雅思长难句分析.doc

从句1First it will pass through sharp metal bars which will tear open the plastic bags in which rubbish is usually packed. 结构： 全句有3个谓语动词：will pass，will tear和is。其中主句的是will pass。句子主干是it will pass through sharp metal bars。第一个which引导的定语从句修饰的是sharp metal bars。第二个which引导的定语从句修饰的是the plastic bags。这是大定语从句里面还有一个小定语从句。句子可以拆分为：1. First it will pass through sharp metal bars.2. The metal bars will tear open the plastic bags.3. Rubbish is usually packed in the bags.翻译：首先，垃圾要通过尖的金属棒，金属棒会把装垃圾的塑料袋弄破。2When we talk about someones personality, we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels that make that individual different from others. 结构：全句有4组谓语动词：talk，mean，acts/speaks/thinks/feels和make。其中主句谓语的是：mean。句首是When引导的时间状语从句。之后which引导的定语从句和that引导的定语从句都是修饰the ways的。句子可以拆分为：1. We talk about someones personality.2. We mean the ways.3. He or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels in these ways.4. These make that individual different from others.翻译：当我们谈到某个人的个性时，我们指的是他/她在行为，言谈和思考以及感觉等方面的方式。这些方式使这个人区别于他人。3Competition is not only good in itself, it is the means by which other basic American values such as individual freedom, equality of opportunity and hard work are protected.结构：全句有3个谓语动词：is, is和are protected。其中主句的是：is, is。全句由两个有递进关系的单句构成。其中，which引导的是定语从句，修饰the means。句子可被拆分为：1. Competition is not only good in itself.2. It is the means.3. Other basic American values such as individual freedom, equality of opportunity and hard work are protected by these means.翻译：竞争不但本身就是好事，还是其他基本的美国价值观如个人自由，机会平等和勤奋工作等得到保护的手段。4. The way people hold to the belief that a fun-filled, painfree life equals happiness actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness.结构： 全句有3个谓语动词：hold，equals和reduce。其中主句的是reduces。句子主干为：The way actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness。The way 后面是省略了which/that的定语从句。在这个定语从句中，还有一个that引导的同位语从句，修饰the belief。句子可以拆分为：1. This way actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness.2. A fun-filled, painfree life equals happiness.3. People hold to this belief. 翻译：人们信奉的充实又无忧无虑的生活就等于幸福的信念实际上降低了他们获得真正的幸福的可能性。5. Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption that everyone prefers an individual home and garden and on the high cost per unit of accommodation. 结构：全句有3个谓语动词：oppose，base和prefers。其中主句的是：base。句子主干为：Those base their case primarily on the assumption and on the high cost。其中who引导的是定语从句，修饰those。that引导的同位语从句修饰the assumption。翻译：那些反对建设公寓的人的理由主要是基于大家都喜欢单独的住宅和花园的假设以及每个居住单位的高成本。6. Responsible public health officials have pointed out that the biological effects of chemicals are cumulative over long periods of time, and the danger to the individual may depend on the sum of the exposure received throughout his lifetime. 结构：全句有3个谓语动词：have pointed，are和may depend。其中主句的是have pointed。句子主干为：Responsible public health officials have pointed out that。that引导的是pointed out的宾语从句。The danger是省略了that 的pointed out的宾语从句，。翻译：公共卫生部门的相关负责官员已经指出化学物质的生物作用是长期累积的，并且其对个人的危害要视其一生暴露于化学物质的总量而定。7. My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable. 结构：全句有2个谓语动词：is和is。其中主句的是第一个is。句子主干为：My point is that。that引导的从句在句子中的成分为表语，因而这个从句是一个表语从句。句子可以拆分为：1. My point is this.2. The frequent complaint is inevitable.翻译：我的意思是一代人对其下一代人的时常的抱怨是不可避免的。8. What we expect in life and what we are accustomed to would strongly influence our evaluation. 结构：全句有3个谓语动词：expect，are accustomed和would influence。What引导的两个名词性从句在句子中作的是并列主语，因而是两个并列的主语从句。句子可被拆分为：1. What we expect something in life.2. What we are accustomed to something.3. These would strongly influence our evaluation.翻译：我们在生活中所期待的东西以及我们已经习惯的事物会强烈的影响我们的评价。9. Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory. 结构：全句有4个谓语动词：have established，are engaged，occur和allow。其中主句的是：have established。句子主干为Researchers have established that。其中，第一个that引导的是have established的宾语从句。在这个宾语从句中，when引导的是其时间状语从句。要注意的是，第二个that引导的定语从句修饰的是biochemical changes而并非brain。翻译：研究人员已经确定当人们进行心理活动时，大脑中发生的生物化学变化时的大脑思维在认知区域（如注意力和记忆力等）能够更加敏捷。10. Part of the reason we view ourselves so favorably is that we use criteria that work to our advantage. 结构：全句有4个谓语动词：view，is，use和work。其中主句的是：is。句子主干为：Part of the reason is that。其中，the reason后面是省略了that/why的定语从句。Is后面的that引导的是表语从句，在这个表语从句中的第二个 that引导的是定语从句，修饰criteria。翻译：我们如此肯定地看待自己的一部分原因是因为我们使用了对自己有利的标准。11. It is precisely this kind of conversation that is of importance when we are seeking to develop our reading to meet the new demands being placed upon us by studying at a higher level. 结构：全句有3个谓语动词：is, is和are seeking。其中主句的是：is。句子主干为：It is precisely this kind of conversation。that引导的定语从句修饰conversation。其中，在when引导的时间状语从句中，现在分词短语being placed作为后置定语修饰demands。翻译：在我们寻求提高阅读水平以满足更高层次的学习对我们的新要求时，重要的正是这种形式的对话。12It merely says that evolution has programmed us to perform those functions at a time when activity would be inefficient and possibly dangerous. 结构 全句有3个谓语动词：says，has programmed和would be。其中主句的是：says。句子主干为：It merely says that。that引导的是says的宾语从句。需要注意的是，在这个宾语从句中，when引导的是一个定语从句，修饰time，而非时间状语从句。翻译：它仅仅认为进化安排了我们在活动效率低并可能有危险的时侯执行这些功能。13Most Asian-American students owe their success to the influence of parents who are determined that their children take full advantage of what the American educational system has to offer. 结构：全句有4个谓语动词：owe，are determined，take和has。其中主句的是：owe。句子主干为：Most Asian-American students owe their success to the influence of parents。who引导的是定语从句，修饰parents。其中，that引导的是are determined的宾语从句，what引导的是介词of的宾语从句。翻译：大多亚裔美国学生把成功归功于他们的父母。这些家长决心使自己的孩子充分利用美国的教育体系提供的条件。14Where previously it had concentrated on the big infrastructure projects such as dams, roads and bridges, it began to switch to projects which directly improved the basic services of a country.结构：全句有3个谓语动词：had concentrated，began和improved。其中主句的是：began。句子主干为：it began to switch to projects。Where引导的是一个地点状语从句。which引导的是一个定语从句，修饰projects。翻译：之前它曾将注意力集中在诸如大坝，道路以及桥梁等的大型基础设施建设工程上，而现在开始转向可以直接发展国家基础服务的工程上了。15. Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry , and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. 要点：句子的框架是furthermore, it is obvious that, and that 。这是典型的句型it + is + obvious + that-clause。it 是形式主语，真正的主语是由连词and连接的两个并列的主语从句：a. that the strength is bound with; b. and that this rests upon the efforts 。第一个主语从句中的词组be bound up with是“与有关联”之意；在第二个主语从句中，代词this指代前文的the efficiency of its agriculture and industry，译为“工农业的效率”。 译文：再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。16. what could be a key to jet lag and winter blues is the hormone melatonin, which is known to regulate body rhythms. 要点：句子的框架是what is the hormone melatonin which is 。what引导了一个主语从句，而谓语部分中由which引导了非限制性定语从句hormone melatonin。句中jet-lag是“时差综合症”，blues不能译成“蓝色”，而是“忧郁”之意。 译文：能解除时差综合症和冬季忧郁症的关键是荷尔蒙褪黑激素，人们知道这种激素能够调节人体节奏。17. There are now 31 million kids in the 12-to-19 age group, and demographers predict that there will be 35 million teens by 2010, a population bigger than even the baby boom at its peak. 要点：句子的框架是there are kids , and demographers predict that 。这是一个并列复合句，在第二个并列分句中，谓语动词predict后面跟了一个that引导的宾语从句；在that宾语从句中，a population bigger than even the baby boom at its peak是35 million teens的同位语。 译文：12岁至19岁年龄组的孩子目前有3100万，人口学家预测，到2010年他们将达到3500万，比二战后生育高峰期出生的孩子还多。18. It is scarcely surprising, then, that education systems have for several decades past been severely criticized, partly on the ground that education prepares people to live in an already outdated society. 要点：句子的框架是it is surprising that education system have been criticized, on the ground that 。it 是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句，而主语从句又包含了that引导的同位语从句that education prepares people to live in an already outdated society 作介词词组on the ground 中ground的同位语，ground这里的意思是“根据”。 译文：那么教育体制在过去几十年中受到严厉的批评，就不那么令人感到惊讶了，批评者的部分根据是，这种教育培养人们在一种已过时的社会中生存。19. There are strong grounds for thinking that the health of both individuals and societies derives from what were able to put into life, rather than what we try to get out of it. 要点：句子的框架是there are grounds for thinking that the health derives from what , rather than what。介词结构for thinking 中包含了that引导的宾语从句作分词thinking的宾语；而这个宾语从句中又包含了两个并列的介词宾语从句：a. what were able to put into life; b. what we try to get out of it. 两个宾语从句由rather than连接。 译文：至于个人和社会的健康可以以这样的理由来衡量，我们对生活能够付出多少而不是我们能向生活取得多少。 20. Experts are debating whether we should burden young children with mental computation, or encourage the use of calculators to relieve children of hard work and free their minds to understand math concepts. 要点：句子的框架是experts are debating whether we should , or encourage。句子的主语部分是experts are debating ，而whether or 引导了宾语从句作谓语动词are debating的宾语。其中burdenwith是“使背上负担”之意；在后半句or encourage the use of calculators to relieve children of hard work and free their minds to understand math concepts 中，两个并列的不定式短语to relieve of 和to freeto understand 作目的状语。另外，词组relieve somebody of something指“减轻”。 译文：我们应该用心算来增加孩子们的负担，还是应该鼓励他们使用计算器来减轻其繁重的学习任务，使他们不再费神去理解（抽象的）数学概念，专家们对此尚未达成一致。21. At a large terminal railway station, the work of the station master is largely administrative because of the extent of the operations and the staff of which he is in command. 要点：在本句的翻译中基本上看不出原句中定语从句of which he is in command的痕迹。定语从句完全融入汉语翻译中。 译文：在大的铁路终点站，站长的工作主要是行政管理的，这是由于车站运营范围广、工作人员多。22. Although he got generally good grades and was outstanding in mathematics, Einstein hated the academic high school he was sent to in Munich, where success depended on memorization and obedience to arbitrary authority. 译文：虽然爱因斯坦门门功课都很优异，数学尤为突出，但他很讨厌上这所慕尼黑的中学。在这所学校里成功取决于死机硬背和对专职权威的服从。23. Rockets perform best in space, where there is no atmosphere to impede their motion. 要点：在语义上，定语从句与主句的关系为因果关系，因此我们将定语从句译为原因状语从句。译文：火箭在太空中运行最佳，因为在那儿不存在阻碍他们运动的大气。24. Congress, which had met to continue its protests to the crown, found itself raising an army and selecting George Washington as its commander in chief. 要点：定语从句与先行词融合起来，翻译成时间状语从句。 译文：代表大会先前已集会决定继续向英皇提抗议，而现在则发展到招募兵员并推选乔治 华盛顿为总司令了。倒装句分析1. Halfway across the room, a small pistol in his hand, stood a man.2. They do not seem to like one another very much, neither are they too keen on conventional people.3. Down came the white only notices in buses, hotels, trains, restaurants, sporting events, rest rooms and on park benches that once could be found everywhere throughout the South.4. Quite different is the outcome of successful insurrections like those of July 1830 and February 1848. 5. Splendid is the architecture of Manhattan, the heart of the city, with its hundred and more skyscrapers.6. Especially popular were his Sunday evening dinners, usually followed by musical performances.7. Only in recent years have women begun to catch up with men in this area.8. Worse perhaps was the idea of Saturday afternoon cricket; most of my friends would be enjoying leisure at that time.9. But unpopular as red has been in the past, at the moment it is a favorite hair dye.10. Only when he has lost his way does he realize that he wasnt careful enough to make sure that he really did understand.11. Only by becoming wealthier can countries correct these conditions.12. Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.13. Out of our emotional experience with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are “good” and others are “bad”.1. Halfway across the room, a small pistol in his hand, stood a man.结构：全句只有1个谓语动词：stood。本句是完全倒装结构，按正常语序应该是：A small pistol in his hand, a man stood halfway across the room. 其中，a small pistol in his hand 是一个独立主格结构，修饰主语a man.翻译：一名男子站在屋子中间，手里拿着一支手枪。2. They do not seem to like one another very much, neither are they too keen on conventional people.结构：全句有2个谓语动词：do和are。本句的后半部分是一个主谓倒装的单句，按正常语序应该是：They are neither too keen on conventional people. 注意neither指的是“（两个中的）一个都不”。翻译：他们看起来不太喜欢彼此。他们也都不怎么喜欢传统的人（普通人）。3Down came the white only notices in buses, hotels, trains, restaurants, sporting events, rest rooms and on park benches that once could be found everywhere throughout the South.结构：全句有2个谓语动词：came，could be。其中主句的是：came。按照正常语序句子主干应该是：The “white only” notices came down. Notices后面的介词短语，作为后置定语修饰notices。介词短语后面还有一个that引导的定语从句修饰notices。为了避免主语部分过于冗长，因而将主谓倒装。翻译：曾经一度在南部的公车上，旅馆里，火车上，饭店里，在体育赛事中，在公共卫生间里，在公园长椅上到处可见的“白人专用”的牌子已经取下。4. Quite different is the outcome of successful insurrections like those of July 1830 and February 1848. 结构：全句只有1个谓语动词：is。本句是一个完全倒装句，按照正常语序应该是：The outcome of successful insurrections like those of July 1830 and February 1848, is quite different.介词短语like those of作为后置定语修饰insurrections，其中为了省略而使用those 代替the insurrections。翻译：像1830年7月起义和1848年2月起义这样的成功起义的结果是大不相同的。5. Splendid is the architecture of Manhattan, the heart of the city, with its hundred and more skyscrapers.结构：全句只有1个谓语动词：is。本句是一个完全倒装句。按照正常语序应该是：The architecture of Manhattan, the heart of the city, with its hundred and more skyscrapers, is splendid.翻译：作为这座城市的中心，曼哈顿的摩天大厦有百余幢之多，其建筑十分壮观。6. Especially popular were his Sunday evening dinners, usually followed by musical performances.结构：全句只有1个谓语动词：were。本句是一个完全倒装句，按照正常语序应该是：His Sunday evening dinners, usually followed by musical performances, were especially popular. 过去分词短语followed by musical performances作为后置定语修饰dinners。翻译：他的周日晚餐尤其受欢迎，晚餐结束后通常还有音乐演出。7. Only in recent years have women begun to catch up with men in this area.结构：全句只有1个谓语动词：begun。本句是一个以only开头的主谓倒装句，按照正常语序应该是：Women have begun to catch up with men in this area only in recent years. Only在句中起强调作用，所强调的是in recent years.翻译：仅仅是近几年来，妇女才开始在这个领域赶上男子。8. Worse perhaps was the idea of Saturday afternoon cricket; most of my friends would be enjoying leisure at that time.结构：全句有2个谓语动词：was和would be。整句话由两个简单句构成，其中第一个简单句是一个完全倒装句，按照正常语序应该是：The idea of Saturday afternoon cricket was perhaps worse。翻译：星期六下午去打板球这主意也许更糟糕；那个时候我的朋友通常都会自在享受悠闲时光。9. Unpopular as red has been in the past, at the moment it is a favorite hair dye.结构：全句有2个谓语动词：has been和is。其中，as