第二讲从句课堂讲义.doc

一五种基本的句式结构 句法结构 词法结构1主语+谓语The problem arose. 主语谓语He came.2主语+谓语+宾语I ate an apple.He likes her.The teacher likes music.主语谓语 宾语3主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语John bought Alice a car.He bought her it.tell buy giveshow deny offer4主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语I think English easy.adj.English is thought easy.consider believe5主语+系+表语He is a teacher.The flower is red.The mixture tastes terrible.系动词的分类1. be动词-am is are was were+n./adj.2感官动词：taste look sound smell feel+ adj.carpet towelThe blanket feels smooth.3表变化动词：turn get go grow+adjbecome+ adj/n.Her face turns /becomes red.He became a teacher.It gets warm.He shrugged his shoulders , saying no4表示保持：keep remainThe frog remains move less in winter.词法结构小结：主语-n. pron.谓语- v宾语- n. pron.宾补/主补- adj.表语- n. adj.系-系动词注一：动词的分类:实意动词及物动词vt不及物动词go vi情态动词can may mustHecan do it.单独不能构成谓语必须和实意动词构成复合谓语助动词do will have has beHewill do it.An apple was eaten.单独不能构成谓语必须和实意动词构成复合谓语系动词注: there be结构There are books on the desk.There willbea meeting next week. We willhavea meeting next week.There beinga meeting next week，_ Havinga meeting next week，_there is = there existsthere are= there existthere was/were= there existedthereseems tobe _thereseem tobe _二简单句并列句主从复合句1简单句定语The red flower is mine.定语主语I like the spacious hall.定语宾语He came to the blue room.定语宾语He is an excellent violinist.定语表语小结：I like the flower on the desk.介宾结构He gave us the solution to the problem.介宾结构The legs of the desk are all broken.介宾结构We should help the people in the disaster areas. 介宾结构answer the question小结：In my opinion,In my viewpoint,In my point of view,As far as I am concerned, discussion is a good solution to the problem.As far as I am concerned, discussion is a good way of solving the problem.The solutions to the problemThe answer to the questionanswer forMy dream of pass the postgraduate exam is far from me.Computers play an important role/part in our daily life.a/an +n helplessly状语He read the book carefully in the classroom yesterday. 方式地点时间状语副词介宾结构名词Yesterday he read the book carefully in the classroom.He read the book carefully there then.He came early.小结：have take get Computer has a very important function in our daily life.Computers play a very important role/partin our daily life.He came early.Sometimes on occasion occasionallynow and then have take getComputers have a very important function in our daily life.注：英语中的介宾结构：1 He cameto /the room.地点状语2 He visited mewith a flower.方式状语3 I like the flower on the desk.4 He read the book in the classroom.5 The legs of the desk are all broken.定语6 It isof/ importance. 表语2。并列句形合外形/结构的完整性意合意思的完整性我喜欢音乐，我老师也喜欢音乐，昨天我们去听音乐会了。I like music，and my teacher likes music, too，and Yesterday we went to concert.and or but sonor neither for suddenly when whileTurn off the radio,_your sister will fall asleep.Hurry up,_you will be late.A. and B. or3主从复合句He came.It excited us.He came, and it excited us. 主语谓语（从句）That he came excited us.主语谓语宾语（主句）I heard it.He came.He came, and I heard it. 主语谓语（从句）I heard that he came.主语谓语宾语（主句）主从复合句:由从属连词把两个或两个以上的句子有机结合在一起的句子，称之为主从复合句简称为从句，特征：1一个句子充当了另外一个句子的某种成分从句主句2必须有从属连词连接三形容词性从句（定语从句）第一节限定性定语从句一）由来a The red flower is mine. b I like the flower on the desk. c I like the flower that you bought yesterday.二）结构I likethe flower.You bought the flower yesterday.I likethe flower that you bought yesterday.先行词关系词从句小结三）定语从句的连接词（从属连词）which that Who whom that Whose when where whywhich that:当先行词表示物的时候，关系词选择which/that. which/that要在从句中充当成分1充当主语关系词选which/that,并且不能省略2充当宾语充当动宾关系词选which/that,能省略充当介宾a充当状语的介宾第1 当介词放在从句的句尾时，关系词选which/that，并且可省。第二 当介词放在先行词之后从句之前时，关系词选which，并且不能省略b充当后置定语的介宾关系词只能选which并且不能省略。充当主语The book is expensive. The book was written in English.The book which/that was written in English is expensive.充当动宾The story is moving. He told us the story.The story(that/which)he told us is moving.充当状语的介宾I like the CDs. He listened to the CDs last night.I like the CDs (which/that) he listened to last night.I like the CDs to which he listened last night.I like the CDs_he listened last night.( )A to which B at which C through which D by whichI like the flower. He visited me with the flower.I like the flower(which/that)he visited me with.I like the flowerwith whichhe visited me.I like the flower_he visited me.A to which B with which C through which D by whichI like the flower (which/that) he visited me with( )I like the flower with whichhe visited me.( )he visited me with the flowerTo be able to predict the extent is useful.a price change will affect supply and demand to the extentit is useful to be able to predict the extentto whicha price change will affect supply and demand.充当后置定语的介宾a The desk is being repaired.bThe legs of the desk are all brokencIts legs are all broken.d The desk the legs of which are all broken is being repaired.e The desk of which the legs are all broken is being repaired.它的whose -的f The desk whose legs are all broken is being repaired.The desk _are all broken is being repaired.A. its legs B. the legs of whoseC of which legs D of which the legsthe legs of which小结：练习以下句子：a The house is our lab.b the roof of the house collapsed.Whose+n= the +n +of whichof which the +nwho whom that引导的定语从句当先行词是人时选择关系词who whom that，它们要在从句中充当成分1充当主语who that并且不能省2充当宾语a充当动宾whom that并且能省b充当介宾第一充当状语的介宾当介词放在从句的句尾时，选择关系词whom that，并且可省当介词放在先行词之后从句之前时，只能选择关系词whom，并且不能省略第二充当后置定语的介宾充当主语The girl is my sister.The girl is driving a car.The girl who/that is driving a car is my sister. = The girl driving a car is my sister.充当动宾The woman is my aunt Alice. I visited the woman last week.The woman (whom/that) I visited last week is my aunt Alice.充当状语的介宾The woman is my aunt Alice. They are talking about the woman.The woman(whom/that)they are talking about is my aunt Alice.The womanabout whomthey are talking is my aunt Alice.The woman _they are talking is my aunt Alice.A about whom B about that C by whom D thought whomThe woman is my aunt Alice. I visited the Great Wall with the woman.The woman(whom/that) I visited the Great Wall with is my aunt Alice.The woman with whom I visited the Great Wall is my aunt Alice.The woman _ I visited the Great Wall is my aunt Alice.A with whom B through whom C by whom D at whomremember understand save want 充当后置定语的介宾1 The girl is my sister.2The girls bag was lost in the supermarket.3Her bag was lost in the supermarket.4The bag of the girl was lost in the supermarket.5 The girl whose bag was lost in the supermarket is my sister.6. The girl the bag of whom was lost in the supermarketis my sister.7 The girlof whom the bag was lost in the supermarket is my sister.小结Whose+n=/=the +n +of whom 、of whom the +nWhose+n= the +n +of which、of which the +n名词所有格The legs of the desk the girls baga friend of my fathers .When where whyWhen1 Ill never forget the day.2 I first came to Beijing on/ the day.3 Ill never forget the day on which I first came to Beijing.4 Ill never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.5. Ill never forget the day which/that is my fathers birthday.6.Ill never forget the day (which/that) we spent together on the farm.小结：(time day month week year hour)sbtook good care ofme in that far-away village.I was taken good care ofThe film brought the hours back to me_ I was taken good care of in that far-away village.Where1. I visited the place.2. The battle happened in /the place.3. I visited the place in which the battle happened.4.I visited the place where the battle happened.5.Ivisited the place which/that attracted lots of tourists.6.I visited the place(which/that)he told me last week.小结： why1 The reason is that he fell ill.2He was late for school for /the reason.3. The reason for which he was lateforschool is that he fell ill.4. The reason why he was late for school is that he fell ill.5 The reason (which/that) he explained is that his grandfather died.6 The reason which/that cheated lots of people is that his grandfather died.小结：reason注一：such-as the same-asI want such dish as they are eating. I want the same dish as they are eating.He is no longer the same as he used to be.He is no longer what he used to be.I like fruit, such as banana, apple and grape. I like such fruit as banana, apple and grape.注二：that的特殊使用方法。a. all anyAll that made me angry is her behavior. All that he did couldnt satisfy her.All that he referred to in his article cantbe understood.You can choose any book that you like. You can choose any person that is up to the job.b the same the very the only the first the second the lastHe is the very man that I want for the job.He is the first person that invented the machine.I want the same dish as they are eating.I want the same dish that they are eating.cThis is the best film that I have ever seen.注三：any person/body/oneAny person that wants to attend the lecture signs your name here.The person that/ who wants to attends the lecture signs your name here.Whoever wants to attend the lecture signs your name here.Those who want to attend the lecture sign your name here.注四The wayI dont know the way. You did the exercise in the way.I dont know the way in which you did the exercise.I dont know the way you did the exercise.Neighbors couldnt put up with the way he talked to his aged father.The oneA good friend is one who will stand by you when you are in trouble.He is the one that we all dislike.A good book is the one that can enlarge our horizon and enlighten you.注：五定语从句的插入语consider doubt think suppose believe everybody believes does everybody believe Peter is the one who everybody believes will fail to bring off the contract.Peter是那个人人都认为不能完成合同的人.(everybody believes是插入语)特点：1陈述语序2放在关系词之后谓语动词之前第二节 非限定性定语从句 一）区别My sisterwho works in Shanghai sends me an email almost every day.My sister, who works in Shanghai,sends me an email almost every day.区别:1结构上看有无逗号2翻译上3意思上二）非限定性定语从句关系词除了that之外的能引导限定性定语从句的所有关系词。which who whom whose when where asThe 9:30 train,whichis usuallypunctual ,was late today.He changed his mind,which made us angry.这小结：This is a flower.That is a vase.I like the flower that you bought yesterday.He changed his mind,whichmade us angry.He changed his mind.That made us angry.when whereI stayed at London in 1998,when /then /where/there I spent my university life.注：I visited the Great Wall with him, where I met a foreigner.注：which和as的区别As is known to us, the earth is round.The earth,as is known to us, is round.The earth is round, as is known to us.在以下结构中只能As we know,As is known to us, the earth is round.Itis known to us that the earth is round.What is known to usis that the earth is round.A what B It C As D which三）不定代词/数词+ of + which/ whom结构用非限定性定语从句The woman has three children, all of whom graduated from the same university.The woman has three children, all of whose children graduated from the same university.小结：all of whom =all of whose +N 主语从句宾语从句四 名词性从句 表语从句同位语从句一）由来N主语1.The student is excellent.N宾语2. He atean apple.N宾语3. He came tothe classroom.N表语4. they are teachers.N同位语5. I like our capital,Beijing.Our capital,Beijing, is a beautiful place.二）1主语从句（）that (不充当成分 不翻译 只充当连接词 放在句首不能省略 放在句尾可以省略)考点一Thathe came excited us.Thatthe leaders inspected our college made us happy.考点二It excited us that he came.It made us happy that the leader inspected our college.考点三Why is it that句子？How is it that句子？Why is it that you have the same request with your classmates?What (身兼二职主语宾语表语)What made us angry is her behavior.(充当主语)All that made us angry is her behavior.What he has done cant satisfy her.All that he has done cant satisfy her.whathe said is totally wrong.All thathe said is totally wrong.What he listened to last night is Jays song. (充当介宾)All that he listened to last night is Jays song.What astonished/startled/amazed me is that he speaks English so fluently.To my amazement/astonishment, he speaks English so fluently.Whether ( )Whether we will have a meetinghas not been decided.确定不确定A if B wether C that D which不确定Whether=is unknownis not knownhas not decidedis uncertainis not certaindepend onwhen where why how when and where we will have a meetinghas not been decided. =When and where to have a meetinghas not been decided.whyWhy he committed suicide remains unknown.HowHow he solved the problem is unknown to uswhen where why howWhen and wherewe will have a meetinghas not been decided.where we will have a meetinghas not been decided.When and where to have a meeting is unknown.Why he was late for school is still unknown.HowI solved the problem differs from others in many aspect.Who是特指Who will be appointed to be the presidentremains unknown.Whoever will be appointed to be the president is unrelated to me.Whatever However WhoeverWhomever Wherever Whenever Whichever Whosever任何Whateverhe did cant satisfy her.Anything that he did cant satisfy her.Whatever made him happywill cause the success of our plan.WhoeverAny person thatwants to attend the lecture signs your name here.speech addressThe person that/ who wants to attends the lecture signs your name here.Whoeverwants to attend the lecture signs your name here.2宾语从句（宾语从句和在从句中充当宾语是两回事）（用陈述语序）That (1)I know (that) Jay came.He told me (that) Jay came.I think it impossible that Jay came.注一1. I know (that) Jay cameand that he would go next week.2.He told me (that) Jay cameand that Jay would go next week.注二:以下except but besidesWe are talking about thatJay came. XI know nothing about Jayexcept that he is a singer.What ( )I know all that I should do.We are talking about all that made her angry.He visited me with all that he possessed.I know what he listened to last night.what = all that 注：Whatdo you know made her angry?Do you think what your father bought.WhetherI dont know whether he will come or not.I know whether/if he will come.注: what do you know made her angry?when where why howHe knew when they would come.They told us where the bus stopped.They are talking about where the bus stopped.They told us why they gave up their jobs.They explained how they solved the problems.WhateverWhoeverWhomeverWhicheverWhatever he didcant satisfy her.I dont believe whatever he said.I dont believe him, whatever he said.There are all kinds of TV set .You can choose whichever you like.Please give the book to whoever is reading in our classroom. 注：一whatever的特殊用法The poor young man is ready to accept whatever help he can get.注：二 感叹句充当的宾语从句What great progress he made!What silly mistakes 3表语从句（表语从句和在从句中充当表语是两回事）Tha He was late for school.The reason isthathe fell ill.He was late for school.That sbecausehe was ill.He was caught in the rain last night.That s why he was ill.淋雨-生病-上学迟到That is howwe solved the problem.WhatThat s whathe told me.Her behavior is what made us angry.He is no longerwhathe used to be.He is no longerthe same as he used to be.Zhengzhou is no longer what it used to be.WhenThe first timeI went to Beijing iswhen I attended the postgraduate exam. WhereThe place is where I grew up.4同位语从句that引导的同位语从句The newsthat our team won the game came. The newsthat he told us is that our team won the game.The newsthat our team won the game came. The news camethat our team won the game.(同位语从句)The newsthat our team won the game came.= That our team won the game came. 小结：The newsthat our team won the game came.=That our team won the game came.I heard the newsthat our team won the game.=I heard that our team won the game.We are talking about the newsthat our team won the game.=We are talking aboutthat our team won the game.He was ill because of the fact that he failed in the exam.The greatest difference between human beings and animalslies in the fact/the truth that men can learn and use languages. There is no doubt _It is beyond doubtthat his conclusion is based on the factThere is no doubtthat his conclusion is based on the fact.五 副词性从句-状语从句 一）副词性从句（状语从句）的由来Hereadthe book carefully. Hereadthe book句子.二）状语从句分类1时间状语从句when while as当-时候（1）Iwas having breakfast when he came in.（2）Hecame in when I was having breakfast.（3）Ill never forgetthe day when I first came to Beijing.（4）He visited me last week，when the earthquake happened.(5)Whenwe will have a meeting is unknown.(6 )He told uswhen the meeting started.(7) They are talking aboutwhen the murder happened.(8). The first timeI went to Beijing is when I attended the post graduate exam. since ever sinceI have learned/have been learning English since I was ten years old.not-until 直到-才只有-才I didnt go untilit stopped raining.Not untilit stopped raining did I go.It was not untilit stopped raining that I went.教材143页历年真题答案He didnt realize that it was too late to go home until it was dark.Not until it was dark did he realize that it was too late to go home.It was not until it was dark that he realized that it was too late to go home.直到考试结束了，他才意识到走错教室了I didnt realize I we