高考定语从句.doc

定语从句 基本知识. 概念：(1) 定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。(2) 先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。(3) 引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词的作用：1) 引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；2) 必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语）常用的关系代词: that、 which、 who、whom、whose、as 、常用的关系副词（在从句中只作状语）: when、why、 whereThe student who answered the question was John.I know the reason why he was so angry.The boy (whom) you are talking to is my brother.Id like a room whose window looks out over the sea.定语从句三步：第一找出先行词；第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的关系词。. 几个关系词的基本用法：1 关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语， whose作定语。代人的有：who,whom,whose,that；代物的有：that,which,whose. The man who helped you is Mr White.(who代人，在定语从句中作主语) That is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see.(whom,who,that指代人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略) I?m not the fool(that) you thought me to be.(that代人，在定从中作表语) A dictionary is a useful book which(that) tells us the meaning of words(which或that代物，在定从中作主语)2 关系副词有：when(指时间)，where(指地点),why(指原因)，在定语从句中作状语。例如：Would you suggest a time(when) we can have a talk?(when可省略)The house where they live is not very large./This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting.注意：不是表时间的先行词都用when引导定从，不是表地点的先行词都用where引导定从。例如：We?ll visit the factory which(that) makes radios. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m (which或that在定从中作主语，where不可用主语，故不可用)They still remember the happy days(which/that) they spent in Beidaihe.(which或that在定从中作spent的宾语，when不可作宾语，故不可用)注意：先行词是表示地点的名词时（country,school,room），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当地点状语，一般用where引导定语从句。也可以用介词which的结构。值得注意的是which前介词的选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。The room where(=in which)he used to live has now been turned into a museum. The desk where(=on which)I put my bag is his. This is the school where(=in which)I joined the Party.先行词是表示时间的名词（year,month,day,night），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当时间状语，一般用when引导定语从句。也可以用介词which的结构。值得注意的是which前介词的选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。应特别注意：介词的位置变化以及相应的关系词的变化。请看下面两个句子。那就是他工作的大学。 at which he works.That is the college where he works that he works at. he works at.它出生的那一天是1952年8月20日。 on which he was born which he was born onThe day when he was born wasAug.20,1952. that he was born on he was born on二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句和主句之间不用逗号分开，修饰主句中的某一个名词或名词词组或代词；非限制性定语从句常用逗号和主句隔开，可以修饰主句中的某一个词，也可修饰整个句子。非限制性定语从句不能用that引导，引导非限制性定语从句的关系词不能省略。非限制性定语从句例：Li Pings father, who works in a factory, is an engineer./He tore up my photo, which made me very angry.(which指代主句内容，因前后两句是因果关系，此时which不可换为as。)He is good at physics, as is known to us all.As is known to us all, he is good at physics.(as指代主句内容，在as is known/believed, as we all know/believe这类结构中as不可换为which)三、 只用that引导和不用that引导的场合1 只用that引导和不用that引导的场合1） 当先行词既包括人又包括物时：He talked about the men and the books that attracted him.2） 指物的先行词被any, every, only, very, all, no等修饰时：These are the very points that interest me./Thats the only watch that I like most.3） 指物的先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时：The first step that we are to take is very difficult./This is the second card that he gave me.4） 先行词是指物的不定代词all,little,few,much,及everything,anything,nothing等时：There is still much that can be done about it./Have you got everything that you need?5） 先行词是who时：Who that have seen him does not like him?2 不用that的场合如下：1）非限制性定语从句中 Last night ,I saw a very good film,which was about the Long March . 2）介词放在关系代词之前时 This is the man from whom I learnt the news3）句中出现了that，或先行词是that时 I have found that which I was looking for.四、“介词关系代词”用法1 介词的确定应依据定语从句中短语的习惯性搭配，例如：Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands?(shake hands with是习惯性搭配)2 介词常受先行词的制约（即介词和先行词的搭配），例如：He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.(through which 即through the telescope)3 当关系代词作“动词介词”固定短语的宾语时，此时因定短语中的介词不能拆开移到关系代词前。例如：This is the watch which you?re looking for./He is a kind of man whom you can safely depend on.五、几个名词后的引导词1. situation后常用where,in which引导定语从句Can you imagine a situation where/in which you can use the word?2.way后面的定语从句，引导定语从句有三种情况：a.在比较正式的文体中用in whichI was struck by the beauty of the way in which she stood. It was clear that the speaker now trusted Tom from the way in which these words were said.b.一般情况下用that Lincoln asked the people to think of slavery in the way that these men did. Mary,there is one way that you could stop others talking about you and criticizing you.c.in which和that省去。 Thats the way I looked at it.The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed.六、关于as引导的定语从句的问题as引导定语从句主要用于非限制性定语从句和the sameas，suchas，asas的结构中。1.as与which都可以引导一个非限制性定语从句，并代表前面整个句子或主句中的表语。He married the girl，as(which)was natural.He seemed a freigner,as(which)in fact he was.不同的是：as引导的定语从句可以前置，而which不行。 As was natural, he married the girl.在the sameas,suchas,asas结构中，same,such,as之后应是名词或形容词名词。We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.Some people have no doubt that their cat understands as many words as a dog does.We hope to get such a tool as he is using.这三种结构也可以用which改写。但要去掉这种结构，不能直接用which代替as。以上三句分别可以改写成：We are facing the problems which we faced years ago.Some people have no doubt that their cat understands the words which a dog understands.We hope to get the tool which he is using.the sameas与the samethat引导的定语从句在意义上的区别是：前者修饰的是与原物同样的；而后者修饰的就是先行词同样的东西。比较：This is the same watch as I lost.这和我丢失的那一只表一样。（不是同一只）This is the same watch that I lost.这就是我丢失的那一只表。（同一只）定语从句与其他从句或句型的区分一、定语从句与并列句 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。 Mr Li has three daughters，none of _ is an engineer Mr Li has three daughters，but none of _ is a dancer Mr Li has three daughters；_ are doctorsw.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 解析：定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。从结构上看，小题是定语从句，故填whom；小题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词 them；小题是两个并列分句，无需连接词，缺少主语，故填none或they。 二、定语从句与状语从句 1定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词。 This is the place where we used to live a few years ago. 这是几年前我们居住的地方。（定语从句，先行词为the place） Lets go where we can find a better job. 我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句） 2定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词，只能放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。 Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句） It was already five oclock when the class was over. =When the class was over, it was already five oclock. 当下课时己经是5点了。（时间状语从句） 3When, where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词which”的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时却不行。 This is the factory in which (where) his father once worked. 这就是他的父亲曾经在那里工作过的那个工厂。（定语从句） Put back the book where it was. 把书放回原处。（状语从句） 4定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。如： It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。（as用作动词like的宾语，它引导的是定语从句） It is such an interesting book that we all like it. 它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都喜欢它。（that不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从句）三、定语从句与同位语从句定语从句和同位语从句在形式结构上基本相同，都跟在名词或代词之后，且又常由that引导。但它们的句法功能却不相同。我们可以从以下几个方面把它们区别开来：1.先行词的范围不同定语从句的先行词范围很广，可以指人、物等，没有限制；同位语从句的被修饰词通常是少数一些表示抽象意义的名词，不指人。同位语从句修饰的词常见的有：belief, doubt, fact, hope, idea, news, thought, order, suggestion, wish, answer, information, conclusion, decision, knowledge, opinion, problem, promise, question, plan, report, truth, view等。例如：This is the place that / which we visited yesterday . 这就是昨天我们参观过的地方。（定语从句）We dont know the reason why they didnt attend the meeting. 我们不知道他们（为什么）没有参加会议的原因。（定语从句）The text tells us a fact that smoking does great harm to peoples health . 这篇课文又告诉我们一个事实，吸烟对健康危害很大。(同位语从句)I had no idea when the sports meet will take place. 我不知道运动会何时举行。(同位语从句)2.从句和先行词的关系不同定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用，与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关系。例如：The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy. 她考试及格的消息使她父母很高兴。（同位语从句）此句中的同位语从句 The news that she had passed the exam 可以改写成表语从句：The news is that he passed the exam. The news that he told us interested all of us. 他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。（定语从句）The news that he told us 是定语从句，此句就不能改写为：The news is that he toldus.3.引导词及其作用不同引导定语从句的词是关系词，常见的关系词有that , which , who , whose , whom , when , where , why , as 等。关系词除了连接主从句的作用外，还在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分，如主语、宾语、状语、定语、表语等。引导同位语从句的that只起连接主从句的作用，不在从句中担任任何成分。what, whether 和 how 可以引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。例如：Ill never forget the day when I saw the Great Wall我永远不会忘记我见到长城的那一天。（定语从句，关系副词when作从句状语）The fact that（which） we talked about is very important我们所谈论的那个事实很重要。（定语从句，that在从句中作about的宾语）The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody他实验成功这个事实使我们大家很高兴。（同位语从句，that只起连接作用）I have no idea what he has done. 我不知道他做了什么。（同位语从句）I have a doubt whether he will be warmly welcomed . 我怀疑他是否能受到热烈欢迎。(同位语从句)You have no idea how worried he was . 你不知道他是多么担心！(同位语从句)四、定语从句与强调句 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。 It is on the morning of May 1st _ I met Liang Wei at the airport It is the factory _ Mr Wang works 解析：定语从句与强调句的主要区别在于：强调句的结构为“It iswas被强调部分that从句”。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调部分是人时，还可用who代替that。这一句型中，一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用when或where代替 that。从结构上看，小题是强调句，故填 that。此种情况检测的标准是：先把强调句中的It iswas去掉，再把被强调部分还原，在不增加或减少任何单词的情况下，如句子仍然成立则为强调句，否则为定语从句。将第小题改为：I met Liang Wei on the morning of May 1st at the airport显然，这句话是正确的，故为强调句。小题则是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前差个介词in，故填 where。 五、定语从句与习惯句型 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。 It is the first time _ she has been in Shanghai It was the time _ Chinese people had a hard life 解析：这里小题是一个习惯句型，其结构为：It iswas the firstsecond time that从句。故填that，其意为：这是她第一次在上海。小题the time是先行词，其后是表示时间的定语从句，故填 when。五、定语从句与单句 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。 The mother told the lazy boy to work，_ didnt help The mother told the lazy boy to work_ didnt help 解析：含有定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区别在于：前者有主句，有从句，必须有关系词；而后者则是两个单独的句子，不需要任何关联词。小题两个句子用逗号连接且没有并列连词，显然应是主从句关系，因此需用关系词 which，前面整个句子作先行词；小题则填It，代替前面的整个句子。解题时，注意标点符号的运用。定语从句与易混句型练与析定语从句是历年高考试题中的考查热点之一，虽然其难度并不大，但许多考生对这一语法内容掌握得并不好，失分较多。做这一类题的关键是要能正确地分析出其结构来，即首先认出它是否为定语从句，然后再确定使用哪个连接词。定语从句易与其他句型混淆，需要仔细区分。现在我们来看看下列句型结构，请大家选择恰当的词填空（有的小题正确答案不只一个）。 2012-2006高考英语单选题分类汇编 定语从句【2012全国卷II】1 That evening, _ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. when【2012安徽】2. lot of language learning, has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.A. as B. it C. which D. this【2012重庆】3. Sales director is a position _communication ability is just as important as sales skills.A. which B. that C. when D. where【2012北京】4. When deeply absorbed in work, _ he often was，he would forget all about eating or sleeping.A. that B. which C. where D. when 【2012福建】5.he air quality in the city, _ is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.A. that B. it C. as D. what【2012陕西】6It is the third time that she has won the race, _ has surprised us all.A. that B. where C. which D. what【2012山东】7Maria has written two novels, both of _ have been made into television series.A. them B. that C. which D. what【2012湖南】8 Care of the soul is a gradual process _ even the small details of life should be considered.A. what B. in what C. which D. in which【2012天津】9 I wish to thank Professor Smith, without _ help I would never have got this far.A. who B. whose C. whom D. which【2012江西】10By 16:30, _ was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.A. which B. when C. what D. that【2012四川】11 In our class there are 46 students, _ half wear glasses.A. in whom B. in them C. of whom D. of them【2012浙江】12We live in an age _ more information is available with greater ease than ever before.A. why B. when C. to whom D. on which 【2012浙江】13 Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, _, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society.A. which B. who C. where D. whom【2012江苏】14After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, _ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.A. which B. who C. where D. what 答案：BADBC CBDBA CBBA2006-2011高考英语单选汇编-定语从句1.【2011全国卷I) 31】The prize will go to the writer _ story shows the most imagination. A. that B. which C. whose D. what2.【2011全国卷II）7】Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, _ is a stupid thing to do in such weather. A. this B. that C. what D. which3.【2011北京卷）26】Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, _, of course, make all the others upset. A. whoB. whichC. whatD. that4.【2011上海卷) 39】Youll find taxis waiting at the bus station _ you can hire to reach your host family.A. whichB. whereC. whenD. as5.【2011山东卷）32】The old town has narrow streets and small houses _are built close to each other.A. they B. where C. what D. that6.【2011江西卷）34】She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _had taken more than three years. A. for whichB. with whichC. of whichD. to which7.【2011江苏卷）24】Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _ the audience can buy ice-cream. A. when B. where C. that D. which8.【2011安徽卷）28】Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator, _ it will keep for two or three weeks. A. when B. which C. where D. while9.【2011浙江卷）8】English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of _ uses it somewhat differently. A. which B. what C. them D. those10.【2011浙江卷）10】A bank is the place _ they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain. A. when B. that C. where D. there11.【2011福建卷）24】She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students _ allows them to communicate freely with each other. A. which B. where C. what D. who12.【2011福建卷）33】It was April 29,2001 Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palacehall of the wedding ceremony. AthatBwhen CsinceDberore13.【2011四川卷）17】The school shop, _ customers are mainly students, is closed few the holidays. A. which B. whose C. when D. where14.【2011天津卷）10】The days are gone _ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.A. when B. that C. where D. which15.【2011陕西卷）11】I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, _ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake. A. which B. where C. who D. that16.【2011湖南卷)25】Julie was good at German, French and Russian , all of _ she spoke fluently. A. who B. whom C. which D. that17.10福建Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet life has developed gradually. A. thatB. whereC. whichD. whose 18.10湖南Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school I met in the English speech contest last year. A. who B. where C. when D. which19.10江西The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister _ she would stay for an hour. A where B who C which D what20.10山东Thats the new machine _ parts are too small to be seen. A. that B. which C. whose D. What21.10山东Wind power is an ancient source of energy we may return in the near future. A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which22.10天津Can you believe I had to pay 30 for a haircut?-You should try the barbers I go. Its only 15. A. as B. which C. where D. that23.10四川After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling, turned out to be a wise decision. A. that B. which C. when D. where24.10全国As a child , Jack studied in a village school ,_ is named after his grandfather. A. which B. where C. what D. that25.10江苏The newly built caf, the walls of_ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, specially after hard work. A. that B. it C. what D. which26.?10陕西The old temple _ roof was damaged in storm is now under repair. A. where B. which C. its D. whose27.10全国I refuse to accept the blame for something _was someone elses fault. A. who B. that C. as D. what28.10湖北My mother was so proud of all _（我所做的）that she rewarded me with a trip to Beijing. (do)29.10湖北_(正如我们强调的那样)many times, “serve the people” is our first policy. (stress)30.10北京Children who are not active or diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. A. what B. whose C. which D. that www. ks5u. com/gaokao/beijing31.10重庆In china, the number of cities is increasing _development is recognized across the world. A. whereB. whichC. whoseD. that32.10浙江The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of left their village homes for a better life in the city. A. whomB. which C. themD. those33.09山东Whenever I met her, _ was fairly often