU) to expand their covert support for pro-Russian forces in Southern Ukraine and Russian separatists in Crimea. Following theOrange Revolutionand the 2008Russo-Georgian War, Americandiplomatic cablesleakedto the public noted that Russian military action against Ukraine was no longer unthinkable. The reason for Ukraine crisis On 31st October, 2004. Ukraine experienced the fourth presidential election since its dependence. On 14th, November, Ukraine The election commission in the second round of elections announced that, Mr yanukovych narrowly wan the election for the advantage of 2. 85%.The opponents refused the result, protested on the street and asked for a new election, which aroused the dissatisfaction of Mr Yanukovychs supporters. As a result, a political broke out. First, national conflict is to blame for the crisis. Ukraine s eastern region and western region have different historical experiences. Since the ancient times, Ukraine has been in the state of the segmentation .The eastern region has always been a part of Russia since 1654 while since 1939, western region has been controlled by Poland and other countries. On the other hand, both sides has different religion beliefs. All of these differences result in different politics, economy and culture. In terms of the relationship with foreign countries, eastern region is closely associated with Russia while western region prefer to close with Poland, Europe and America.Second, Poland, Europe and America interfere with the issues of Ukraine for the sake of establishing an regime which is beneficial for themselves. More importantly, Ukraine that is the second largest country in the former Soviet union occupiesan importantposition. The east of Ukraine is connected with the Russian federation; The north neighbors with White The west borders Poland, Czech , Slovakia; South-west borders Hungary, Romania and moldova. In terms of size, Ukraine is the second largest country in Europe after Russia. Whether it was the time when Russia launched the great revolution or in the period of Soviet union, Ukraine was always one of the most important economic regions. In addition, the base of Russias black sea fleet was built in the port city of sevastopol within the territory of Ukraine. Ukrainian also is the transfer station where Russia exports oil to Europe. So, establishing a pro-Russian regime in Ukraine is vital for Russia.Another factor that Russia, the United States and Europe fight for the strategic position of Ukraine is related to the EU enlargement and NATO eastward expansion. After the collapse of the Soviet union Russias regional influence continuously decline. At the same time, some former Soviet republics joined NATO and the European Union. Suspicious of western countries advanced on Russia.Above all, Ukraines political crisis is not only the reflection of the all kinds of accumulated issues that the country encountered in economic and political transition ,but also the result of foreigner countries interference. Even if the crisis eases, the situation in Ukraine is still difficult to stabilize in a short time.Current situation The power in Ukraine has been seized by extremists, fascists, and US stooges, while the legitimate President has fled for his life. As things stand now, Ukraine has a new democratic government, which is supported by the population and uses its best efforts to eliminate the effects of a deep long-term economic, political and social crisis in Ukraine that has affected the life of every Ukrainian without exception. Yanukovych has fled the country knowing that he will be committed for trial, at least for his unlawful acts in January and February 2014 that have caused dozens of deaths.Russian media allege that there are people in the East and South of Ukraine, who go out to protest against the “new regime” but face the radically inclined extremists.This triggers confrontation and causes bodily injuries to the protesters. In fact, the Ukrainian government does not send any troops to other regions as there is no need to do so. The regions are governed by legitimate state authorities comprising duly elected local representatives. Riots in Kharkov and other regions were provoked also by “protesters” brought to Ukraine from border regions with the Russian Federation, which is confirmed by numerous proofs. On March 1, 2014 Russian media reported about Russians in the Crimea who allegedly died as the Crimean Ministry of Internal Affairs was attacked.According to Russian and Ukrainian officials there was no lost. Ukrainian citizens, including the Crimeans, are aware of how complex the situation is. Therefore, they make every effort to prevent a provocation, i.e. killing of foreign nationals, which could lead to an outbreak of hostilities. Another myth promoted by pro-government media in Russia is a mass exodus of people from Ukraine to Russia because of riots.However, the riots are imitated in major cities to achieve the desired response and then the needed newsbreak. The real life in Ukrainian cities goes on: businesses, schools, hospitals, law enforcement agencies, public administration etc. operate as usual. Ukrainians have no reason to flee from the country and dont do so. You may have heard that the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the Crimea support and take the side of the Crimean government, while Crimeans welcome the presence of Russian troops in the Crimea. Despite the really tense situation, the ban on the use of weapons and constant attacks on places of deployment of Ukrainian troops, the Armed Forces of Ukraine remain faithful to their oath and are ready to defend their country. Moreover, the bringing of Russian troops into Ukraine was not universally supported by the Crimeans, as it infringes on their way of life and makes them fear for their future. After all, anyone understands that war is a tragedy. Recent events have shown that no country in the world has come up with the support of Russian aggression in the Crimea. On the contrary, yesterdays UN Security Council meeting showed that the leading countries of the world, such as the United States, France, Britain, Australia, China, and all the EU Member States stands for the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine, strongly condemn Russias actions towards Ukraine and declare the application of appropriate sanctions to Russia. Despite the alarming situation in the Crimea, life and work in the rest of Ukraine take their course. Everything is functioning normally, there is no panic.International reactionsInternational reactions to the2014 Crimean crisis(and to the2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine) has almost always been condemnatory ofRussias decision to intervene, supportive ofUkrainessovereignty and territorial integrity, while also supportive of finding a quick end to the crisis. TheUnited Statesand theEuropean Unionthreatened and later enacted sanctions against Russia for its role in the crisis, and urged Russia to withdraw United Nations On March 1, whilemembersof theUN Security Councilwere meeting in an emergency closed-door session, a spokesman for theUN Secretary-GeneralBan Ki-moondelivered a statement saying that the Secretary General was gravely concerned about the deterioration of the situation in Ukraine and planned to speak shortly with the Russian PresidentVladimir Putin. Bans statement called for full respect for and preservation of the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine and demanded immediate restoration of calm and direct dialogue between all concerned. The Security Council itself expressed support for the unity, territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine. The Council agreed that it was important that all political actors in Ukraine exercise maximum restraint and called for an inclusive dialogue recognizing the diversity of the Ukrainian society.On March 15 the Security Council voted 13-1, with one abstention to condemn the proposed Crimean referendum. The sole negative vote was cast by Russia - the motion failed, as Russia is a permanent member of the Council with veto power.On March 27, theUN General Assemblyadopted a non-binding resolution condemning the referendum allowing annexation of Crimea by Russia as illegal. The vote was 100 for, 11 against, with 58 abstentions. Council of EuropePACEs Standing Committee expressed its full support for the territorial integrity and national unity of Ukraine on March 7th.NATO On March 2, 2014,NATO Secretary GeneralAnders Fogh Rasmussenconvened the North Atlantic Councildue to both Russias military action and President Putins threats against Ukraine.10The North Atlantic Council condemned Russias military escalation in Crimea and stated that it was breach of international law. It called on Russia to respect its obligations under the UN Charter, the Budapest Memorandum of 1994, the Treaty on Friendship and Cooperation between Russia and Ukraine of 1997, and the legal framework regulating the presence of the Russian Black Sea Fleet.Visegrd Group On March 4, 2014, V4 issued a joint statement urging Russia to respect Ukraines territorial integrity and for Ukraine to take into account its minority groups to not further break fragile relations. It urged for Russia to act in full respect of Ukrainian and international law and in line with the provisions of the 1994 Budapest Memorandum. The Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia are appalled to witness a military intervention in 21st century Europe akin to their own experiences in1956,1968and1981.12On March 7, 2014, the Visegrad Groups Ministers of Foreign Affairs issued a joint statement with the NB8 countries Ministers of Foreign Affairs, declaring that Against an European country an act of aggression has been committed by Russian military forces. They also condemned the unprovoked violation of Ukrainian sovereignty and ter