考研英语真题1991~1999长难句解析.doc

关于长难句的学习建议 同学留言我都看到了，因为工作忙，不能及时上网回复，还请海涵。大家的问题本质上都是相似的：底子薄，基础弱。我的建议如下：全力以赴（heart and soul）主攻词汇量、句法、阅读量。词汇主要靠大家背，阅读靠自己一篇一篇积累。唯有句法，我觉得一定要有一个系统训练。为了备考，我们要掌握的句法知识并不多，我在长难句课上应该是把主要的考点都讲到了，剩下的任务就是反复操练。操练句法的最佳材料当然还是阅读真题。正因为如此，我把这些长难句逐个加以解析和翻译，并放到了这。我在百忙中（并非夸张，呵呵）抽空一个一个破解，希望大家也一定抽时间逐词逐句地加以揣摩。这些句子后还有，一直会到2011年的考题。大家在看这些句子时，应该每天至少两个，先自己结合文章分析和口译（注意，一定要结合文章），然后再看我给的内容。第二天看新的句子之前，应该先把前一天的内容复习一遍。刚开始感到吃力的同学，要把每一个疑问记下来，然后不耻上问，不耻下问，或者不耻左右问，实在不行就在博客上发问，总之，一定要搞清楚。如此这般坚持，两三个月出去，100个以上的句子过去，你就能脱胎换骨了。考研阅读长难句一每天至少两个， 自己先分析，有疑问参看我给的内容。觉得有难度，就多看几遍。1991Passage 1一、A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.【解析】1、全句主干：A man said that the thing is to do nothing. 其中，that引导的从句作said的宾语；2、necessary for （所需要的）。necessary for the triumph of evil （邪恶的胜利所需要的，邪恶获胜所需要的），这是个形容词短语，在句中作thing的后置定语。3、for good men （对好人来说），这个介宾短语作that从句的状语，放到从句主语之前翻译。【翻译】直译：一个智者曾经说过，对好人来说，邪恶的胜利所需要的唯一一个东西是（好人）什么都不做。意译：一个智者曾经说过，坏事得逞所需要的唯一一个条件，就是坏事发生时好人袖手旁观。二、Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, its the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didnt teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didnt provide a stable home.【解析】1、consider A B = consider A as B = consider A to be B 把A看做、当做B （省略as或to be的第一个短语更常用，要格外重视）。2、A is considered B. A被（人们）看做B，人们把A看做B。3、It is the criminal who 是一个强调句。一般来说，判断是否强调句，把It be和that（或who）三个词去掉，如果句子仍然完整，就是强调句，否则就不是。例如It is English that is most widely used in the world，去掉It is和that，剩余部分English is most widely used in the world仍然是一个完整的句子，所以这就是一个强调句。4、 -ed分词后出现by短语，by之后的名词或代词一般是发出动作的主体，例如made by China中，China就是发出made这一动作的主体。本句中by之前有两个-ed分词，一个是considered（认为），一个是victimized（使变成受害者），by之后的主体发出哪一个动作，需要根据全句的含义判断，尤其是by之后的主体。很明显，学校、教堂这些主体发出的动作是victimized。【翻译】三十年前，如果出现犯罪，社会被看作是受害者。现在，令人震惊的是，一切都颠倒了，被认为变成受害者的是罪犯，令他变成受害者的，是他小时候缺乏机会的成长环境，未能教会他念书的学校，没能在道德上给予他引导的教会，和未能给他提供一个稳定家庭的父母。三、If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.【解析】1、from的基本含义有两个：来自；分离。由此，vt. A from B这样的动词短语，其意义基本上取决于from，不管vt.位置上出现哪一个动词，整个短语一般可归结为两个词义：A来自B；A与B相分离。例如：derive fun from study（从学习中得到快乐，快乐来自学习），liberate women from housework（将妇女从家务中解放出来，使妇女与家务相分离）。free the criminal from accountability表示使罪犯与责任相分离，即，使罪犯免于担责。2、partly不宜总翻成“部分地”，有些情况下需要译为“在某种程度上”。3、society不宜总翻成“社会”，有些情况下译为“国家”会更妥。【翻译】即使我们只在某种程度上使罪犯免于担责，我们也会变成一个充斥着托词借口的国家，在这个国家，对于任何事情都没有人愿意负责。Passage 2四、The period of adolescence, i. e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on societys definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood.【解析】1、本句主干：The period may be long or short, depending on expectations and on definition.2、i.e. = that is = that is to say （也就是说）。3、what引导从句时，可以理解为the thing(s) that，其中the thing(s)需要根据上下文确定所指代的具体事物，that是一个关联代词。例如：I doubt what he said. 就相当于I doubt the thing that he said. 其中，the thing很明显指他所说的话。句子越长或者越抽象，我们把引导从句的what转化为the thing(s) that，就越便于理解。4、societys definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood就相当于societys definition as to the thing that constitutes maturity and adulthood. 其中，as to表示“关于”，the thing根据上下文引申为“条件”。整个短语可以译为“社会关于那些构成成熟和成年的条件的定义”。【翻译】The period of adolescence, i. e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on societys definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood.青少年时期，即，儿童期与成年期之间的那段时期，可能长也可能短，（是长是短）取决于社会（对个体所抱）的期望，还取决于社会对于那些构成成熟和成年的条件的定义。五、In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies.【解析】1、There is agreement as to/over/about A. 关于A，人们有一致的看法。/人们就A达成了共识。2、initiation ceremony 成年仪式；开始的仪式【翻译】在现代社会，青少年时期（结束）的仪式已经丧失了（社会对它们的）正式认可和象征意义，对于哪些因素可以构成成年仪式，人们也不再有共识。Passage 3六、C. R. Darnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick a brick building.【解析】1、It is as proper to do A as to do B. 做A和做B一样恰当。2、term A B = call A B = name A B 把A称作B。例如：call Tom a coward 把汤姆称作懦夫。 C termed D = C called D = C named D = C known as D 被称作D的C。例如：Tom called a coward 被称作懦夫的汤姆。3、be composed of = consist of 包含，由组成 A composed of B = A consisting of B 包含B的A，由B组成的A。例如：a country composed to 50 states = a country consisting of 50 states 包含50个州的国家，由50个州组成的国家。4、本句简化处理后的结构：C. R. Darnes has suggested that it is as proper to term plant structure as to call house building.5、Sb suggests that 通常译为“sb认为”；Sth suggests that 通常译为“sth表明”。suggest的本意“建议；暗示”两个词义在考试中出现较少。【翻译】C. R. Darnes认为，将植物称为水的构造，和将一所主要由砖组成的房子称为砖房一样，都是恰当的。七、The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development.【解析】1、本句主干：The amount is a part of what passes through it.2、of water作amount的后置定语；in the plant作water的后置定语；at any one time作主句的时间状语；during its development作what引导的宾语从句的时间状语。3、what = the thing that，本句中thing应该理解为水的数量。4、it和its都指代主句中的plant。5、development指植物的生长过程。【翻译】直译：但是，在任何一个时刻，植物中水的实际数量，只是在植物的生长过程中通过植物体的水的数量的非常小的一部分。（结合上下文的）意译：但是，在植物的生长过程中，有大量的水进入植物体，然后会通过蒸发被排出去，与之相比，在任何一个时刻，植物体中水的实际数量只是很小的一个数值。八、Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air)and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80F, saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10, 000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake.【解析】1、本句主干：Since carbon dioxide is present and water vapor is near saturation, the amount is many times the carbon dioxide intake.2、介宾短语in the air 作从句carbon dioxide is present的地点状语，应该翻译到since之后，carbon之前；介宾短语only in trace quantities作动词is 的状语，翻译时放到is之前；括号里的内容仍然采用英文的顺序；介宾短语within the leaf作air spaces的后置定语，所以可以看作是介宾短语 in the air spaces的组成部分；介宾短语 in the air spaces作从句water vapor is near saturation的地点状语，翻译时放到and之后，water之前。3、air spaces译作“气态空间”比较恰当。4、lost是个-ed分词，作water vapor的后置定语。【翻译】因为在空气中，二氧化碳只以非常微小的数量存在（占万分之三到万分之四），并且在叶子内部的气态空间，水蒸气接近饱和（在华氏80度时，饱和的空气中水蒸气含量大概为万分之一百八十六），所以损失的水蒸气的总量是二氧化碳吸收量的许多倍。九、Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases.【解析】1、A in proportion to B A和B的比值；与B相比的A；与B成比例/相称的A2、even greater中，even是副词，放在比较级前表示强调。其他类似even，可以这样用的词汇：way（注意：此处way不表示“道路、方法”等词意），far，much，many，a lot等。3、concentration 含量；浓度【翻译】实际上，因为风和其他因素，（在植物的整个生存期，）水的损失量与二氧化碳吸收量的比值，可能比两种气体（在某一特定时刻在植物体内部）含量的比值要大得多。考研阅读长难句二1992Passage 1十、It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior.【解析】1、It takes A to do 做需要A。 It took A to do 做花费了A（此处，A一般是金钱或时间。）2、在短语the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers中，the + adj.指代一类人或一类事物，of相当于among，所以整个短语应译为“司机们当中那些头脑最冷静并且脾气最好的人”。3、subject A to B 使A遭受B；使A服从B A is subjected to B. A遭受了B；A服从于B。4、when subjected to uncivilized behavior 可以看做是when they are subjected to uncivilized behavior的省略形式。其中，they指代the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers。【翻译】直译：当遭受到不文明行为时，要抵御住报复的诱惑，需要司机们当中那些头脑最冷静并且脾气最好的人。意译：当别人以不文明的行为来对待你的时候，只有那些头脑最冷静并且脾气最好的司机才能忍住，不去以怨抱怨。十一、A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions.【解析】1、a wave of acknowledgement （感谢的挥手，表示谢意的挥手动作）。2、A in response to B （作为对B的反应的A，因为有B而后有A）。例如，trembling in response to cold，（作为对冷的反应的颤抖，因为冷而颤抖）。3、A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness，（作为对一个礼貌行为反应的友好点头或表示谢意的挥手）。4、本句主干：A nod or a wave helps to create an atmosphere.5、 介宾短语of goodwill and tolerance作名词atmosphere的后置定语，形容词短语so necessary in modern traffic conditions也作atmosphere的后置定语，这是根据逻辑意义推导出来的。【翻译】作为对一个礼貌行为的反应，友好的点点头，或者挥挥手表示感谢，都有助于创造一种善意和宽容的气氛，这种气氛在现在的交通状况下是非常必要的。十二、However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man .【解析】1、第二句主干：Typical examples are the driver or the man 。2、不定式短语to allow a car to emerge 作动词brakes的状语。3、介宾短语from a side street作动词emerge的状语。4、介宾短语at some hazard做动词brakes的状语。（注意，一般情况下，介宾短语和不定式短语作状语，修饰的往往是离它们最近的动词。本句中，at some hazard如果修饰emerge，逻辑不通。根据全句表达的意义，应该修饰brakes。）5、at some hazard to A = at some risk to A （对A构成某种危险）。【翻译】直译：但是，用错地方的礼貌也会很危险。典型的例子有，一个司机为了让一辆车从侧道出现，而在对随后车辆造成某种危险的情况下用力踩刹车；典型的例子还有，一个人意译：但是，用错地方的礼貌也会很危险。典型的例子有，正在主干道上行驶的一个司机，为了避让从侧道进入主干道的车辆，而用力踩刹车，他的刹车行为对他身后的其他车辆是有一定危险的；典型的例子还有，一个人十三、A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper.【解析】1、help表示“有好处”。2、filter本意为“过滤；渗透”，本句中表示“逐渐、慢慢的移动”。filter into表示“慢慢进入”， filter correctly into traffic streams表示“以正确的方式慢慢进入车辆的洪流”。3、It would help if motorists learnt 使用了虚拟语气，表示与现在事实相反的假设。4、one at a time是个固定搭配，相当于一个副词短语，作动词filter的状语。5、介宾短语without causing the total blockages也作动词filter的状语。6、give rise to表示“引起、导致”。【翻译】直译：一个在礼貌方面无懈可击的老司机告诉我，如果司机们学会在不引起使大家都想发脾气的全面拥堵的情况下，一次一辆车，以正确的方式慢慢进入车辆的洪流，那将会很有好处。意译：一个在礼貌方面无懈可击的老司机告诉我，对大家都有好处的做法是，司机们在从侧道进入主干道的车流中时，不要一次好几辆车同时挤进去，应该一次一辆车，慢慢的融入进去，这样就不会引起令大家都想发脾气的全面拥堵。1993Passage 1十四、Today no such (severe lack) exists as (that ordered by Frederick).【解析】1、such A as B = A such as B = A like B 像B那样的A，像B这样的A2、本句中A相当于severe lack，B相当于that ordered by Frederick，其中that是个代词，指代前面的lack。that作介词as的宾语，-ed分词ordered by Frederick作代词that的后置定语。3、在短语such severe lack as that ordered by Frederick中，order不单表示“命令”，应该引申为“下令所造成的”。整个短语表示“像F下令所造成那种严重的匮乏”。4、这句话本来应该写成：Today no such (severe lack) as (that ordered by Frederick) exists. 但这样一来，主语太长，造成头重脚轻，不符合英文的表达习惯，所以将名词lack的后置定语，即介宾短语as that ordered by Frederick，放到了谓语动词exists之后。【翻译】今天，再不存在像Frederick下令所造成的那种严重匮乏。十五、What is special about mans brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”.【解析】1、that of the monkey中，that指前半句的brain。2、enable sb to do 使sb做。3、connect A with B 把A与B联系起来。4、say在本句中表示“比如说”。5、connect (the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear) with (the sound pattern “toy-bear”)，第一个括号中相当于A，第二个括号中相当于B。介宾短语of a toy-bear作名词sight和feel的后置定语。名词toy-bear作名词短语sound pattern的同位语。整个短语可以译为“把比如说一个玩具熊的视觉、触觉与“toy-bear”这个词的发音模式联系起来”。6、-ed分词短语“compared with that of the monkey”作主句的状语。【翻译】直译：与猴子的大脑相比，人脑的特殊之处在于一个复杂的系统，这个系统能让一个小孩把比如说一个玩具熊的视觉、触觉，与“toy-bear”这个词的发音模式联系起来。意译：与猴子的大脑相比，人脑的特殊之处在于一个复杂的系统，有了这个系统，小孩就能在看到、摸到一个玩具熊之后，把这种视觉、触觉与“toy-bear”这个词的发音模式联系起来。十六、And even more incredible is the young brains ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.【解析】1、本句是个倒装句，倒装是为了强调incredible，正常的句序是And the young brains ability is even more incredible.2、to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways是三个并列的不定式短语，作名词ability的后置定语。ability的后置定语只能是不定式，例如：the ability to please people 让人高兴的能力。3、介宾短语in language作名词order的后置定语；介宾短语from the mixture作动词短语pick out的状语；介宾短语of sound作名词mixture的后置定语；介宾短语around him作名词sound的后置定语。4、介宾短语of a language作名词parts的后置定语；介宾短语in new ways作动词combine和recombine的状语。【翻译】直译：更不可思议的是小孩大脑从他周围声音的混合物中挑选出一种语言顺序的能力，对之加以分析的能力，以新的方式对语言的组成部分进行组合和再组合的能力。意译：更不可思议的是，小孩的大脑能从他周围的各种声音中，甄别出一种语言的顺序，能对之加以分析，还能以新的方式对词和句进行组合和再组合。Passage 2十七、They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.【解析】1、介宾短语as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings，作动词confronted的状语。2、介宾短语of human existence，作名词realities的后置定语。3、介词without的宾语，是动名词短语having confronted the fundamental realities。整个介宾短语作谓语动词live和die的状语。4、可以用一个简化的句子来帮助理解本句的结构。例如：He lives without ever facing his wife as a real man（他从未作为一个真正的男人去面对过他的妻子，就这样他活着）。【翻译】直译：他们从未作为从情感上和智力上独立并且富有创造性的人去面对过人类生存的基本现实，就这样他们活着，然后死了。意译：他们活一辈子，在应对人类生存的基本现实时，从来都没有表现出情感上和智力上的独立性和创造性。十八、This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than ones fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.【解析】1、不定式短语to prove that one is as good as or better than ones fellow-competitor，作名词need的后置定语。其中，that引导的从句作动词prove的宾语。在that引导的宾语从句中，因为并列结构往往省略相同的成分，所以or的出现导致了省略，如果写完整了，宾语从句实际上是两个：that one is as good as ones fellow-competitor or that one is better than ones fellow-competitor。2、本句的主干：This need creates anxiety and stress.3、名词短语the very causes of unhappiness and illness，作名词anxiety和stress的同位语，对其进行补充解释。其中，very是形容词，放到名词前强调名词本身。【翻译】直译：要证明自己和自己的竞争对手一样好，或者证明自己比竞争对手还好的这种持久的需要，产生了持续的焦虑和压力，而焦虑和压力正是不幸福和疾病的根源。意译：一个人需要不停的证明自己和竞争对手一样强大，或者证明自己比竞争对手还要强大，这就使他产生了持续的焦虑和压力，而焦虑和压力正是不幸福和疾病的根源。十九、I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities those of love and of reason are the aims of all social arrangements.【解析】1、transform sth from A into B，把sth从A转化为B。2、本句主干：I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism into a humanist industrialism.3、从句in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves，作名词industrialism的后置定语。其中，介宾短语in themselves作动词are的状语。4、从句in which man and full development of his potentialities those of love and of reason are the aims of all social arrangements，作名词industrialism的后置定语。其中，介宾短语of all social arrangements作名词aims的后置定语；代词those和它的后置定语of love and of reason，相当于一个名词短语，作名词potentialities的同位语。【翻译】我建议把我们的社会体制从一个由官僚管理的工业社会变成一个人性化的工业社会，在由官僚管理的工业社会，最大量的生产和消费本身就是目的，而在人性化的工业社会，人和人的全部潜能的充分发展 爱的潜能和理性的潜能 是所有社会计划的目的。Passage 3二十、Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent.【解析】1、because引导的是原因状语从句，后半句是主句。主句的主干：shelves contain details.2、介宾短语of the library作名词shelves的后置定语。3、-ed分词短语attached to the patent office（附属于专利办公室的），作名词library的后置定语。4、介宾短语of literally millions of ideas，作名词details的后置定语。其中，liberally表示强调，可以不翻译。5、从句that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent，作名词ideas的后置定语。其中，介宾短语for anyone作动词are的状语；不定式短语to use作形容词free的状语（可以接不定式作状语的形容词还有able, certain, easy, eager, likely, ready, willing等）。6、that引导的从句中，and前后并列，之后是省略结构，完整形式是and, if older than half a century, that are sometimes even free for anyone to re-patent。【翻译】因为一项专利在终止后会永久处于公开状态，所以专利办公室下属的图书馆的书架上，装载着数以百万计的创意的细节，这些创意对任何人来说都可免费使用，而且如果它们的存在时间超过了五十年，那么有时候，任何人甚至都可以免费拿它们再去申请专利。二十一、Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventors right is to plagiarize a dead patent.【解析】1、本句主干：Experts advise anyone that the way is to plagiarize a patent. 其中，动词advise有两个宾语，anyone作间接宾语，that引导的从句作直接宾语。2、advise sb sth，将sth告知sb，给sb的建议是sth。3、-ing分词短语wishing to avoid the high cost，作名词anyone的后置定语。4、介宾短语of conducting a search，作名词cost的后置定语。5、介宾短语through live patents，作名词search的后置定语。6、live patents，表示“现存的有效专利”。7、sure，本句中表示“可靠的”。8、介宾短语of avoiding violation，作名词way的后置定语。9、介宾短语of any other inventors right，作名词violation的后置定语。【翻译】直译：的确，专利专家经常给（希望躲避对现存有效专利进行调查所产生的高昂费用的任何人）提供的建议是，避免侵犯其他发明者权利的一个可靠的方法，是剽窃一个失效的专利。意译：的确，对现存的有效专利进行调查，势必会产生巨大的费用，如果有任何人希望不支出这些费用，专利专家会提供一个建议，即，避免侵犯其他发明者的权利，有一个可靠的方法，就是拿一个失效的专利再去申请专利。二十二、It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money.【解析】1、本句是个强调句，主干为：It is their reduction to commercial practice that makes news and money.2、As reduction to B，表示“A向B的转化”；reduce A to B，表示“使A转化为B”；A is reduced to B，表示“A被转化为B”。3、介词through，在本句中表示“因为”。4、本句中，名词短语their reduction to commercial practice，隐含动词意义，表示“它们向商业用途转化”。介宾短语through necessity or dedication，和介宾短语through the availability of new technology，都作动词“转化”的状语。（这种情况可视作例外）【翻译】直译：正是它们要么因为必要性或奉献，要么因为新技术的可获得性，向商业用途发生转化，才产生了新闻和钱。意译：专利之所以能够向商业用途转化，要么是因为社会需要，或者发明者的无私奉献，要么是因为有新技术可供利用，而正是这种转换使发明者为众人所知，并使他们得到经济上的回报。考研阅读长难句三1994 Passage 1二十三、The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for the goods and services that they want most.【解析】1、介宾短语around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy，作谓语动词is organized的状语。其中，a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented作名词economy的前置定语。2、in which引导的从句，作名词economy的后置定语。此定语从句的主干为：consumers determine what shall be produced。3、介宾短语by spending their money，作动词determine的状语，而不作be produced的状语，这是根据逻辑意义判断出来的。4、介宾短语in the marketplace，和介宾短语for the goods and services都作动词spending的状语。5、句末that引导的从句，作名词goods和services的后置定语。【翻译】直译：美国的经济体系是围绕一个主体是私有企业和以市场为导向的经济而组织的，在这个经济体中，消费者通过在市场里为他们最想要的商品和服务花钱来主要决定什么将被生产出来。意译：美国的经济体系有两大特点，一是私有企业占主体，二是以市场为导向，在这个经济体中，消费者通过花钱购买所中意的产品和服务，就能基本决定制造商需要生产什么。二十四、If the product