非谓语动词笔记.doc

3. 作宾语 P1601)常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：afford, enable，agree, apply, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, begin, care, choose, claim, consent, demand, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, hope, hesitate, hate, intend, learn, like, manage, mean, neglect, offer, plan, prepare， pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, seek, tend, threaten ,want ，long，expect，omit，appear，cease，need，dread，swear， volunteer， wish，bother， forget， prefer， happen， ，regret， profess表明 ， start， undertake， consent同意，赞同，vow发誓，立誓 ，contrive设法，图谋 incline有倾向， propose提议，seek找，寻觅 try， bear承受 ，endeavor努力，等。如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如： Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如： I have no choice but to stay here. He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如： He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 2)动词+疑问词不定式：不定式前可带what，who，which，where，when，how等疑问词P1604.作宾语补足语 1)在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite. P162He told me not to bring you anything他叫我不要给你带任何东西。Who taught you to play the music？谁教你弹这支曲子的？ 2) make（强迫）,let,have（使唤）,hear,watch（观看）,notice,feel,see, help等后面的动词不定式作宾补时不带to如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语： enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep from, stop（from）,protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, acknowledge承认，自认, cease 停止， mention说到，讲到，tolerate忍受 ，dislike不喜欢，讨厌， A. forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做） forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）B. stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事C remember to do 记住去做某事（未做） remember doing记得做过某事（已做）D. regret to do对要做的事遗憾 regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔E. try to do努力、企图做某事 try doing试验、试一试某种办法J. begin /start to do和begin /start doing可以互换，但在以下三种情况下，用to do：1. 主语不是指人，而是it等。如：It began to rain. 2. begin后接表示心理活动的词。如：begin to know , believe， wonder， think等。3. begin本身是ing形式，为避免重复后接to do即，beginning to do doing 一般有正在做的意思to do一般有正准备做的意思 所以doing 就是开始做了to do开始要做,还没做K. advise, allow, encourage, forbid, permit等动词后面带动名词作宾语，带不定式作宾补。P177L .consider, understand等动词带动名词作宾语，也带“wh-疑问词+不定式”作宾语。P177(2).在need, require, demand, want, worth （形容词）, deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. The house wants repairing. This book is worth reading. 独立主格结构（the absolute structure）独立主格结构（the absolute structure）是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。独立主格结构的构成：名词（代词）+现在分词、过去分词；名词（代词）+不定式；名词（代词）+形容词；名词（代词）+副词；名词（代词） +介词短语构成。独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 注：独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词1. 分词的独立结构(名词（代词）+现在分词、过去分词)分词的独立结构由逻辑主语（名词、代词）+ 分词构成，可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。结构1. 逻辑主语 + 现在分词2. 逻辑主语 + 过去分词3. 逻辑主语 + 分词的完成时或分词的被动态的完成时4. there + being + 其他成分5. 可以省略 being 或 having been 的结构例句All being well, the project will be finished in five months.一切顺利的话，这项工程将在5个月内完成。(条件= If all is well)Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.天气允许，我们明天去看你。This done, they went home.做完这个后，他们就回家了。(时间 = When this was done)The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。He stood there, his hand raised.（伴随）他站在那儿，手举着。He stood there, talking. （伴随）他站在那儿，说话。There being nothing to do, we played games.由于没有什么可做，我们玩起了游戏。(原因 = Because there was nothing to do)His mother being ill, he had to stay home to look after her.（原因）他母亲病了，他得在家里照顾着。The speech having been delivered, a lively discussion started.（ 时间）演说讲完后，一场生动的讨论开始了。2. 名词（代词）+不定式Some of the money to be paid by the thief, the police went.小偷付了钱，警察走了。We to care for the children, you are able to be carefree away from home. 我们来照顾孩子，你就可以无忧无虑的出去。More time to be given, we will make full use of it.如果能有更多的时间，我们一定好好利用。3. 名词（代词）+形容词He came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了Hands red with the cold, they were sweeping the snow outdoors.他们在外面扫雪，手冻红了。His mother being ill, he had to stay home to look after her. 他母亲病了，他得在家里照顾着。The weather (being) hot, we all went swimming.天气很热，我们都去游泳。4.名词（代词）+副词The meeting (being) over, we left the room.会议结束了，我们离开了房间。 The discussion over, he left the classroom soon.5. 名词（代词） +介词短语He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆He climbed in, sword in hand.他爬进来，手握着剑。Our English teacher came into the classroom, paper in hand.我们的英语老师走进教师，手里拿着试卷。A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. 盗贼破门而入，手握着刀。注：当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。5. With的复合结构作独立主格with独立主格结构是英语中一种重要的句法现象，在句子结构方面具有相对独立的特点。with引导的独立主格结构非常活跃，虽然它在句子中只作状语，但是可以表示伴随、条件、方式、原因、结果等各种复杂的情况。表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。独立主格结构的模式是:主格名词/代词+分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 with复合结构的模式是：with+名词/代词+分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语1 with 名词（代词）介词短语He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand（伴随）他手托下巴，坐在那儿沉思。The old man stood there, with his back against the wall（伴随）那位老人背倚着墙站在那里。Mary was sitting near the fire, with her back towards the door（伴随）玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。Last night I followed him, with a sword in my hand. = Last night I followed him, sword in hand. （伴随）2 with 名词（代词）形容词He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open（伴随）他张大嘴巴凝视着他的朋友。The man raised his head with eyes full of wonder and mystery（伴随）这人抬起头来，眼里充满了好奇。He stood there trembling, with his face red with cold他站在那儿瑟瑟发抖，脸都冻红了。（伴随）With the weather terribly cold, we entered the room to warm ourselves. = The weather terribly cold, we entered the room to warm ourselves. （原因）由于天气非常冷，我们走进房间取暖。3 with 名词（代词）副词With production up by 60, the company has had another excellent year（原因）产量上升了60, 公司又是一个好年景。The stupid Emperor walked in the procession with nothing on（伴随）这位愚蠢的皇帝一丝不挂地行进在游行队伍中。The naughty boy stood before his teacher with his head down（伴随）这个淘气的男孩低着头站在老师面前。He put on his socks with the wrong side out（伴随）他把袜子穿反了。4 with 名词（代词）名词She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companion（伴随）她从前总爱在晚上坐着看书，她的宠物狗便是她唯一的伙伴。He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl（伴随）他去世的时候，女儿还是个中学生。5 with 名词（代词）现在分词She stood there chatting with her friend, with her child playing beside her（伴随）她站在那儿跟朋友闲聊，孩子在旁边玩。The mother was cleaning the house with her baby playing on the bed. =The mother was cleaning the house, her baby playing on the bed. （伴随）那个母亲在打扫房子，孩子在床上玩。With you helping me whenever Im in trouble, I feel very obliged to you（原因）无论我什么时候遇到困难你总是帮助我，真是太感激你了。With winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south. =Winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south. 冬天来的时候，树叶变黄了一些鸟飞向南方。