无机化学英语命名法.doc

Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds无机化合物的命名（Prefix词头,前缀Suffix词尾,后缀Stem词根）1.Trivial Names俗名 H2O water不说 dihydrogen oxide NH3 ammonia不说 nitrogen trihydrideCaO quicklimeCaCO3 limestone希腊文前缀Mon（o）一 di二 tri三 tetr（a）四 pent（a）五 hex（a）六 hepta七 octa八 nona九2.Systematic Nomenclature系统命名1)Oxide氧化物先命名非氧元素ZnO zinc oxideCaO calcium oxideCO carbon oxideNa2O2 sodium peroxideH2O2 hydrogen peroxide 注：peroxide过氧化物2)Hydroxide氢氧化物（base碱） Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxideKOH potassium hydroxide3)Acid酸 Hydro acid氢酸General formula通式:HnX 命名：hydro- + stem of X + -ic acidH2S hydrosulfuric acid(英) hydrosulphuric(美) 氢硫酸S:sulfur(英)、sulphur(美)HBr 氢溴酸hydrobromic acid Br: bromineHCl 氢氯酸(盐酸)hydrochloric acid Cl: chlorineHF 氢氟酸hydrofluoric acid F: fluorineOxoacid or Oxyacid含氧酸General formula通式:HnXOm 命名：Stem of X + -ic acid 注：oxo- (oxy-) 含氧, 氧代H2SO4 sulfuric acid(英) sulphuric acid(美)H2CO3 carbonic acid H3PO4 phosphoric acid P: phosphorusH3BO3 boric acid B: boronHNO3 nitric acid N: nitrogen If X has two oxidation states：-ic：the higher oxidation state -ous：the lower oxidation stateH2SO4 sulfuric acidH2SO3 sulfurous acid HNO3 nitric acidHNO2 nitrous acidIf X (such as halogens) has more than two oxidation states：halogen卤素per- (过，高) + -ic：the still higher oxidation statehypo- (次,在下) + -ous：the still lower oxidation stateHClO3 chloric acidHClO2 chlorous acidHClO4 perchloric acidHClO hypochlorous acid HIO hypoiodous acid4)Salt盐 General formula通式:MnXm 命名：Name of M stem of X + -ide（-ide化物）Oxide、chloride、nitride、hydride KI potassium iodide Al2S3 aluminum sulfide LiH lithium hydrideOxysalt含氧酸盐 Name the metal ion first and then the anionNaming anions:-ate anions derived from the -ic acid(the higher oxidation state of X)-ite anions derived from the -ous acid (the lower oxidation state of X)HNO3 nitric acidNaNO3 sodium nitrate HNO2 nitrous acidNaNO2 sodium nitriteSO42- sulfateSO32- sulfiteAgClO4 silver perchlorateNaIO3 sodium iodate KClO2 potassium chloriteKBrO potassium hypobromite MnO42- manganateMnO4- permanganateAcid salt 酸式盐 Using “hydrogen” to specify “H”NaHSO4 sodium hydrogen sulfateNaH2PO4 sodium dihydrogen phosphateNa2HPO4 disodium hydrogen phosphate P: phosphorus phosphate磷酸盐(根)Using prefix bi- + name of anion if only one acid salt existsNaHSO4 sodium bisulfateNaHSO3 sodium bisulfiteKHCO3 potassium bicarbonate5)Metals（M）with more than one oxidation stateTwo methods:后缀法: 早期使用stem of M + -ic the higher oxidation state of Mstem of M + -ous the lower oxidation state of MHgI2 mercuric iodideHg2I2 mercurous iodide Hg:mercury Cr2+ chromousCr3+ chromic Cr: chromium 注：In most cases, Latin stem is used if the metal has symbol derived from its Latin name.(mercury is an exception)Cu:cuprum (拉丁),copper (英) Cu+ cuprous Cu2+ cupric CuI cuprous iodide CuS cupric sulfideSn:stannum (拉丁), tin (英) SnCl2 stannous chloride SnO2 stannic oxideFe:ferrum (拉丁), iron (英) Fe(OH)2 ferrous hydroxide FeBr3 ferric bromideIUPAC Rule 1957年开始使用English name of metal(Roman numeral)CuBr copper(I) bromideCuF2 copper(II) fluorideSnO tin(II) oxideSnS2 tin(IV) sulfideFe(NO3)2 iron(II) nitrateFe2(SO4)3 iron(III) sulfateUse Greek prefixes希腊文前缀Mon（o）一 di二 tri三 tetr（a）四 pent（a）五 hex（a）六 hepta七 octa八 nona九1to specify the number of each atom in the chemical formula.NO2 nitrogen dioxidePCl5 phosphorus pentachlorideCO2 carbon dioxide2to specify the number of identical central atoms in condensed acids and their corresponding anions.condensed acid缩酸H3PO4 (mono)phosphoric acidH4P2O7 diphosphoric acidH2SO4 sulfuric acidH2S3O10 trisulfuric acidCrO42- 铬酸盐(根) chromate Cr2O72- 重铬酸盐(根) dichromate3. to indicate extent of substitutionPO43- phosphatePS2O23- dithiophosphate thio-硫代,硫的,含硫的注：The prefixes ortho- and meta- have been used to distinguish acids differing in the “content of water.”ortho- 希腊词头 正、原（无机酸用）邻（位）（有机化合物命名） meta- 希腊词头 偏（无机酸用）间（位）（有机化合物命名）ortho-acid 原酸；meta-acid 偏酸H3BO3 orthoboric acid(or