连词的分类搭配及其基本用法详解.doc

conjunction连词是一种虚词， 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词（coordinating conjunctions）和从属连词（subordinating conjunctions）。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, bothand, not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, (and) then等。上述并列连词又可分为: 一般连词（simple conjunction） , 关联连词（correlative conjunction） coordinating conjunct（并列连词）1.and, or, not only but also, as well as等表示并列 l She plays (both) the piano and the guitar. = If you make up your mind, youll get the chance.l Make up your mind, and youll get the chance.l There is no air or water in the moon. =There is no air and no water on the moon.l She plays not only the piano but (also) the guitar.l Neither you nor he is to blame.注意： (1) not only but also 关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。如:Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.(2)neithernor 意思为既不也不谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致。请选择：-I dont like chicken _ fish.-I dont like chicken, _ I like fish very much. A. and； and B. and； but C. or； but D. or；and改错：We will die without air and water.We cant live without air or water.2.表示选择or意思为“否则”。eg. I must work hard, or Ill fail in the exam.eitheror意思为“或者或者”。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。eg. Either you or I am right. 3.表示转折或对比but表示转折，while表示对比。选择比较下面两句： (1) Some people love cats, _ others hate them. (2) - Would you like to come to dinner tonight? - Id like to, _ Im too busy. A. and B. so C. while D. but notbut 意思为“不是而是“ not 和but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则。eg. They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.4.表原因for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。 so, thereforeeg. He hurt his leg, so he couldnt play in the game.注意：两个并列连词不能连用，但therefore, then, yet例外。 eg. You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed.(错) He hurt his leg, and therefore he couldnt play in the game.(对)改错：For he is ill, he is absent today. Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work. subordinating conjunction（从属连词）英语从属连词( subordinating conjunction)用来连接各种从句。由从属连词引导的句子通常叫从句，而把含有从句的句子叫作复合句。从属连词大致可分为如下三大类：引导状语从句的从属连词引导名词性从句的从属连词引导定语从句的从属连词1. 引导时间状语从句的从属连词(1) 表示“当时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的有 when, while, as, whenever：He jumped up when the phone rang. 电话铃响时他吓了一跳。We listened while the teacher read. 老师朗读时我们听着。The phone rang just as I was leaving. 我正要离开，电话铃就响了起来。(2) 表示“在之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before, after：Turn the lights off before you leave. 离开前请关灯。He started the job soon after he left the university. 他大学毕业后就开始做这份工作。(3) 表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since, until, till：He has lived here since he got married. 他结婚后就一直住在这儿。Most men worked until till theyre 65. 大多数男人工作到65岁。温馨提示: 用until / till引导时间状语从句时，主句的谓语动词要十分小心地去加以选择的。如谓语动词是持续性的, 要用肯定形式，如：I studied hard until 12 oclock last night.如果谓语动词是瞬间性的，则要用否定形式，如:He didnt go to bed until his mother came back.(4) 表示“一就”的时间连词。主要的有as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no soonerthan, hardlywhen等：l Tell him the news as soon as you see him. 你一见到他就把这消息告诉他。l I recognized her the moment (that) I saw her. 我一看到她就认出她来了。l I want to see him the minute (that) he arrives. 他一到来我就要见他。l I went home directly I had finished work. 我一干完活就回家了。Once he arrives, we can start. 他一来我们就可以开始。(5) 表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every time(每次)，each time(每次)，(the) next time(下次)，any time(随时)，(the) last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)：l Last time I saw him, he looked ill. 上次我见到他的时候，他好像有病。l Do look me up next time youre in London. 你下次到伦敦来，一定来找我。l Every time I call on him, he is out. 我每次去访问他，他都不在。l You can call me any time you want to. 你随时都可以给我打电话。2. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词:主要有if, unless, as (so) long as, in case 等：l If anyone calls tell them Im not at home. 要是有人打电话来，就说我不在家。l You will fail unless you work hard. 你若不努力就会失败。l As So long as you need me, Ill stay. 只要你需要我，我就留下。l In case I forget, please remind me about it. 万一我忘记，请提醒我一下。【注】在条件状语从句中，通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态。不过，有时表示条件的 if之后可能用 will，但那不是将来时态, 而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词)：If you will wait a moment, Ill fetch the money. 请等一下，我就去拿钱。3. 引导目的状语从句的从属连词:主要的有 in order that, so that, in case, for fear等：l We used the computer in order that we might save time. 我们使用计算机是为了节约时间。l Speak clearly so that they may understand you. 说清楚，以便让他们能明白你的意思。l Be quiet in case you should wake the baby. 安静些，免得把婴儿吵醒。l He is working hard for fear he should fail. 他努力工作以免会失败。4. 引导结果状语从句的从属连词:主要的有so that, sothat, suchthat等：l Were all here now, so that the meeting can begin at last. 我们现在都到齐了，终于能开会了。 l Its so difficult a question that none of us can answer it. 那是一个很难的问题，我们没有一个人能回答。l He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关窗户用力很大，结果玻璃震破了。【注】so that 中的that在口语中通常可以省略。5. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词: 主要的有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that) 等： He couldnt got to school because he had a cold. 他因患感冒而未能去上学。 Since everybody is here, lets begin our discussion. 大家都到了，我们就开始吧。 Seeing that it is 8 oclock, well wait no longer. 由于时间已到8点，我们将不再等了。 Now that you are here, youd better stay. 你既然来了，最好还是留下吧。6. 引导让步状语从句的从属连词:主要的有although, though, even though, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等： Although Though he is poor, he is well contented. 他虽穷却能知足常乐。 Though Even though its hard work, I enjoy it. 尽管是苦活，但我乐意干。 Even if you dont like wine, try a glass of this. 即使你不喜欢喝酒，也尝尝这杯吧。 While we dont agree we continue to be friends. 尽管我们意见不同，但我们还是朋友。 However you use it, it wont break. 不管你怎么使用，它都不会破。 Whatever you say, I believe you. 无论你说什么，我都相信你。 Whoever telephones, tell them Im out. 不管是谁打电话，都说我出去了。 Whenever you come, you are welcome. 你什么时候来，我们都欢迎。 .However much he eats, he never gets fat. 无论他吃多少, 他都不发胖。7. 引导方式状语从句的从属连词: 主要的有as, like, as if, as though, the way等：Do it as he does. 像他那样做。l .He behaved as if nothing had happened. 他装作若无其事的样子。l .They treat me as though I were a stranger. 他们待我如陌生人。l .Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。8. 引导地点状语从句的从属连词: 主要的有where, wherever, everywhere等：l There were lots of parks where I lived. 我住的地方有许多公园。l Sit wherever you like. 你想坐在那儿就坐在那儿。l Everywhere they went, they were warmly welcomed. 他们每到一个地方都受到热烈欢迎。l9. 引导比较状语从句的从属连词: 主要的有than和asas：l Its easier than I thought. 这比我想像的要容易。l They are as often wrong as they are right. 他们错对各半。 一、引导状语从句的从属连词引导引导名词性从句（Noun clauses）的从属连词通常有：1. 连接词： that （无词义，不做成分） if，whether （表达是否的意义，但不做句子成分） 2. 连接代词：who，whom，whose，what，which，what （有词义，在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语） 3. 连接副词：when，where，why，how，how many，how long，how far，however，whenever，wherever （有词义，在句子中作从句的状语）eg. l Your greatest fault is that you are careless. 你最大的缺点是粗心大意。l Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。l She didnt say if he was still alive. 她没说他是否还活着。l It is clear enough what he meant. 他是什么意思很清楚。 二、引导定语从句的从属连词由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出的定语从句（Attributive Clauses），通常在句中做定语，被其修饰的名词,词组或代词叫先行词。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 关系副词有：when, where, why等。关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 Simple subordinators l Because l beforel After l When (ever)l Where (ever)l Whereuponl Whilel Whilst, etc l Lestl unlessl until l forl Sincel Asl Although l Thoughl Directly l Immediately l If l Till Simple subordinatorsu I will telephone you directly I hear the news. u Be careful lest you fall down the tree. u I came here immediately after having my super.u He saw me coming, whereupon he offered me his seat. Complex subordinatorsu Assuming (that)u Providing (that)u Provided (that)u Given (that) u Supposing (that)u In the event that u Granted (granting) that u Considering (that) u Seeing (that) u Now (that)u In that u In order that u So (that) u Such thatu Except that u Excepting (that)u Save thatu But that u Insofar that u For all that u Granted (granting) that Complex subordinatorsl He has many faults, but for all that I like him. l He request is unreasonable in that he knows we cant afford it.l Granted that we have no future. l In the event that he has not been told, I will tell him. Correlative subordinatorsl As asl As sol Not so asl Such as l Barely / hardly / scarcely whenl No sooner than l Whether or l More / less than l The the, Correlative subordinatorsu I had hardly left when the quarrel started. u We had no sooner sat down than we found it was time to go. u Hardly had I left when the quarrel started. u No sooner had we sat down than we found it was time to go. Marginal subordinatorsu Marginal subordinators refer to some free lexical combinations, which is hard to distinguish from complex subordinators: u Even if, if only, only ifu Every time (that), the moment (that)u Due to the fact (that), for the reason (that)u For fear (that)u In spite of the fact (that)u On the grounds that Subordinate clauses (finite) A finite subordinate clause is one whose predicator is a finite verb phrase. Syntactically, subordinate clauses can be subdivided into nominal clauses relative clauses, and adverbial clauses 1.请判断下列句子种类并说出连词的语用。(1) Air and water are indispensable to me. (2) She likes going out with friends or playing outdoor games. (3) Most workers have a good income, so they look very happy. (4) He said that he did not want to go . (5) Many things have happened since I last saw him. (6) You may come if you want to. (7) Its so difficult a question that none of us can answer it.(8) Whoever telephones, tell them Im out.(9) I still remember the day when I first came to college.(10) Some people love cats while others hate them.2.指出