IELTS写作讲义.doc

Lecture One-TwoIELTS Writing Task 2:评分标准：1. Task response 2. Coherence and Cohesion 3. Lexical Resources 4. Grammatical Range and AccuracyEssay Structure1. IntroductionA statement of the problem, etc. Comments on the way it is to be treated. 2. Development of body paragraphsPresentation, analysis and discussion (involving comments on advantages and disadvantages)A. main idea (+examples, evidence details)B. main idea (+examples, evidence details)C. etc.3. ConclusionPerhaps a summary of the main points discussed above, own views and decisions. ( Note: no new ideas, no repetition of ideas or examples mentioned above or statement in the introductory paragraph.)Essay typesA. It isnt allowed to raise pets in many cities, especially in the modern city. Do you agree or disagree?B. While it is true that professional careers can successfully cater for the needs of children, it is also a fact that mothers in paid employment or running their own business spend less and less time with their children and this seriously affects their development and behaviour. To what extent do you agree with this?C. With the development of the economy and technology, there have been changes in our diet. We now eat fast food instead of sitting together around the table sharing traditional home-cooked meals. Please discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the phenomenon.DSome people think the main benefit of international cooperation is in protection of the environment, while others think that the main benefit is in the world business. Discuss both views and give your opinion.E. People today move to new cities or new countries more than ever before. What challenges do they experience? What strategies are there to meet these challenges？F. Technological development has significantly improved our standard of living and has made our lives easier but it is also true that it already poses a lot of risks for the future of our planet and the humankind. In what ways do you think new technologies will influence our future?A Sample Essay:Task 2: Because of the pressure of new subjects such as business studies, many schools have dropped sport or physical education (PE) from the curriculum. How important is sport or PE in a young persons education?It is true that there is increasing pressure on schools today to prepare their students for work in the twenty-first century. As a result, physical education is losing ground on the school curriculum to employment-related subjects like business. While many see this shift as inevitable, I would argue that physical education is a vital part of the school program and should be maintained. Sport and PE add variety to the curriculum, broaden the students experience and teach essential life skills.Within the school day, students need physical activity to balance the long hours spent sitting at desks. PE provides a break from the mental focus of academic subjects. A good PE program should include a variety of sports plus non-competitive activities like dance and aerobics so that students can experience exercise as both challenging and fun.There is a growing concern among parents and educators about obesity in children. Many young people have a sedentary lifestyle that revolves around TV, computers and being driven in cars. Physical education ensures that all students get some form of regular exercise during the school day. In addition they learn about the importance of looking after their bodies.In conclusion, physical education programs in schools are not only worth maintaining, they should he developed. The result will be students who are happier, healthier and more productive in class. They will grow into adults who value fitness and enjoy participating in sport. These are lessons for a lifetime, as important as any subject on the school curriculum.Introduction雅思写作Task 2 essay 的第一段（Introduction）主要由general statement + personal opinion 构成。根据不同的题目要求，第一段的写法可有以下几种常见的写作方式：1两分式例1 Whether or not TV is playing a vital role in childrens behavioral development is still a controversial issue today. Some educators believe that young children can widen their intellectual horizons by watching TV programmes. Others take the view that it has a negative effect on them because an increasing number of the programmes are replete with unwholesome content. While both arguments are right to some extent, I am more in favour of the former view. 例2. Currently a growing number of governments are investing some money in museums. Some people believe this will benefit the whole society while others maintain that the government should tighten its budget and spend the money on more important things. To my mind, the former view does make sense. 2. 转折式例1Children are often taught how to distinguish right from wrong by both parents and teachers. Some people believe that teachers should take the full responsibility of inculcating good behavior in children. Yet, in my view, the responsibility of childrens education lies primarily with their parents. 例 2. Some people argue that the state does not have the right to make parents immunise their children. However, I feel the question is not whether they should immunise but whether, as members of society, they have the right not to.3. 设问式例 1 In an era of accelerated economic growth, fast food is becoming more and more popular. Many people prefer to have fast food, such as hamburgers, hotdogs, rather than sit together sharing a home-cooked dinner. How do we see this phenomenon? This essay will discuss its advantages and disadvantages.例 2. It is an undeniable fact that many people have forgotten their history and cultural roots now. Some have even gone so far as to totally get rid of their cultural tradition and toe the line with other cultures. Can people bear in mind their history and cultural roots by wearing traditional costumes every day? My answer is definitely negative. 4. 让步转折式例 1. Nowadays, more and more businesses do not permit their employees to smoke in the offices. At the same time, some governments even ban smoking in all public places. Although some people may feel this will take away their freedom to some extent, it is apparently a good decision in the eyes of most people.例 2 .Most new students find unexpected loneliness on the first day in college. This normally leads to problems such as homesickness and depression. Although the college authorities have adopted various measures to deal with them, more effort should be put into this problem to help the students out as quickly as possible.5. 平铺直叙式例 1. Today we can hardly deny that raising pets is no longer allowed in many places, especially in modern cities. In my mind, this is a good decision, which is beneficial to city dwellers. 例 2. We work in unsettling times. When the labour market is strong, unemployment is low and organizations are competing for talent. In this kind of business environments, we can do our utmost to improve our skills, attitude and develop our competences in order to not only make ourselves more valuable to employers, but also become more marketable to other organizations.以上的几种写法仅是雅思写作中常用的方法，仅供参考。其实，Task 2的 Introduction 部分的写法没有固定的格式，因作者的写作习惯和构思的不同，其写作风格也会千差万别，因此，没有所谓标准答案。Common mistakes:1) approaching by indirection 2) trite ideas3) meaningless phraseIn my essay I would like to tell you about.4) unnecessary apologyI really do not know a lot about. but I think that.Exercises:1. School uniforms stop children from expressing their personality and individuality. Uniforms should be banned and children should be allowed to wear what they like at school.Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.2. University should accept equal numbers of male and female students in every subject.To what extent do you agree or disagree?3. Tourism is becoming a good source of revenue for many countries. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of exploiting this resource.4. Happiness is considered very important in life. Why is it difficult to define? What factors are important in achieving happiness?5. Technological development has significantly improved our standard of living and has made our lives easier but it is also true that it already poses a lot of risks for the future of our planet and the humankind. In what ways do you think new technologies will influence our future?Model Answers:1. It is an undeniable fact that many schools have formulated similar rules that students must wear their uniforms at school. Some people take the view that this will exert negative influence on students personality development, so uniforms ought to be banned and children should be given more options for what they wear at school. Yet, I believe that school uniforms are necessary for students.2. To date, we cant lose sight of the fact that a growing number of universities have started to restrict the numbers of male and female students in some subjects. Some educators argue that it is more convenient for lecturers to teach in class. However, I believe that the numbers of male and female students should be equal.3. Currently tourism, as a part of service industry, is playing a major role in the economic development of many countries such as Greece, yet the exploitation of this resource causes a lot of controversy in terms of its advantages and disadvantages. We can hardly deny that promoting tourism is beneficial to the increase of national income, but it may also lead to some related problems.4. There is no doubt that happiness is very important in our life. However, happiness is difficult to define because it is subjective and depends on particular circumstances. 5. Today we live in a world dominated by new technologies which will profoundly affect every corner of our personal and professional lives. Technological development has already altered the way we live and work, the way the government rules the country, basically everything that happens around the world.Lecture Three句子写作技巧解说Sentence fragmentsFragments are incomplete sentences. They are missing a verb or a subject or both. First, the lack of exercise. Furthermore, the huge development of the country, easy life and transportation. Although the number falling. Also the different kinds of entertainment such as videos and television. For example, fast food, sweet things and oily food. How can you fix them?Add a subject, or verb, or both. Try adding a phrase. First, the lack of exercise has led to a big increase in the number of overweight people. Furthermore, the huge development of the country, an easier life and luxury cars have meant that many people do not have to work hard. Although the number is falling, many students still do not finish high school. Different kinds media such as video and television can provide good family entertainment. For example, fast food, sweet things and oily food can all lead to obesity. Further examples:1. Among my favourite foods, English muffins, hot from the oven, dripping butter and honey. (x)Among my favourite foods are English muffins, hot from the oven, dripping butter and honey. ()2. He was a good teacher. Being sympathetic with students and fascinated by his subject.(x)He was a good teacher, sympathetic with students and fascinated by his subject. ()He was a good teacher. He was sympathetic with students and fascinated by his subject. ()He was a good teacher because he was sympathetic with students and fascinated by his subject. ()3. The people at the fair began to talk about the twins. Because they looked different. (x)The people at the fair began to talk about the twins; they looked different. ()4. The principal of my school was a nice person. Believing that every kid was potentially all right. (X)The principal of my school was a nice person, believing that every kid was potentially all right. ()The principal of my school was a nice person. He believed that every kid was potentially all right. ()Exercise: Change the sentence fragments to the whole sentences in more than one way.1. When the sun rose high in the sky. All of us gathered twigs and fallen branches to make a fire. Then making breakfast for the whole group. 2. No-fault insurance helps all motorists. The good and bad. Every state should pass no-fault auto insurance. 3. When the Ford Motor Company named a new car the Pinto, they did a lot of research into the power of names. Names on the final list were largely the names of the animals. Based on the discoveries of a market research firm. 4. The morning of our trip to school, the car all packed and ready, the rain falling in sheets outside. 5. Never too late to learn! That is what my high school teacher always told us. Which we heard so often that we didnt hear it anywhere.Paragraph:When I rented my first flat, I learned a lot. How to make spaghetti. By the potful. And to keep dirty shirts and socks form piling up on the floor of my closet. Ill never forget the first time I went to the Laundromat. Pouring bleach straight on the clothes. Holes in everything. Even my favourite jeans.Comma splicesComma splices and run-on sentences are the opposite of sentence fragments. EG: The Union stands back from the street about a hundred feet, wit was built when land was still cheap.More examples: In the past people did not have cars they used to walk. (Run-On) Heart disease is a big problem it kills thousands of people (Run-On) Our modern life is very easy, jobs are easier than they were 50 years ago. (Comma Splice) The streets are full of fast food restaurants, people eat there very often. (Comma Splice) How can you fix them?Make them into two sentences.Keep your sentences short.Watch out if you find yourself using commas. Ask Would a full stop be better? In the past, people did not have cars. They used to walk. Heart disease is a big problem. It kills thousands of people. Our modern life is very easy. Jobs are easier than they were 50 years ago. The streets are full of fast food restaurants. People eat there very often. (This last sentence might better be rewritten as The streets are lined with crowded restaurants or People enjoy eating in the busy restaurants)Examples: 1. She was intelligent, moreover, she had a PhD from Harvard. (X)She was intelligent; moreover, she had a PhD from Harvard. ()2. The canoe started tipping as I approached the falls, I was terrified that I would lose all my gear. (X)When the canoe started tipping as I approached the falls, I was terrified that I would lose all my gear. ()3. The port of New York has minimum safety requirements, some vessels have to dock in Hoboken. (X)The port of New York has minimum safety requirements, and some vessels have to dock in Hoboken. ()但下面的句子是正确的： Everybody praised her, many patients wanted her to treat them, and people believed she had life-nurturing hands and would make an excellent doctor someday. Exercise:Behind my uncles ban sat four old cars, they were in various stages of disintegration, most were rusting in the tall weeds. The grille on the 32 Chevy grinned like decayed teeth, I thought when I was little, the doors sagged open. Years of rain had soaked the velour upholstery, the windows were shattered in weblike patterns from kids throwing stores. I would get in on hot summer afternoons, put both hands on the steering wheel, pretend to drive.造句三原则： Clarity, unity, coherence 避免指代模糊When I went home at Christmas, the tree wasnt up yet and my dog was sick, my mother had to have an operation, and my father was worried about money. This bothered me. 这个this指代什么，并不清楚。Examples: 1. When Jessica declared herself to Bertha, she was aghast. (X)Jessica declared herself to Bertha, who was aghast. ()2. Riding in a new car, the beagle chased me half a mile. (X)When I rode in a new car, the beagle chased me half a mile. ()4. My father is doctor that is the profession I want to enter. (doctor 指人，不是profession)改正：Because my father is a doctor, I want to enter the profession of medicine. Or: Because my father is a doctor, I want to be a doctor.5. On achieving the age of twenty-seven, his parents threw him out of the house. (人们会以为家长27岁时把自己的小孩儿赶出家了)改正：When he achieved the age of twenty-seven, his parents threw him out of the house.6. Hopefully, this book will be done by late July. (书本身不能hope)改正： I hope this book will be done by late July. ()一致原则：如主谓一致，修饰语和被修饰的部分一致。Many cows are happy, but none is so happy as a cow in spring.Many pigs are intelligent, but none are so intelligent as Wilbur and Angeline.Eitheror, neithernor 谓语动词形式根据比邻原则句子表达连贯，结构一致1. He was tall, rich, funny, and a bank robber. (X)He was tall, rich, funny and fond of robbing banks. ()2. The dog had a long nose, a black tail, and barked loudly. (X)The dog had a long nose, a black tail, and a loud bark. ()3. The cities are deserted, the countryside parched, the government paralyzed and the economy not in a healthy condition. The cities are deserted, the countryside parched, the government paralyzed and the economy ruined. ()在一个句子里，应该避免主动语态和被动语态混用，还要保持时态一致。1. We could hear raucous sounds from the party as the house was approached. (X)We could hear raucous sounds from the party as we approached the house. ()2. We looked forward to the party and it was greatly enjoyed. (X)We looked forward to the party and enjoyed it very much. ()3. He went into the room, closed the door, and goes to bed. (X)He went into the room, closed the door, and went to bed ()4. Keep your eye