高中定语从句详解及练习.doc

高中定语从句详细讲解（一）定义及相关术语1定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。 关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有when, where, why等。 关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如： The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 该句中，who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man， “who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。（二）关系代词引导的定语从句1who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。2whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。 Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。 注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。 The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend. 3Which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 他喜欢外国作家写的书。The house which is by the lake looks nice. 湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。4That 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季节是夏季。Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。5Whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow? （四）关系副词引导的定语从句1 when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。 I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。 The time when we got together finally arrived. 我们团聚的时刻终于到了。 October 1, 1949 was the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded. 1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。 Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents. 你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？2 where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . 我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗？3 why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。 注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如： From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。 Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live. 他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。 The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. 他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 形式上：不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。译法上：译成先行词的定语：“的”关系词的使用上：A作宾语时可省略 B可用that C可用who 代替whom非限制性定语从句形式上：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上：通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上：A不可省略 B不用that C不可用who 代替whom限制性定语从句举例：The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。非限制性定语从句举例 ：His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中国是1949年成立的， 现在正变得越来越强大。Last summer I visited the Peoples Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。五掌握以上关系代词、关系副词的含义及使用时，要特别注意以下几点：。 指人时宜用who 的情况： 、 当先行词是 one, ones, anyone 或 those , these 时，关系代词用 who。The comrade I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works hard. Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. Anyone who goes there will be punished.These who are going to Beijing are the best students of our school. 、 在there be 开头的句子中。 Theres a beautiful girl who came to see you this morning. There is a student who wants to see you. 、 先行词后有一个较长的定语。 I met a foreigner in the city last week who could speak Chinese well.一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who，以免重复。The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hards. 、在非限定性定语从句中。 She has a brother, who worked at that factory ten years ago. 。 指物时宜用 that 的情况： 、 当先行词为 all, none, much, little, few, something, anything, everything, nothing 等不定代词时。All that can be done has been done. 、当先行词既指人又指物时。 He spoke of the men and the thing (that) he had seen abroad. 、当先行词是疑问词 who, what, which 时或者句子以疑问词 who , what , which 打头时。 Who that has such a home doesnt love it? 、先行词是序数词、形容词最高级 或者 当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。 This is one of the best films that I have ever seen.This is the best that can be done now. 、 当先行词被 the very, the only, the last, the same , just, one of , any, every , few , little , no , all , one of 等修饰时。 This is one of the very book that I am looking for. 、关系代词在从句中作表语。 Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be. 。 只能用 which 不能用 that 的情况。 、 引导非限定性定语从句修饰某物或整个句子。 Bruce went towards the fire, which was still smoking. Tom came back late, which made his parents very angry. 、关系代词作介词的宾语。This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.、 that，those作主语时 Those which are on the desk are English books. 。关系代词 as 和which都能引导非限定性定语从句代表整个句子的内容，as 引导的从句可位于句首或句末，which引导的定语从句则不能位于句首。 Which you know, he is a good man. () As you know, he is a good man. () 。关系副词when, where, why其含义相当于on which, in which , for which等，可以互换： The day when /on which I met him first was May 1st. I dont know the reason why /for which he didnt come. 。whose指物时，可以与of which等结构互换，但应注意与冠词的位置关系： This is the book the cover of which / whose cover is blue. 。有时可用that代替关系副词。在口语中常省略。 This is the reason (why / for which / that) he came late. 。先行词是专有名词、整个句子或世界上独一无二的物质名词时，一般用非限定性定语从句修饰。The sun, which gives us light and heat, is very big. 。 先行词前有such、the same、 as时, 关系代词用as，不用that, 但the sameas表示同样的, the samethat表示同一的。He knows as many people as are present at the meeting. Such people as you refer to are rare nowadays. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1. 基本区别根据定语从句与先行词的关系，可将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。一般说来，限制性定语从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分，如果省略会影响全句的主要思想，这种定语从句前面一般不用逗号；而非限制性定语从句则只是主句的一种补充说明，即即使去掉，也不会影响全句的主要思想，这种定语从句前通常有逗号隔开。如：This is the book that you want. 这就是你要的那本书。句中的you want为限制性定语从句，如果去掉，意思就不清楚。He bought me a book, which was very useful. 他给我买了一本书，非常有用。句中的which was very useful为非限制性定语从句，如果去掉，句子意思仍是清楚的。2. 关系词的区别关系代词that和关系副词why通常只用于引导限制性定语从句，不用于引导非限制性定语从句。如：她收到了老板的邀请，这是她意想不到的。误：She received an invitation from her boss, that came as a surprise.正：She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise.他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。误：The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.另外，在限制性定语从句中，关系代词which用作宾语时，如果不是紧跟在介词之后，通常可以省略；但在非限制性定语从句中，不管在什么情况下均不可省略关系代词which。关系代词as的用法1. 用于引导限制性定语从句，主要与such, as, the same连用，其意为“像的”“凡是的”“一类的人(物)”。如：Hes not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像看上去的那样愚蠢。 He is not such a man as would leave his work half done. 他并不是一个做事半途而废的人。 You must show my wife the same respect as you show me. 你必须对我妻子表现出与对我同样的敬重。He smokes as expensive a cigarette as he can afford. 他抽一种他买得起的最贵的烟。2. 用于引导非限制性定语从句，根据情况可位于主句之前或之后，有时也可插在主句中间，其意为“这件事”“这一点”。如()：He is late, as is often the case. 他迟到了，这是经常的事。As is usual with children, they soon got tired. 孩子们一贯如此, 他们很快就厌倦了。 David, as you know, has not been well lately. 大卫最近身体不太好，这你是知道的。关系代词who, whom, whose 用法说明关系代词who, whom)的用法who和whom均只用于指人，不用于指事或物，其中who在定语从句中用作主语，whom在定语从句中用作宾语。如：I met a girl who knew your sister. 我碰到一个认识你姐姐的姑娘。In Berlin, he first met the woman whom he would one day marry. 在柏林，他第一次遇见那个女人，后来他终于跟她结了婚。She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadnt met before. 她把我介绍给她丈夫，我以前没见过他。但是，用作宾语的whom如果不是紧跟在介词之后，通常会被省略或用who, that代之。如：The person to whom I complained is the manager. 我向他投诉的那个人是经理。The person (who, whom, that) I complained to is the manager. 我向他投诉的那个人是经理。most of them与most of which的区别在哪请看下面的题，是填them还是which：He wrote a lot of novels, most of _ were popular.A. them B. whom D. that D. which【分析】此题最佳答案为D，但很容易误选A。假若单独看 He wrote a lot of novels 和 Most of them were popular 这两句话，它们并不错，但将它们放在一起用逗号连接就不甚妥当了。因为，英语句子按其结构来划分，可分为简单句、并列句、复合句和并列复合句四种，也就是说，一个规范的英语句子，从结构上说，它必须隶属以上四类句型之一。但上面一题若选A，则它既不是简单句(因为它有两个主谓结构)，也不是并列句(因为它没有并列连词)，也不是复合句(因为它没有主从句之分)，当然它更不是并列复合句，所以选A是错误的。可以选D，是因为空白处填了 which 之后，后一句即成了一个非限制性的定语从句，前一句即为主句，整个句子即为一个复合句。比较以下各句：(1) He wrote a lot of books, and most of them were popular.句中用了并列连词，整个句子为并列句。(2) He wrote a lot of books, most of which were popular.后一句用了 which，使之成为定语从句，整个句子为复合句。(3) He wrote a lot of books, most of them being popular. 独立主格后一句用了非谓语动词 being，故逗号处不用并列连词，整个句子为简单句3、考题训练。考题2 The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that far away village. A. until B. that C. when D. where 解析 本题中下划线处所引导的限定性定语从句修饰表示时间的先行词hours， 其引导词在该定语从句中充当时间状语， 因此只能填入关系副词when。 考题3 It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, _ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup. （2000北京、 安徽春） A. that B. while C. which D. when 解析 本题中下划线处所引导的非限定性定语从句修饰表示时间的先行词moment， 其引导词在该定语从句中充当时间状语， 因此只能填入关系副词when。 考题4 After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child. （1996） A. which B. where C. that D. when 解析 本题中下划线处所引导的限定性定语从句修饰表示地点的先行词town， 其引导词在该定语从句中充当地点状语， 因此只能填入关系副词where。 考题5 We will be shown around the city: schools, museums, and some other places, _ other visitors seldom go. A. what B. which C. where D. when 解析 本题中下划线处所引导的非限定性定语从句修饰表示地点的先行词some other places， 其引导词在该定语从句中充当地点状语， 因此只能填入关系副词where。 考题6 I walked in our garden, _ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees. （2005辽宁） A. which B. when C. where D. that 解析 本题中下划线处所引导的定语从句修饰表示地点的先行词garden并在该定语从句中充当地点状语， 因此只能填入关系副词where。 考题7 Were just trying to reach a point _ both sides will sit down together and talk. （2006山东） A. where B. that C. when D. which 解析 point可以理解成地点、 位置， 其后面的定语从句中缺少地点状语， 因此下划线处只能填入引导词where 定语从句专项练习。2、The brave man, the tiger was shot, is a good hunter.Aof whomBby thatCby whomDby which3、The clever boy made a hole in the wall, he could see what it was going on inside the house.Aon whichBat whichCthrough whichDin which4、The beautiful dress Miss Jones went to the ball was borrowed from a friend of hers.Ain whichBworn byCthrough whichDon which5、During the days , he worked as a servant at the Browns.Athat followedBto followCfollowingDfollowed6、You may take anything useful .Awhich you wantByou want them Cwhat you wantDyou want7、My hometown is no longer the same it used to be.Alike BthatCasDwhich8、The old woman has two sons, one is a teacher.Aof whoBof whomCof whichDof them9、You can take any seat is free.Ain which BthatCwhereDwhich10、Is there anything to you?Athat belongBwhich belongs Cthat belongsDthat is belonged11、We hope to get such a tool he is using.AwhereBthatCasDwhich12、Finally came the day he had to begin his study for the next term.AtillBthatCsinceDwhich13、She hasnt got enough money she buys the rings.Afor whichBwith whichCthatDwhich14、Ive read all the books were borrowed from the library.AtheyBwhichC/Dthat15、This is the best hotel in the city I know.AitBwhereCthatDwhich16、Is oxygen the only gas helps fire burn?AitBwhichC/Dthat17、The Second World War millions of people were killed ended in 1945.Aon whichBwhereCin thatDduring which18、The train she was traveling was lateAon thatBfor whichCon whichDwhich19、Winter is the time of year the days are short and nights are long.Aon whichBthatCwhenDwhere20、Ill show you a store you may buy all you need.Athat, thatBwhich, thatCwhere, whichDin which, /21、I still remember the day she first wore that pink dress.Aon whichBon thatCin which Dwhich22、Do you know the reason she got so angry yesterday ?AwhyBwhichCfor thatDfor why23、Is some German friends visited last week ?Athis school where Bthis school one Cthis the school Dthis school24、Is there any one in your class family is in the city.