西方文化概论-Chapter 1 -7 (复习题).doc

1. The word culture is most commonly used in three basic senses: Excellence of taste in the fine arts and humanities, also known as high culture. An integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning. The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group. 2. Some historians believe the West originated in the northern and eastern Mediterranean with ancient Greece and ancient Rome. Over time, their associated empires grew first to the east and south, conquering and absorbing many older great civilizations; later, they grew to the north and west to include Western Europe. 3. Western culture is a term used to generally refer to most of the cultures of European origin and most of their descendants.4. Foundations of Western Culture are: ancient Greece (concretely Greek philosophy), the Roman Empire (specifically Roman law), Catholic and Protestant Christianity. 5. Western culture originates from 2 ancient cultures: Hellenistic culture （emphasizing rationality）and Hebraic culture （emphasizing virtue & discipline）6. 3 most noted achievements of ancient Greeks: Mythology; Architecture; philosophy.7. Greek Mythology, set of diverse traditional tales told by the ancient Greeks about the exploits of gods and heroes and their relations with ordinary mortals.8. The Greek gods resembled human beings in their form and in their emotions.9. The Olympians refers to the twelve major gods and goddesses dwelling on Mount Olympus.10. Zeus is the god of gods, the god of sky, the supreme god, the father of both gods and men. 11. Hermes (Mercury) is god of physicians and thieves; messenger of gods.12. Apollo is the sun god, the god of music, a god of prophecy.13. Dionysus is god of wine and ecstasy.14. Hephaestus is god of fire; celestial blacksmith. 15. Athena is the goddess of war, wisdom and handicraft.16. Hera is queen of heaven and of the Olympians, the goddess of marriage and family, the protectress of married women and their legal children.17. Poseidon is the god of sea, the protector of seamen, the god of earthquakes and tsunamis.18. Hades is god of the underworld.19. Two of the most important of the semi historical myths involve the search for the Golden Fleece and the quest that led to the Trojan War. 20. Aphrodite is the goddess of love and beauty, the protectress of sailors.21. Heracles is a divine hero, the son of Zeus and Alcmene, stepson of Amphitryon and great-grandson of Perseus, the greatest of the Greek heroes.22. The ancient Greek Olympic games was a religious rather than secular festival, celebrating the gods in general and Zeus in particular.23. The idiom “Pandoras box” means the fountainhead of all evils.24. The idiom “Cupids arrow” signifies the magic power of love.25. “Tantaluss torture” means permanent frustration by the sight of something desired but inaccessible. It also means eternal thirst and hunger.26. The idiom “Sisyphean task” suggests everlasting fruitless hard labor.27. “The golden fleece” means very valuable thing which is rare and very difficult to get.28. “Golden touch” therefore refers to the magic power to change cheap metals into gold, or worthless junks into treasures.29. “The golden apple” or “the apple of discord” refers to the things that give rise to conflicts and strife.30. “Achilless heel” refers to the only part of the body that remains vulnerable.31. “Trojan horse”, or “the wooden horse” means a trap intended to undermine an enemy, or subversion from inside.32. The term “Oedipus complex” was chosen by Sigmund Freud to designate a sons feeling of love toward his mother and jealous hatred toward his father.33. “Narcissistic (personality) disorder” or “narcissism”, means the indulgence in self-admiration.34. “The sword of Damocles” on one hand signifies the impending danger, and on the other hand, indicates the precariousness of power and rank.35. Constellations: Aries (the Ram)白羊座, Taurus (the Bull)金牛座, Gemini (the Twins)双子座, Cancer (the Crab) 巨蟹座, Leo(the Lion)狮子座, Virgo (the Virgin)处女座, Libra (the Scales)天秤座, Scorpio (the Scorpion)天蝎座, Sagittarius (the Archer)射手座, Capricorn (the Goat)摩羯座, Aquarius (the Water Carrier)水瓶座, Pisces (the Fishes)双鱼座.36. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are Classical Greek philosophers.37. Western culture originates from the Hebraic-Christian culture that is undoubtedly embodied in and founded upon the Holy Bible.38. Christianity was the inheritor and the reformer of Judaism, and so the Christian Bible includes the Old Testament and the New Testament.39. The Old Testament is the collection of books written prior to the life of Jesus but accepted by Christians as scripture.40. The Torah, or Instruction, is also known as the Five Books of Moses，includes Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.41. The Torah contains the ten commandments, of God, revealed at Mount Sinai.42. Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus as presented in the New Testament. 43. God is the eternal being who created the universe and all there is have the properties of holiness, justice, omnipotence, omniscience, omnibenevolence, omnipresence and immortality. 44. Christians call the message of Jesus Christ the Gospel (good news).45. The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God and the Messiah (Christ).46. Christians generally believe that Jesus is God incarnation and true God and true man (or both fully divine and fully human).47. Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit and born from the Virgin Mary.48. The Eucharist (called Holy Communion, or the Lords Supper) is the part of liturgical worship that consists of a consecrated meal, usually bread and wine.49. Christianity was legalized in the 4th century, when Constantine I issued an edict of toleration in 313. From at least the 4th century, Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization.50. Christianity may be broadly represented as being divided into five main groupings: Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Restorationism.51. Food is important to keep traditions alive as they are part of our history and our culture.52. The multitudes of food styles of the Western society mainly result from the history, heritage, and geographical differences.53. A full course dinner usually consists of multiple dishes. Usually it is made up of three or four courses, such as appetizer, main course and dessert.54. At the end of the meal, napkin should be left semi-folded at the left side of the plate.55. Celebrating birthdays became popular almost universally because birthdays give people a reason to gather in friendly groups, share food, and enjoy kinship.56. In many portions of the world an individuals birthday is celebrated by a party where a specially made cake, usually decorated with lettering and the persons age, is presented. The cake is traditionally studded with the same number of lit candles as the age of the individual.57. Religious symbolism suggests that lighting candles opens a channel for prayers to the unseen world above. This concept has been borrowed to convey the idea that blowing out birthday candles sends a birthday wish to heaven.58. Baptism is considered to be a form of rebirthby water and the Spiritthe nakedness of baptism (the second birth) paralleled the condition of ones original birth.59. The removal of clothing represented the image of putting off the old man with his deeds, so the stripping of the body before for baptism represented taking off the trappings of sinful self, so that the new man, which is given by Jesus, can be put on.60. Scouting, also known as the Scout Movement, is a worldwide youth movement with the stated aim of supporting young people in their physical, mental and spiritual development, that they may play constructive roles in society.61. If the couple of lovers are going into marriage, the man should make a proposal by giving an engagement ring to the woman.62. The marriage will be recognized by: a marriage license and wedding ceremony.63. The reason why bridesmaids and groomsmen are need is that the evil spirits would be confused by so many similarly dressed people.64. A funeral is a ceremony for celebrating, sanctifying or remembering the life of a person who has died.65. A funeral may take place at either a funeral home or church. 66. Funeral services commonly include prayers; readings from a sacred text; hymns (sung either by the attendees or a hired vocalist); and words of comfort by the clergy. Frequently, a relative or close friend will be asked to give a eulogy颂歌, which details happy memories and accomplishments; often commenting on the deceaseds flaws, especially at length, is considered impolite.67. Festivals are precious human heritage that links to religion, customs, history and peoples lifestyles. Festivals, of many types, serve to meet specific needs, as well as to provide entertainment.68. Though festivals many have religious origins, others involve seasonal change or have some cultural significance.69. New Years Day is universally celebrated on the first day of the calendar, January 1.70. Chinese New Year is celebrated in many countries around the world, it is the first day of the lunar calendar.71. Valentines Day is a holiday celebrated on February 14(in most countries). Love and affection are celebrated between lovers by sending greeting cards andgifts, dating.72. Modern Valentines Day symbols include the heart-shaped outline, doves, and the figure of the winged Cupid.73. Passover is a Jewish holiday and festival. It commemorates the story of the Exodus, in which the ancient Israelites were freed from slavery in Egypt.74. Easter is the central feast in the Christian liturgical year, celebrating the resurrection of Jesus. According to the Canonical gospels, Jesus rose from the dead on the third day after his crucifixion. His resurrection is celebrated on Easter Day or Easter Sunday (also Resurrection Day or Resurrection Sunday) .75. Easter egg is seen by followers of Christianity as a symbol of resurrection: while being dormant it contains a new life sealed within it.76. Mothers Day is a celebration honoring mothers and celebrating motherhood, maternal bonds and the influence of mothers in society. It originated from an ancient Greek ritual which was to respect the Mother of Gods, Hera.77. Halloween is a yearly holiday observed around the world on October 31, the night before All Saints Day, much like Day of the Dead celebrations.78. The American Thanksgiving Day is a traditional family feast with a traditional turkey dinner, usually in the mid-afternoon. Typical Thanksgiving food also includes sweet potatoes, pumpkins, cranberries, and fruit salads.79. Carnival typically involves a public celebration or parade combining some elements of a circus, mask and public street party. People often dress up or masquerade during the celebrations, which mark an overturning of daily life.80. The three very important European Film Festivals are Venice Film Festival, Cannes Film Festival, and Berlin International Film Festival.81. The Golden Lion is awarded to the best film at Venice Film Festival.82. The Golden Palm is the highest prize awarded at The Cannes International Film Festival.83. The Golden Bear is the highest prize awarded for the best film at the Berlin International Film Festival.1。“文化”一词是最常用的三种基本的感觉:卓越品味的艺术与人文,也称为高雅文化。一个集成模式的人类知识,信念,和行为,取决于象征性思维的能力和社会学习。一组共享的态度 、价值观、目标和实践是一个机构,组织或团体。2。一些历史学家认为,西方起源于地中海北部和东部与古希腊和古罗马。随着时间的推移,它们相关的帝国增长东部和南部,征服和吸收许多年长的伟大文明;之后,他们逐渐包括西欧的北部和西部。3所示。西方文化是一个术语通常用来指大多数欧洲起源的文化和他们的后代。4所示。西方文化的基础是:古希腊(具体希腊哲学),罗马帝国(特别是罗马法),天主教和基督教新教。5。西方文化源于古代文化:希腊文化(强调理性)和希伯来语的文化(强调美德和纪律)6。3最指出古希腊人的成就:神话;架构;哲学。7所示。希腊神话中,设置不同的传统故事告诉古希腊人对神和英雄的事迹与普通人和他们的关系。8。希腊诸神与人类的形式和情感。9。运动员是指十二大神与女神居住在奥林匹斯山。10。宙斯是万神之神,天上的神,最高的神,神和人的父亲。11。爱马仕(汞)医生和小偷的神;神的使者。12。阿波罗是太阳神、音乐的神,神的预言。13。狄俄尼索斯是酒神,狂喜。14。火神赫菲斯托斯的神是火,天上的铁匠。15。雅典娜是智慧女神的战争,和工艺品。16。赫拉是天堂的女王和奥运选手,婚姻和家庭的女神,已婚妇女和她们的法律的保护的孩子。17所示。波塞冬的神海,海员的保护者,地震和海啸的神。18岁。地狱是阴间的神。19所示。最重要的两个半的历史神话涉及寻找金羊毛的追求导致了特洛伊战争。20。阿佛洛狄忒是爱与美的女神,水手们的保护。21。赫拉克勒斯是一个神圣的英雄,宙斯和阿尔克墨涅的儿子,继子的东道主和曾孙的珀尔修斯,希腊最伟大的英雄。22。古希腊奥运会是宗教而不是世俗的节日,庆祝、特别是宙斯的神。23。“潘多拉的盒子”这则成语的原意是一切罪恶的源泉。24。成语“爱神丘比特之箭”象征爱情的魔力。25。“坦塔罗斯的酷刑”意味着永久失望的看到一些想要但无法访问。这也意味着永恒的口渴和饥饿。26岁。成语“永远做不完的任务”建议永远毫无结果的努力劳动。27。“金羊毛”是指非常有价值的东西是罕见的,很难得到。28。“黄金触摸”因此指的魔力改变廉价的金属变成黄金,或毫无价值的舢板到宝藏。29。“金苹果”或者“不和的金苹果”指的是产生矛盾和冲突的事情。30。“阿基里斯的脚跟”仅仅指的是身体的一部分,仍然是脆弱的。31日。“特洛伊木马”,或“木马”意味着一个陷阱旨在削弱敌人,或者从内部颠覆。32。“恋母情结”这个词是由西格蒙德弗洛伊德指定一个儿子对母亲的爱的感觉和嫉妒憎恨他的父亲。33。“自恋型(人格)障碍”或“自恋”,意味着自赏的放纵。34。“达摩克利斯剑”一方面标志着即将到来的危险,另一方面,表明权力和等级的危险。35。星座:白羊座(Ram)白羊座,金牛座(公牛)金牛座、双子座(双胞胎)双子座,癌症(蟹)巨蟹座、狮子座(狮子)狮子座,处女座(处女)处女座、天秤座(尺度)天秤座、天蝎座(蝎子)天蝎座,射手座(射手)射手座、摩羯座(山羊)摩羯座、水瓶座(含水层)水瓶座,双鱼座(鱼类)双鱼座。36。苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德是古希腊哲学家的行列。37岁。西方文化源于Hebraic-Christian文化无疑是体现在和建立在圣经。38。基督教是犹太教的继承和改革家,所以基督教圣经包括旧约和新约。39岁。旧约是集写的书之前,耶稣的生命但接受基督教圣经。40。律法,或“指令”,也被称为“五书”的摩西,包括创世纪,出埃及记利未记,数字,和申命记。41岁。神的律法包含十诫,揭示了西奈山。42。基督教是一神论宗教集中在耶稣的一生和教导在新约。 43。上帝是永恒的人创造了宇宙和所有有神圣的属性,正义,无所不能,无所不知,omnibenevolence、遍在和不朽。44岁。基督徒称耶稣基督福音的信息(“好消息”)。45岁。基督教的核心原则是相信耶稣是神的儿子,弥赛亚(基督)。46岁。一般基督徒相信耶稣是上帝化身和“真神和真正的人”(或者完全神圣的和完整的人)。47岁。耶稣被圣灵怀孕,从圣母玛利亚出生。48。圣餐(称为圣餐,或主的晚餐)是由一个神圣的礼拜仪式的崇拜的一部分,通常面包和酒。49。在4世纪基督教合法化,当康斯坦丁我颁布了一项规定,313年的宽容。至少在4世纪,基督教在西方文明的形成发挥了重要的作用。50。基督教可能广泛地表示为主要被分为五组:罗马天主教,东