英语学习中的六种基本句型结构.doc

英语学习中的六种基本句型结构英语的句式从表达形式上来看，形式多样且丰富多彩，但仔细观察后就不难发现，无论其怎样变化，它们大都基本保持了常见的六个句型结构。也就是说，绝大多数英语句子都是由这六个基本句式演变、衍生而成的。因此，掌握好这六个基本句型以及他们的基本用法，对于初学英语的同学们来说，就显得非常重要了。这里做一简单列举与说明，希望对同学们的学习有所帮助：英语五种基本句型列式如下：一： （主谓）主语动词二： （主系表）主语动词表语三： （主谓宾）主语动词宾语四： （主谓间宾直宾）主语动词宾语宾语五： （主谓宾宾补）主语动词宾语补语六：There be + 主语 + 其它1、 句型1： Subject (主语) Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，常见的动词如： work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如：1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。2) The little girl cried even harder. 小女孩哭得更厉害了。3) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。1.The sun is rising.2.Ill try.3.Did you sleep well？(well做状语，修饰不及物动词sleep)4.The engine broke down.注意：在此句型中，有少数不及物动词表达被动含义，表达主语本身所具有的特性，不用被动语态。1.The book sells well.2.The window wont shut.3.The pen writes smoothly.4.Cheese cuts easily.2、 句型2：Subject (主语) Link. V(系动词) Predicate(表语)这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类：(1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如：1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。(2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如：1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。1.Mr.Brown is an engineer.(名词做表语)2.Gradualy he became silent.(形容词做表语)3.She remained standing for a hour.(现在分词做表语)4.The question remained unsolved.(过去分词做表语)5.The machine is out of order.(介词短语做表语)6.The television was on.(副词做表语)7.His plan is to keep the affair secret.(动词不定式做表语)8.My job is repairing cars.(动名词做表语)9.The question is what you want to do.(从句做表语，即：表语从句)注意：在下面的句子中，形容词做表语，在表语的后面常常接不定式结构。Im happy to meet you.They are willing to help.We are determined to follow his example.3、 句型3：Subject(主语) Verb (谓语) Object (宾语)这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词。其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例：1) He took his bag and left.（名词） 他拿着书包离开了。 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词) 当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。 3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式） 她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。4) I dont know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。1.Do you know these people(them)？(名词或代词做宾语)2.I cant express myself in English.(反身代词做宾语)3.He smiled a strange smile.(同源宾语)4.We cant afford to pay such a price.(不定式做宾语)5.Would you mind waiting a few minutes？(动名词做宾语)6.I hope that I have said nothing to pain you.(从句做宾语，即：宾语从句)注意：并不是所有的及物动词都可以接上述各种情况做宾语，不同的动词有不同的用法，所以，在学习动词时，一定要掌握其用法。四 句型4： Subject(主语)Verb(谓语) Indirect object(间接宾语)Direct object (直接宾语)这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如： 1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。上述句子还可以表达为：1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March.在此句型中，动词可以称作双宾语动词，在英语中，这样的动词并不多，在学习遇时，要牢记。后面的宾语为间接宾语和直接宾语，其中间接宾语在前，一般表人，直接宾语在后，一般表物。这类句型有三种情况。第一种情况，间接宾语可以改为to引导的短语。1.He handed me a letter.He handed a letter to me.2.She gave me her telephone number.She gave her telephone number to me.第二种情况，间接宾语可以改为for引导的短语。3.She sang us a folk song.She sang a folk for us.4.She cooked us a delicious meal.She cooked a delicious meal for us.第三种情况，直接宾语可以由宾语从句充当。5.Tell him Im out.6.Can you inform me where Miss Green lives？5、 句型5： Subject(主语)Verb (动词)Object (宾语)Complement(补语)这种句型中的“宾语 补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如：1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。（形容词）2) We made him our monitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。 常见的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。 注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。如：1) The boss made him do the work all day.老板让他整天做那项工作。2) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night.昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一个晚上。在此句型中的动词，叫做可以跟复合宾语的动词，在英语中，这样的动词也不多。后面的宾语补足语是说明宾语的情况的，宾语和宾语补足语一起被称做复合宾语。这个句式是英语中比较复杂的一个句式，因为复合宾语的构成内容较多。下面句子中划线部分为宾语补足语。1.He found his new job boring.(形容词做宾补)2.They called their daughter Mary.(名词做宾补)3.This placed her in a very difficult position.(介词短语做宾补)4.We went to her house but found her out.(副词做宾补)5.What do you advise me to do？(不定式做宾补)6.We thought him to be an honest man.(tobe做宾补)7.He believed them to have discussed the problem.(不定式的完成式做宾补)8.He believed her to be telling the truth.(不定式的进行式做宾补)9.Did you notice him come in？(不带to的不定式做宾补)10.I saw her chatting with Nancy.(现在分词做宾补)11.He watched the piano carried upstairs.(过去分词做宾补)注意：在这个结构中，可以出现用it做形式上的宾语，把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语的后面。在此结构中，宾语常常是动词不定式或宾语从句。1. He felt it his duty to mention this to her.分析：it是形式宾语，his duty是宾语补足语，to mention this to her是真正的宾语。2. I think it best that you should stay with us.分析：it是形式宾语，best是宾语补足语，that you should stay with us是真正的宾语。注意：1.习惯用语的使用在英语中，有很多动词习惯用语，在学习的过程中，要注意它们的使用，不必分析单独每个词的使用。例：We are short of money.(be short of中short做表语)She is always making trouble for her friends.(trouble做make的宾语) He has carried out our instructions to the letter.(our instructions做词组carry out的宾语)We are waiting for the rain to stop.(wait for后面的the rain是宾语，to stop是宾语补足语)2.在英语中，大多数动词既可以做及物动词又可以做不及物动词，而且还会有一些固定词组，因此一个动词可以用于几种句型。例：askDid you ask the price？(直接接名词做宾语)She asked them their names.(接双宾语)I asked James to buy some bread.(接宾语加不定式做宾语补足语)I asked to speak to Fred.(接不定式做宾语)Didnt you ask him in？(在此句中和副词in连用)He has asked for an interview with the President.(组成固定词组ask for)3.There be句型是一种特殊的句子，真正的主语在后面，含义为“有”谓语动词和主语保持一致：There is a television in the sitting room.有两个或更多的主语时，动词一般和最近的一个保持一致：There are two girls and a boy dancing in the hall.主语的后面有时有修饰语：There are a lot of difficulties facing us. There were many things to be done(此处也可以使用to do).谓语动词be可以有时态的变化:There will be a concert in the park tonight. There was little change in him.谓语也可以有不定式构成的复合谓语。There used to be a cinema here.There seems to be something the matter with her.Is there going to be any activity tonight？there be句式变疑问句，把be提前；变翻译疑问句也要借助there。Is there any hope of getting the job？There is nothing wrong with your watch，is there？there be句型中也可以使用诸如：live，follow，come，stand，sit，exist等不及物动词：Once upon a time，there lived a fisherman on the island.There came a knock at the door.At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.用于非谓语的情况下，有时用不定式的复合结构there to be或动名词的复合结构和独立主格结构there being：You wouldnt want there to be another war.(不定式的复合结构)The teacher was satisfied with there being no mistakes in his homework.(动名词的复合结构)There be