argument模板.doc

The argument 开头段的思路： 第一句指出原论证的结构或主张 第二句指出原论证的论据 第三句指出原论证的重要假设 最后指出原论证犯有逻辑错误 正文： 一段一个方面，注意句型 结尾： 结论，对如何加强提出建议。 开头段模式： 1 In this argument, the arguer recommend (conclude) that 2 This recommendation is based on the result (evidence; fact) of the survey that 3 In addition, the arguer assumes this 4 A careful examination would review how groundless the argument (conclusion) is 对于文中涉及数字的黄金句型： 1 The survey on which the argument relies lacks credibility and therefore does not lend strong support to what the arguer assumes. 2 The statistical evidence on which the argument depends is so vague (unrepresentative) that it does not validate the augers assumption (claim). 对于正文有用的句型： 1 The argument rests on the unfounded(unconvincing,unreasonable,gratuitous,groundless,unwarranted)assumption that 2 The arguer fails to take Into account other possible factors that might (lend to, result in) 3 The arguer ignores other relevant factors concerning +名词结构 4 The arguer fails to convince us that (sb of) 5 The evidence provided in this argument is not sufficient to validate the assumption that 黄金句型 1 The arguer fails to provide solid (any, sufficient, concrete) evidence to prove that /to support the assumption that/to validate the assumption that /quarantine the conclusion that 2 Another point worth concerning is that the arguer fails to take into account 3 The reasoning that is open to doubt /unreliable/problematic. 4 Another assumption in short of legitimacy is the causal of relationship between A&B./is that /the claim that 5 The fact that says little (nothing) about 对于正文的分析以及结尾模式： 1 采取推测法，推测有可能的例证，反例，推测作者论证可导致的其他结论。 It is likely (possible) that It is impossible that One possibility is thatanother possibility is thatthe third possibility is that May, might, perhaps 2 假设 If even If; granted that we can not ensure that ,unless. 结尾的三句话框架： 指出原论者没有论证自己的结论，分别指出可以从正文所分析的方面加强原论证。 三个结尾的范例： In this conclusion, the arguer fails to validate the claim that To solidify the argument .the arguer should supply more evidence to Indicate (demonstrate) thatIn addition, the arguer would have to rule out the above-mentioned possibilities that might undermine the augers conclusion. To sum up, the conclusion lacks of credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the auger claims. to make the argument more convincing ,the arguer would have to provide more Information concerning As It stands, the argument Is not well reasoned .to make It logically acceptable ,the arguer should provide more concrete evidence to demonstrate that whats more ,the arguer must supply more 具体化 Information to strong the conclusion. 如果时间紧急，只有一两分钟的结尾套路： 1. To conclusion, the argument Is not persuasive as It stands, before we accept the claim, the arguer must provide more substantial facts to prove that 2. In summary, the conclusion reached In this argument Is Invalid and misleading, to make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to prove thatmoreover, I would suspend my judgement about the credibility of the recommendation until the arguer can provide more concrete and reliable evidence. Issue 开头的句型： There Is much controversy over the Issue ofSome people claim that while others believe thatin the last analysis I argue that The Issue of Is a very controversial one (arouses much controversy among people with different perspectives and background). Although many people believe that I argue that(I debt whether the argument bears close examination). Now it is widely believe that as opposed to the commonly held view, I argue that The speaker asserts that while I agree thatI insist that There Is much concern over the Issue of the arguer advocate that we do not (绿皮书65页) According to the title statementalthough it is commonly held that It is unlikely be true that名词Argument/conclusion/forecast/prediction/expectation/editorial/reasoning/inferenceStatistics/data/study/survey/information/evidenceFlaw/rejoinder/obstacle/形容词Questionable/misleading/hasty/presumptuous/problematic/unacceptable/fallacious/biased/unreliable/defective/in question/ill-founded/unsupported/unconvincing/gratuitous/dubiousCritical/egregious/Alleged/(充分)Conclusive as to.(必要)动词Recommend/assume/conclude/demonstrate/indicate/address/foretell/forecast/substantiate/account forr/Fail/ignore/overlookNullify/Justify/Rely on/ rest on/ on the basis of/副词Entirely/extremely/dramatically/quiteVirtually/Necessarily/safely/obviouslyUnreasonably/unjustifiably/By no means连接信号词提出weaken的evidence: Just as likely/for instance/ It is entirely possible that/may/might/perhaps.or perhaps/yet another possibility is that./might have.;.might have; or might hve/ Suppose for the moment thatIn short/For this reason/If so./ as a resultIn the absense of/ without such evidence/If, on the other hand, .would.It is unfair to assumeEven if it is granted that, the argument ignores the possibility thatEven if we grant the preceding assumption开头(1) 提出方法与建议的 In this editorial, the author argues for in order to.反对某方法 In this memorandum, recommends against.从原因到结果的 In this article (.), the author concludes that从结果推原因的 In this article(.), the author attributes. to (2) According to the author, the conclusion is based on a study revealing that.(3)Moreover, in support of this conclusion, the author maintains/reasons that(4)Authors line of reasoning is flawed for the following reasons.结尾(1)To sum up, the authors belief that. is ill-founded.(2)To buttress the argument, the author would have to provide evidence for the claim that. (3) Furthermore, it would be necessary to show that.正文topic sentenceFirst, and foremost,Second,Finally七宗罪Doubtable survey/study样本容量不足The study cited in the editorial may be defective because the total number ofwas not specified. Had the author indicated that., the fact thatwould greatly support authors reasoning. Conversely, the conclusion would be much weaker. Had the author indicated that., the argument would be more convincing.时间太短，对以后趋势预测不具代表性Data gathered from a three-month period is insufficient to set up an conclusive conclusion for a year period. Perhaps, the three-month period chosen is idiosyncratic and not representative of entire years. A difference of only 3 percent during one particular week can easily be accounted for by other factors, such asand ., or by problems with reporting or sampling. 样本不是randomThe respondents views are not necessarily representative of the views of in general. If it turns out, for example, thatonly those.respond to the survey, the conclusion would be dramatically weakened. Without information regarding the way in which .were selected, it is unconvincing to infer that.The author assumes that because onlytook part in the , these.are unrepresentative of the entire boy. This assumption is unwarranted. If it turns out, for example thatare randomly selected from the entire body, their views sould reflect the views of the entire body.调查怎么做的Without knowing how the survey was conducted, it is impossible to assess the credibility of the study.The author unjustifiably relies on the studies that.The author does not provide evidence to confirm the reliability of the studies. Moreover, while the phrase “studies suggest” may appear to lend credibility to these claims, the phrase is vague enough to actually render the claims worthless, in the absense of any information aboutGratuitous assumptionThe authors forecast ofrests on the gratuitous assumption that.There is, however, no guarantee that this is the case. Nor does the author cite any evidence to support this assumption. Just as likely(提出weaken的evidence). Lacking this assumption, the expectation of is quite unacceptable.The author assumes that.This underlying assumption operative in this inference is never supported with any data or projections.It is unfair to assume/presuppose that.This assumption is unwarranted.Another assumption must be made before we can conclude that.We can not safely assume that because.The author reaches this conclusion on the basis ofCausal oversimplification1.fact 会导致weaken结论的其他结果The assumption fails to take into account(相反的结果).that could stem from(文中的evidence)Due towould.The fact that .suggests that.2.其他文中未提到的因素会导致相反的结果The increase of is not the same as the increase of., for depends more on such factors asThe author assumes that will necessarily result in. While this is a reasonable assumption, it is by no means a certainty. For example,.would certainly nullify this expectation.The author assumes thatwill All other factors remaining unchanged, this would be the case. If, on the other hand,.would.The author provides no evidence that the revenue-enhancing effect ofwill exceed the revenue-decreasing effect of Without such evidence, the argument is unconvincing.3.缺乏足够证据下的递近推理The author assumes that .will result in its taking steps to do something to the problem-in this case, toThis raises several questions the author fails to address.The author assumes that .portends This assumption may be true in some cases. However, it is not necessarily to hold true in any case. For example,. would certainly nullify this expectation.This assumption is questionable since the mere fact that is no guarantee that4.未给出充分的推理,因果间联系不紧密The author cites the fact that.as evidence that.One obvious rejoinder to this line of reasoning is thatIn any case, the author has failed to demonstrate a logical connection betweenandWithout this connection, the conclusion reached by the author thatis unacceptable.The author assumes that .bear some relation to .No evidence, however, is offered to prove a logical connection between .and. Lacking evidence that linksto, it is presumptuous to suggest thatwas in some way responsible for.The mere fact that, by itself, ensure thatIn short, .by itself is not conclusive as to whetheractuallyUntil evidence has been provided to show that this is (not) the case, the .is unacceptable.5.有其他更有效的方法(常用于文中出现must类似字眼时)In short, this conclusion must be supported with a thorough cost-benefit analysis of.versus other possible cost-cutting and/or profit-enhancing strategies.By concluding thatmust., the author assumes that these are the only solutions to the problem. However, it is possible that other factors-such as.-contribute to the problem. If so, .would not solve the problem.By concluding thatmust, the author assumes that the only way to is through. However, many other means of are available. As we know,.is an effective means of. ., for instance. In short, this conclusion can be reached only with a thorough cost-benefit analysis of.versus other possible cost-cutting and/or profit-enhancing strategies.6.作者提出的方法可能会有负面影响7.问题原因判断错误，提出的解决办法无效Asserting that, the author assumes thatcauses. However, could be a function of other factors.8.可能有其他原因,需要排除以确定真正原因It is entirely possible that .Unless the author can rule out other factors relevant to.,this argument commits the fallacy of assuming that just because one event()follows another(), the second event has been caused by the first.The author asserts thatresults from Unfortunately, the only evidence offered to support this claim is that .before. The argument obviously suffers from a classic logical fallacy of“after this, therefore because of this” Moreover, many other relevant factors that might have contributed to.are ignored. For instance, it is entirely possible that.Consequently, this reasoning is dubious unless other possible causal explanations have been considered and rejected with more information.To establish his relationship, other factors that could bring about result must be considered and eliminated.This assumption is qustionable because it overlooks a number of other factors that might have contributed to. For example, might have.; it might have; or it might have. These are just a few of the factors that could help explain Because the author fails to eliminate these possiblities, the assumption in question need not be accepted.The argument assumes that results from.However, there are several reasons why this might not be true. For example, could have been made.Orcould be attributed toThis argument is a classic instance of “after this, therefore because of this”reasoning. The mere fact thatprecededisinsufficient to conclude that it was the cause of these event. Many other factors could bring about these same results. For example., .may have In addition,.may have.For reasons other than.The evidence revealed in the research establishes only a positive correlation between.and ; it does not establish a causal connection between them. Other factors, such as., could be responsible forThe only evidence offered to support this claim is that occurred before This evidence is insufficient to establish the claim in question. A chronological relationship is only one of the indicators of a causal relationship between two events.The author assumes that the only relevant difference between .and is. However, other relevant differences between and . might account for.While temporal precedence is one of the conditions required to establish a causal relationship between two events, by itself it is not a sufficient condition. Consequently, it is possible that the .was unrelated to .9利润分析/贸易顺逆差时常有的问题The argument is based on an oversimplified analysis of . problem. The authors argument relies on the assumption thatwill remain constant.will not yieldunless .is sufficient to overcomeThe author has focused only on negative effects A more detailed analysis of the situation might reveal that the positive benefits far outweigh the problems on which the author focuses. Lacking a more comprehensive analysis of, it is presumptuous on the part of author to conclude thatAll things are equal时间改变导致某些影响因素改变,从而影响结论The argument ignores the possibility that the trend may change within in the next decademight turn to.This will lead toThe argument assumes that relative conditions will remain unchanged over the next twenty years. However, the author overlooks thatmay fluctuate/trend may change greatly over a long time period. This may affect, which in turn may lead to Based on a false analogy从一个领域到另一个,从一个产品到一个It is highly doubtful that the fact drawn from.are applicable toDifferences between the two industries clearly outweigh the similarities, thus making the analogy highly less than valid. For example, problems of .all affectbut are virtually absent in.The third assumption is that(结论).will be analogous toBut this might not be the case. The argument rests on the assumption that a promotional strategy that works for one company will work for another. However,.and may not be sufficiently similar to warrant this assumption.The author fails to take into account possible differences between and . That are relevant to .The major problem with the argument is that the stated similarities betweenand are in sufficient to support the conclusion that Company A will suffer a fate similar to Company Bs.The author assumes that and are sufficiently similar to warrant a conclusion based on an analogy between them.Differences between and. could nullify this result. Lacing detailed information about., it is difficult to access the authors conclusion. 是否适用于所有(常用于argument中出现all类似的字眼时)It is questionable whether.could support all types of.For example, the needs of would not be met by.For this reason, it is unlikely that.The argument makes a hasty generalization about the types of.It accords with common sense that .However, it is unfair to assume thatsimilarly in otherThe author makes a hasty generalization/analogy based on the assumption that what is true of .will likewise be true of But there are all kinds of vital differences between .and For example, ., which affecting to a large extent. Consequently, lacking detailed information, we cannot safely assume that because, any or otherwill similarlyHowever, it might turn out that some. Consequently, some might find it more difficult, if not impossible, toIt might not be necessary for all. to follow this practice.数据应用不当绝对相对The argument ignores the absolute amount of. Although a smaller percentage of, they might actually.more.in terms of absolute amount.基数和增长数The author never addresses the.difference betweenand Suppose there are more than now, the total base of. will be bigger than that of. if both of them grow at the same rate.may have been available for several more years than; and in the years when bothwere available, .might have actually beenmore than(基数大不代表更好,而可能是因为时间更长)其他The author assumes that the (poll) indicates thatBut the poll does not even address the issue of; it informs us mainly that.A more reliable indicator ofwould be (a comparison of with)推理公正性(有目的的misleading)The argument at hand might have been intentionally oversimplified for the specific purpose of .,and thereby turning them for/againsArguments that bypass relevant, complex reasoning in favor of stirring up emotions do nothing to establish their conclusions; they are also unfair to.involved.提出的方案的不具有可行性Even if., we still do not know whether or not .can afford to apply.If does not have sufficient fund,.Argument结尾模板 模板一 In conclusion, this argument is unconvincing.